高三英语二轮复习 第3模块 阅读理解 专题八 科普知识型阅读理解精品 大纲

2012届高三英语二轮复习精品课件：第3模块-阅读理解-专题八科普知识型阅读理解-大纲版.专题八科普知识型阅读理解

专题八科普知识型阅读理解.专题八│专题导读科普类文章主要包括自然科学类、前沿科技发明类和医疗卫生类，其取材密切联系当前经济和科技等方面的变化，以介绍某一科学现象居多。科普类文章具有结构严谨，逻辑性强等特点。其主要命题形式有事实细节题、词义猜测题、推理判断题以及主旨概括题等，其中推理判断题居多。从词汇角度来看，在科普类文章中，词汇的意义比较专一、稳定、简明、不带感情色彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点。从语法和句子结构方面看，句子结构较复杂，长难句较多，语法分析较困难。文章中常用被动语态、定语从句等。专题导读.专题八│专题导读科普文常用的修辞手段有：1.下定义：有时为了突出事物的主要内容或主要问题，往往用简明扼要的语言给对象一个说法，使读者对被说明的对象有明确的概念。2.举事例：举出有代表性的恰当的例子，能够反映一般的情况，真切地说明事物特征。3.做比较：选择有外部或内部联系的事物进行比较，往往能增强说明事物的效果。4.打比方：适当运用比喻，能够增强说明的形象性和生动性。.专题八│专题导读科普说明文在结构上常采用的写作方法有：1.总分式。在说明事物或事理时，段落(层次)之间有一个总分关系，表现为由总到分、由分到总。2.承接式。各层之间按照事物的发展过程，或者按时间、因果、条件等关系安排，前后相互承接。3.递进式。后边在前边的基础上进一步说明，各层之间的关系是由浅入深。文章的命题除了遵循科普阅读的命题方式外，还经常考查文章的篇章结构和修辞手法。

.专题八│真题典例[2011·湖南卷]ArecentstudyofancientandmodernelephantshascomeupwiththeunexpectedconclusionthattheAfricanelephantisdividedintotwodistinct(不同的)species.ThediscoverywasmadebyresearchersatYorkandHarvardUniversitieswhentheywereexaminingthegeneticrelationshipbetweentheancientwoollymammothandmastodontomodernelephants—theAsianelephant，Africanforestelephant，andAfricansavannaelephant.真题典例.专题八│真题典例OncetheyobtainedDNAsequences(序列)fromtwofossils(化石)，mammothsandmastodons，theteamcomparedthemwithDNAfrommodernelephants.TheyfoundtotheiramazementthatmodernforestandsavannaelephantsareasdistinctfromeachotherasAsianelephantsandmammoths..专题八│真题典例ThescientistsuseddetailedgeneticanalysistoprovethattheAfricansavannaelephantandtheAfricanforestelephanthavebeendistinctspeciesforseveralmillionyears.ThedivergenceofthetwospeciestookplacearoundthetimeofthedivergenceofAsianelephantsandwoollymammoths.Thisresultamazedallthescientists.

.专题八│真题典例Therehaslongbeendebateinthescientificcommunitythatthetwomightbeseparatespecies，butthisisthemostconvincingscientificevidencesofarthattheyareindeeddifferentspecies.Previously，manynaturalistsbelievedthatAfricansavannaelephantsandAfricanforestelephantsweretwopopulationsofthesamespecies，despitetheelephants'significantsizedifferences.Thesavannaelephanthasan

.专题八│真题典例averageshoulderheightof3.5metreswhiletheforestelephanthasanaverageshoulderheightof2.5metres.Thesavannaelephantweighsbetweensixandseventons，roughlydoubletheweightoftheforestelephant.Butthefactthattheylooksodifferentdoesnotnecessarilymeantheyaredifferentspecies.HowevertheprooflayintheanalysisoftheDNA..专题八│真题典例AlfredRoca，assistantprofessorintheDepartmentofAnimalSciencesattheUniversityofIllinois，said，“Wenowhavetotreattheforestandsavannaelephantsastwodifferentunitsforconservationpurposes.Since1950，allAfricanelephantshavebeenconservedasonespecies.Nowthatweknowtheforestandsavannaelephantsaretwoverydistinctiveanimals，theforestelephantshouldbecomeabiggerpriority(优先)forconservationpurposes.”

.专题八│真题典例

【要点综述】本文为科普说明文。主要介绍关于大象的最新研究成果：非洲大象被分成两种完全不同的品种——非洲草原大象和非洲森林大象。.专题八│真题典例()1.Oneofthefossilsstudiedbytheresearchersisthatof________.A．theAsianelephantB．theforestelephantC．thesavannaelephantD．themastodonelephant【解析】

D细节理解题。根据第三段“OncetheyobtainedDNAsequences(序列)fromtwofossils(化石)，mammothsandmastodons,theteamcomparedthemwithDNAfrommodernelephants.”可判断选D。.专题八│真题典例()2.Theunderlinedword“divergence”inparagraph4means“________.”A．evolutionB．exhibitionC．separationD．examination

.专题八│真题典例【解析】

C词义猜测题。根据第四段“ThescientistsuseddetailedgeneticanalysistoprovethattheAfricansavannaelephantandtheAfricanforestelephanthavebeendistinctspeciesforseveralmillionyears.”可知，科学家已证实，非洲的草原大象与非洲的森林大象几百万年来都不属于同一品种，即可推断下句为“两种大象的分离应发生在……”。由此可推断划线词应意为“分离”，故选C。.专题八│真题典例()3.Theresearchers'conclusionwasbasedonastudyoftheAfricanelephant's________.A．DNAB．heightC．weightD．population

.专题八│真题典例【解析】

A细节理解题。根据第三段“OncetheyobtainedDNAsequences(序列)fromtwofossils(化石)，mammothsandmastodons,theteamcomparedthemwithDNAfrommodernelephants.TheyfoundtotheiramazementthatmodernforestandsavannaelephantsareasdistinctfromeachotherasAsianelephantsandmammoths”可判断研究者的结论是建立在对非洲大象的DNA的研究结果的基础上的，故选A。.专题八│真题典例()4.WhatareAlfredRoca'swordsmainlyabout?A．TheconservationofAfricanelephants.B．ThepurposeofstudyingAfricanelephants.C．ThewaytodivideAfricanelephantsintotwounits.D．ThereasonforthedistinctionofAfricanelephants..专题八│真题典例

【解析】

A逻辑推理题。根据最后一段中的“Nowthatweknowtheforestandsavannaelephantsaretwoverydistinctiveanimals,theforestelephantshouldbecomeabiggerpriority(优先)forconservationpurposes.”可推断他的讲话是围绕对非洲大象的保护的，故选A。.专题八│真题典例()5.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．Naturalists'BeliefsaboutElephantsB．AmazingExperimentsaboutElephantsC．AnUnexpectedFindingaboutElephantsD．ALongScientificDebateaboutElephants【解析】

5．C主旨大意题。根据主题段第一段可知，本文主要介绍关于非洲大象的最新研究成果：非洲草原大象和非洲森林大象实为两种完全不同的品种。由此判断选C。

.专题八│新题预测(一)MotoristswhousedtolistentotheradioortheirfavoritetunesonCDsmayhaveanewwaytoentertainthemselves,afterengineersinJapandevelopedamusicalroadsurface.AteamfromtheHokkaidoIndustrialResearchInstitutehasbuiltanumberof“melodyroads”，whichusecarsastuningforkstoplaymusicastheytravel.新题预测.专题八│新题预测Theconceptworksbyusinggrooves(凹槽)．Theyarecutatveryspecificintervalsintheroadsurface.Themelodyroadusesthespacesbetweentocreatedifferentnotes.Dependingonhowfarapartthegroovesare,acarmovingoverthemwillproduceaseriesofhighorlownotes,anddesignersareabletocreateadistincttune.

.专题八│新题预测Patendocumentsforthedesigndescribeitasnotches“formedinaroadsurfacesoastoplayamelodywithoutproducingsimplesoundorrhythmandreproducemelody­liketones”．TherearethreemusicalstripsincentralandnorthernJapan—oneofwhichplaysthetuneofaJapanesepopsong.ReportssaythesystemwasinventedbyShizuoShinoda.Hescrapedsomemarkingsintoaroadwithabulldozerbeforedrivingoverthemandfoundthattheyhelpedtoproduceallkindsoftones..专题八│新题预测Theoptimalspeedformelodyroadis44kph，butpeoplesayitisnotalwayseasytogettheintendedsound.“Youneedtokeepthecarwindowsclosedtohearwell，”wroteoneJapaneseblogger.“Drivingtoofastwillsoundlikeplayingfastforward,whiledrivingaround12mph[20km/h]hasaslow­motioneffect,makingyoualmostcar­sick.”

.专题八│新题预测()1.Accordingtothepassage,melodyroadsuse________tocreatedifferentnotes.A．carsB．groovesC．spacesbetweenintervalsD．bulldozers【解析】

C细节理解题。根据文章第三段最后一句话Themelodyroadusesthespacesbetweentocreatedifferentnotes.可以得出答案为C。.专题八│新题预测()2.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethatthehighnessofnotesdependson________.A．howfarthegroovesareB．howbigthegroovesareC．thenumberofthegroovesD．thespeedofthecar【解析】

2．A细节理解题。根据文章第四段第一句话可知，声音的高低取决于凹槽的间距，因此正确答案为A。.专题八│新题预测()3.Theunderlinedword“optimal”inthepassagemightmean________.A．fastestB．possibleC．bestD．Suitable

【解析】

C词义猜测题。根据文章倒数第二段，并联系上下文可以推断，optimal在这里是“最佳的，最理想的”，因此正确答案为C。.专题八│新题预测()4.Inordertohearthemusicwell,youhaveto________.A．driveveryfastB．driveslowlyC．openthewindowswideD．keepthewindowsclosed【解析】

4．D细节理解题。根据文章最后一段第一句话可以得出选项D正确。其余三项都与原文说法不符。.专题八│新题预测()5.What'sthebesttitleofthepassage?A．ANewTypeofMusicB．MelodyRoadsinJapanC．AMusicalRoadSurfaceD．ANewInventioninJapan【解析】

5．B主旨大意题。文章讲述的是日本发明音乐路面的事情，故选B。

.专题八│新题预测(二)

Followingsomeofthetipsforgreenlivinghelpssaveourplanet.Alloftheseinvolvejustafewchangestoourdailyhabits.

.专题八│新题预测Justwalkandlimittheuseofyourcar.Oneoftheposterimagesofpollutionisourvehicles.Itburnsfuel.Itisnotasefficientaswehopeitcouldbe,andweuseiteverysingleday.Tolessentheeffectsoftheairpollutioncausedbyourvehicles,weshouldlimittheiruse.Ifwecanwalktoourdestinationthenjustletusgo.Notonlydowelessenourcarbondioxideemissions,butwealsogetagoodexerciseoutofit..专题八│新题预测

Usealaptopinsteadofacomputerdesktop.Laptopsaremoreenergyefficientcomparedtotheirbiggercounterparts.Alaptopisgenerally50percentmoreefficientinusingelectricity.Asidefromthatthereareotherbenefitsofalaptop.Itisportablesoyoucanworkanywhereyoulikeandthatyougetpowerfulfeatureswithoutthelargesizeofdesktopunits..专题八│新题预测Turnoffthefaucetwhileyouarebrushingyourteeth.Itisalwaysabetterideatouseaglasswhenwearebrushingourteethandnottojustletthefaucetkeeponrunning.Therefore,thereislesswatertowastewhilewearecleaningourpearlywhites.Simplyturnoffthefaucetwhenyouarenotusingit.

.专题八│新题预测Makegooduseofnaturallight.Wehaveagreatandnaturallamp—thesun,andweshouldlearnhowtotakefulladvantageofitduringdaytime.Soinsteadofturningonourlightsorlampsevenifitisstillnotevening,weshouldpullupthedrapesandletthenaturallightcomeinfromthewindows..专题八│新题预测Thesearejustsomeofthebesttipsforgreenliving,butofcoursetherearestillmanyofthesetipsifyoujustsearchforthem.Butyoucandoyourownvariationanytimejustalwaysprioritizehowyoucanuselessenergyandproduceevenlesstrashandpollution.

.专题八│新题预测()1.What'sthebesttitleforthepassage?A．HowtoSaveOurPlanetB．HowtoChangeOurDailyHabitsC．TipsforGreenLivingTodayD．GreenLivingandSeriousPollution【解析】

1．C主旨大意题。本文前后呼应，主要向读者介绍了当今日常生活中简单易行的四种绿色生活方式。.专题八│新题预测()2.Comparedwithacomputerdesktop,alaptopis________.A．lessenergyefficientB．fasteratworkC．easytorepairD．easytocarry【解析】

D细节理解题。从第三段中的Itisportable…可知D项正确。.专题八│新题预测

()3.Howmanytipsdoesthepassagementionforgreenlivingtoday?A．Three.B．Four.C．Five.D．Six.

【解析】

B细节理解题。短文从第二段至第五段各提出了一种绿色生活方式，一共四种。.专题八│新题预测

()4.Theunderlinedword“prioritize”inthelastparagraphcanbereplacedbytheword________.A．decreaseB．considerC．imagineD．guess【解析】

4．B词义猜测题。根据前面的意思“你可以用自己的多种方法”以及后面的howyoucanuselessenergyandproduceevenlesstrashandpollution可以排除decrease(减少)，推断出prioritize应为“认真考虑；优先考虑”的意思，所以使用consider最符合语境。.专题八│新题预测

()5.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?A．Afewchangestodailyhabitscanhelpalot.B．Whilewashingteethweshouldturnoffthefaucet.C．Vehiclesbringpollutionandweshouldtrytoavoid.D．Inthedaytimeweshouldnotpullupthedrapes.

【解析】

D细节理解题。由第五段可知，白天应充分利用自然光，应该拉开窗帘，故选D。

..9、静夜四无邻，荒居旧业贫。。2023/1/102023/1/10Tuesday,January10,202310、雨中黄叶树，灯下白头人。。2023/1/102023/1/102023/1/101/10/20231:49:07PM11、以我独沈久，愧君相见频。。2023/1/102023/1/102023/1/10Jan-2310-Jan-2312、故人江海别，几度隔山川。。2023/1/102023/1/102023/1/10Tuesday,January10,202313、乍见翻疑梦，相悲各问年。。2023/1/102023/1/102023/1/102023/1/101/10/202314、他乡生白发，旧国见青山。。10一月20232023/1/102023/1/102023/1/1015、比不了得就不比，得不到的就不要。。。一月232023/1/102023/1/102023/1/101/10/202316、行动出成果，工作出财富。。2023/1/102023/1/1010January202317、做前，能够环视四周；做时，你只能或者最好沿着以脚为起点的射线向前。。2023