定语从句讲与练

定语从句讲与练定语从句是整个高中阶段的重点语法项目。无论在书面表达还是在单项选择中定语从句经常出现。现将其用法讲解如下。一、基本概念所谓定语从句就是用一个句子来作定语。基本构成是“先行词+关系词+从句部分”。这里有两点需要强调：1.从句部分中不能再出现“先行词”；2.关系词的使用与先行词有关，但主要是又从句的谓语动词来决定的。(1)误：ItisthethingthatIamlookingforit.正：ItisthethingthatIamlookingfor.(2)IstillrememberedthedaythatIspentinthesmallvillage.IstillrememberedthedaywhenIstayedatthesmallvillage.上面两句中，一个用that,因为spent是及物动词，而另一句中用when,因为stayed是不及物动词。二、关系词的判定关系词可以分成两类：关系代词（that,which,who,whom,whose,as）和关系副词(when,where,why)。按照定语从句的要求：先行词在从句中充当某种成分，所以我们在判定关系词时可以这样做：如果先行词在从句中作主语、宾语、标语等则考虑关系代词；如果先行词在从句中作状语则用关系副词（或介词+which）。特别是在充当宾语时，我们要注意从句的谓语动词，是及物动词的用关系代词，是不及物动词的用关系副词。如：1.Doyoustillrememberthechickenfarm_______wevisitedthreemonthsage?A.where B.when C.that D.what2.Ihavemanyfriends,______somearebusinessmen..A.ofthem B.fromwhich C.whoof D.ofwhom3.Aterribleearthquakehappenedinthatdistrictattheendof2004,______manycountriesintheworldpaidcloseattentiontothis.A.where B.when C.which D.what4.Heissuchalazyman_______nobodywantstoworkwith_______.A.as,him B.that,x C.as,x D.whom,him(Key:1.C2.D3.B4.C)三、定语从句的相关知识1.只用that的情况：=1\*GB3①先行词被形容词最高级所修饰，先行词被序数词修饰，先行词被only,any,few,little,no,all,oneof等不定代词修饰；=2\*GB3②先行词是all,much,little,none,few,oneof等不定代词；=3\*GB3③先行词既有人又有物时；=4\*GB3④先行词在主句中作表语，关系词在从句中作表语时；=5\*GB3⑤当主句中含有疑问词which时。例如：=1\*GB3①Hewaslookingpleasantlyatthechildrenandparcelsthatfilledhisbus.=2\*GB3②Thevillageisnolongertheonethatwas5yearsago.=3\*GB3③Whicharethebooksthatyouboughtforme?2.只用which的情况：=1\*GB3①在非限定性定语从句中；=2\*GB3②在关系词前有介词时；=3\*GB3③当先行词本身是that时；=4\*GB3④当关系词离先行词较远时。3.whose可以指人或物，在从句中作定语。其结构为“先行词+whose+名词+其它”。★whose+n.=the+n.ofwhich=ofwhich+the+n.这三个结构在定语从句中我们认为是相同的，可以相互转换。如：(1)Thereisaroom,whosewindowfacestheriver.→Thereisaroom,thewindowofwhichfacestheriver.→Thereisaroom,ofwhichthewindowfacestheriver.(2)Hewrotemanystories,oneofwhichIlikeverymuch.4.as作关系代词，用法比较复杂。如在句首作引导词、在句中替代表示整句的先行词、引导无宾句、引导系表结构的句子等,常译成“关于这一点……”。在考试中比较常见的是与such,so,thesame等连用的情况。如：Thebooksasyouboughtareuseful.Theschoolisjustthesameasitwas10yearsago.★such/so…as…和such/so…that…结构不同。as引导定语从句，而that引导结果状语从句。ItissuchagoodbookthatIlikeitverymuch.ItissuchagoodbookasIlikeverymuch.★thesame…that…与thesame…as…意义不同。thesame…that…就是指同一个，而thesame…as…指相似的另一个。如：ThisisthesamebookthatIoncelost.这就是我曾经丢失的那本书。（指同一本书）ThisisthesamebookasIoncelost.这和我曾经丢失的书是一样的。（并不一定是同一本）5.关系副词（1）在定语从句中充当状语，指地点用where,指时间用when,指原因用why。同时关系副词都可以换成“介词+which”结构。这里要强调的是并不是“介词+which”都能换成关系副词。如果不是表时间、地点、原因时就不能换。如：=1\*GB3①Ididn’tgototheplacewhere/atwhichhehadoncestayed.=2\*GB3②Hedoesn’teattheapplefromwhichdelicioustastecanbefelt.第=1\*GB3①句中where可以换成atwhich，指地点，但第=2\*GB3②句中的fromwhich就不能，因为先行词是物，不表示时间、地点或原因。（2）当先行词是way,day,reason,time时，关系词可以用that或省略。Idon’tlikethewaythat/inwhich/xhetalks.(这里that,inwhich,x三种表达都可接受)ThisisthefirsttimeIhavegivenyoualessoninFrench.6.定语从句的一致问题。定语从句的谓语动词的数与先行词保持一致。但是当先行词被theonly,thevery,justtheone等修饰，表示“唯一”时，从句的谓语动词用单数。如：HeisoneofthebeststudentswhoaregoodatEnglish.(从句的主语是students)HeistheonlyoneofthebeststudentswhoisgoodatEnglish.(从句的主语是one)7.定语从句与强调句的区别：简单地说，强调句去掉Itis…that/who…这个框架后，将被强调的部分还原后意思完整。而定语从句中的that在从句中要充当相应的成分。如：Itisthehotelthatwevisitedlastyear.（定语从句。that在从句中作宾语）Itisinthehotelthatwestayedlastnight.(强调句，强调状语inthehotel。)★在实际应用中，我们经常可以这样做：有介词的是强调句，用that,没有介词的是定语从句。8.定语从句与同位语从句的区别：定语从句的关系词在从句中作相应的成分，而同位语从句的引导词不作任何成分，而且不能被省略，因为同位语从句是对先行词的解释说明，不是限定。如：（1）Wordcamethattheirarmywasdefeated.（同位语从句）本句的原形是：Wordthattheirarmywasdefeatedcame.但为了句子平衡，所以写成上面的形式。（2）Weexpressedtothemourwishthatwasthesameastheirs.(定语从句。that在从句中作主语，相当于ourwish。)9.几个特殊句型。（1）Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohasgotverygoodmarks.Heisoneofthestudentswhohavegotgoodmarksinthematch.(2)Isthisplacetheone(that)wevisitedyesterday?Isthistheplace(that/which)wevisitedyesterday?(3)Hestoodatthewindow,fromwherehecouldseewhatwashappening.(4)Itmayrain,inwhichcasethematchwillbeputoff.三、定语从句练习1.Putthebook_______itshouldbewhenyouhavefinishedreadingit.A.where B.inwhich C.attheplace D.theplacewhere2.Itwasabout600yearsago______thefirstclockwithfaceandanhourhandwasmade.A.that B.until C.before D.when3.CarolsaidtheworkwouldbedonebyOctober,_______personallyIdoubtverymuch.A.it B.that C.when D.which4.Thengentleman_____youtoldmeyesterdayprovedtobeathief.A.who B.aboutwhom C.whom D.withwhom5.Therich,for______moneywasnotaproblem,wantedtostayanexpensivehotel.A.their B.his C.whose D.whom6.ThelargestcollectioneverfoundinEnglandwasoneofabout200,000silverpennies,______over600yearsold.A.allofthem B.allofwhich C.allofit D.noneofwhich7.Doyoustillrememberthechickenfarm_____wevisitedthreemonthsago?A.where B.when C.that D.what8.Ihavemanyfriends,_______somearebusinessmen.A.ofthem B.fromwhich C.whoof D.ofwhom9.----Whydoesshealwaysaskyouforhelp?----Thereisnooneelse____,isthere?A.