非谓语动词用

PAGEPAGE12非谓语动词动词除了在句子中充当谓语外，还具有名词、形容词及副词的性质动词的非谓语形式，可在句中作主语、表语、宾语、定语、补语和状语等，称作非谓语动词，包括动词不定式、分词和动名词。第一节知识点概述一、动词不定式动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”，有时可以不带to。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能作谓语，但可以担任主语、表语、宾语、状语和宾语补足语。动词不定式仍保留动词的一些特点。（一）动词不定式的特征及用法1.动词不定式的构成及特征“to+动词原形”构成动词不定式，是一种非谓语形式，在句子中不能作谓语，没有人称和数的变化，它具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。2.动词不定式的用法动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句子中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。作主语例如：TolearnEnglishwellisnoteasy.或ItisnoteasytolearnEnglishwell.动词不定式作主语时，往往用it作形式主语，这种句型可归纳为下面的句型：Itis+adj.+动词不定式如果要说明不定式的动作执行者，可以用forItis+adj.+forsb.todosth.作表语Mywishistobecomeateacher.作宾语Mostofusliketowatchfootballmatches.作宾语补足语Hetoldmetobehereontime.作定语Ihavenothingtosayaboutthatthing.作状语Hestoppedtohavealook.3.动词不定式的否定形式动词不定式的否定形式not+to+动词原形例如：Heaskedmenottomakesuchamistake.4.动词不定式与疑问词连用疑问代词who,what,which和疑问副词when,where,how,why等后面可以接动词不定式，构成动词不定式短语，可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。例如：(1)Hedoesn’tknowhowtousethemachine. （不定式作宾语） (2)Howtousethemachineisaquestion. （不定式作主语） (3)Thequestioniswhentogothere. （不定式作表语）（二）动词不定式的时态和被动形动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，由不定式符号(to)加动词原形构成。不定式的形式有五种：一般式todo例如：IliketoreadEnglish.进行式tobedoing例如：Heseemedtobereadingsomethingatthattime.完成式tohavedone例如：Heseemedtohavecleanedtheroom.被动式tobedone例如：Theworkistobedonesoon.完成被动式tohavebeendone例如：Theboyissaidtohavebeensenttohospitalyesterday.二、分词分词是动词非谓语形式的一种，包括现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示：主动，动作正在进行。过去分词表示：被动，动作已经完成。（一）分词的作用分词在句中可以作定语、表语、状语和宾语补足语。例如：1．作定语Doyouknowtheboystandingatthegate?HaveyoureadthebookwrittenbyLuXun？2．作表语Weareexcitedatthenews.Thenewshetoldusisexciting.3．作宾语补足语Iheardhimsingingasongintheclassroom.Wefoundthegroundcoveredwithsnow.4．作状语Whilelyinginbed,helistenedtosomemusic.Seenfromthehill,thevillagelooksmovebeautiful.分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，否则分词前面必须有自己的主语。（二）分词的时态现在分词分一般式和完成式，而过去分词则没有时态形式的变化。现在分词的一般式表示动作与谓语动词同时发生，或在谓语动词之前发生。例如：Knowinghisunclewouldcome,hebegantomakesomepreparations.现在分词的完成时，表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。常用作状语。例如：Havingfinishedhishomework,hewenttobed.（三）现在分词的被动式被动一般式beingdone被动完成式havingbeendoneThisisoneofthenewsupermarketsbeingbuiltinourcity.Havingbeentoldmanytimes,hewasabletooperatethemachine.（四）分词的否定形式分词的否定式，由not+分词构成，例如：Nothavingheardthenews.Iwrotetohimagain.Notknowinghowtoworkoutthemathsproblem,Iwenttotheteacherforhelp.（五）分词独立主格结构当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，带逻辑主语的分词短语成为独立主格结构，在句法功能上起状语作用。例如：Weatherpermitting,theywillgoandvisitthesciencemuseum.

Themeetingbeingover,theyalllefttheroom.三、动名动名词是动词非谓语形式的一种,由动词加ing构成。动名词既有动词特征，也有名词特征。 动名词在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语和定语。例如：⑴Smokingdoesgreatharmtopeople’shealth.（作主语）⑵Myjobislookingafterchildren. （作表语）⑶Ihavefinishedreadingthenovel. （作宾语）⑷Wehavegotaswimmingpoolinourschool. （做定语） 动名词的否定形式由not+动名词构成。例如： Hemademeangrybynottakingthemedicine. 动名词的复合结构由名词所有格或物主代词加上动名词构成。例如： Wouldyoumindmyopeningthedoor? 动名词的一般式，表示的动作可以与谓语动词同时发生或在前，或在后。例如： Weallenjoylisteningtomusic.(同时发生) Doyouremembermeetingmethere?（在谓语动词前发生） 动名词的完成式表示在谓语动词之前完成的动作。例如： IregretnothavingbeentakentotheGreatWallwhenIwasachild. Sheattendedthepartywithoutbeinginvited.一、需注意的要点动词不定式一般式表示的动作可能与谓语动词的动作同时发生,也可能在其之后发生。例如：Isawtheyoungmanenterthehouse.（同时发生）Ihopetogotherenexttime.（之后发生）2．不定式完成式表示不定式的动作在谓语动词之前发生。例如：I’msorrytohavebrokenyourglasses.3．不定式进行式表示不定式的动作，与谓语动词同时发生。例如：Whenhecamein,Ihappenedtobereadingatthetable.4．不定式的被动式有两种形式：tobedone表示将要被做，tohavebeendone表示已被做。例如：Thenewcinematobeputupnextyearwillbeverylarge.Thecinemaissaidtohavebeenbuiltlastyear.5.在表示情绪的动词，如like,love,hate,prefer等后，用动名词作宾语表示一般倾向，用不定式表示特定某事。但在would/shouldlike/love/prefer后要用不定式例如：Ihateeatingthesamefoodeveryday.WouldyouliketowatchTVintheevening?6.在动词need,want,require后用动名词表示被动含义，相当于动词不定式的被动式；而用动词不定式的主动式表示主动含义。例如：Thehouseneedscleaning.=Thehouseneedstobecleaned.Heneedstocleanthehousefirst.7.在介词后一般用动名词作宾语，但在少数介词，如but,except后用动词不定式作宾语，但要注意“to”的省略，如but前有“do”则省去“to”。例如：Ihavedonenothingbuthelphimwithhisluggage.Ihavenochoicebuttowaitforhimatthebusstop.8.分词的完成式一般不用来作定语，因此，要表示完成主动的意思常用定语从句。例如：Theaccidentwhichhappenedyesterdaywasveryserious.9.如果分词短语的逻辑主语与句子不是相同的，则要用从句或分词独立主格结构来表示。例如：Weatherpermitting,wewillgototheCenter10.分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语要与句子的主语相一致。若它们之间的关系是主谓关系，用现在分词，而动宾关系则用过去分词。如果分词的动作先于谓语，分词要用完成时。例如：Havingfinishedhiscomposition,hewenthome.Whilelookingthroughthepaper,hefoundsomeerrors.二、历届高考试题分析例1、Thediscoveryofnewevidenceledto_________.A.thethiefhavingcaughtB.catchthethiefC.thethiefbeingcaughtD.thethieftobecaught答案为C。【解析】leadto这个词组中to是介词，后面跟名词，于是B被排除，thethief是动名词逻辑上的主语，构成动名词的复合结构，与catch之间应是被动关系，故排除A。常见的带介词to的短语有：(get)beusedto,lookforwardto，lookupto,stickto,objectto,bedevotedto,payattentionto等。例2、Though_______money,hisparentsmanagedtosendhimtouniversity.A.lackedB.lackingofC.lackingD.lackedin答案为C。【解析】lack是及物动词，后接宾语money。hisparents与lack是逻辑上的主谓关系，要用现在分词作状语。译文：虽然缺钱，他的父母亲还是设法让他上了大学。例3、Hegotwell-preparedforthejobinterview,forhecouldn’trisk____thegoodopportunity.A.tolose B.losing C.tobelost D.beinglost答案：B【解析】risk后面只能带动名词做宾语，含义为“冒……之险”。_____tosunlightfortoomuchtimewilldoharmtoone'sskin.A.ExposedB.HavingexposedC.BeingexposedD.Afterbeingexposed答案为C。【解析】在非谓语动词中，用动名词或不定式来作主语，而分词和介词短语不能作主语，因此A、D被排除。在这个句子中，willdo是谓语，缺少主语，要用动名词作主语。expose与one'sskin是动宾关系，所以要用动名词的被动式beingexposed。译文：在阳光下晒太长时间对人的皮肤有坏处。例5、____intouseinApril2000,thehotlinewasmeantforresidentsreportingwaterandheatingsupplybreakdowns.A.Put B.Putting C.Havingput D.Beingput答案：A【解析】ouse“让……投入使用”。显然，put和句子主语thehotline构成被动关系，所以用表示被动的过去分词。例6、Itwasunbelievablethatthefanswaitedoutsidethegymforthreehoursjust____alookatthesportsstars.A.had B.having C.tohave D.have答案：C【解析】动词不定式充当目的状语。例7、Withalotofdifficultproblems_______,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.A.settledB.settlingC.tosettleD.beingsettled答案为C【解析】动词不定式tosettle作为difficultproblems的定语表示现在或将来要解决的难题；过去分词settle作定语表示已经解决的难题，现在分词的被动式beingsettled作定语表示正在解决的难题。例8、MoreandmorepeoplearesigningupforYogaclassesnowadays,____advantageofthehealthandrelaxationbenefits.A.taking B.taken C.havingtaken D.havingbeentaken答案：A【解析】takeadvantageof（利用）和句子主语Moreandmorepeople构成主动关系，且和句子谓语signupfor(报名参加)同时发生，所以选择A。Sandycoulddonothingbut________tohisteacherthathewaswrong.A.admitB.admittedC.admittingD.toadmit答案为A。【解析】该句中的but是介词，后接动词不定式。当谓语动词是do，does或did时，后接不带to的不定式；是其他动词时，后接带to的不定式。该句的谓语是coulddonothing，要填动词原形admit。译文：山德不得不向老师承认自己错了。Hesentmeane-mail,________togetfurtherinformation.A.hopedB.hopingC.tohopeD.hope答案为B。【解析】现在分词hoping表示与sendmeane-mail同时发生的动作。一些考生认为应该填不定式作目的状语。不定式作目的状语时，句子的正确形式是：Hesentmeane-mailtogetfurtherinformation.不需要hope一词，如果要选择“hoped”时，句子的正确形式是：Hesentmeane-mailandhopedtogetfurtherinformation。“hope”和“sent”作并列谓语。非谓语动词1._____anythingabouttheaccident,hewenttoworkasusual.

A.Notknown B.Knownnot C.Knowingnot D.Notknowing

2.—Haveyoudecidedwhen_____?

—Yes,tomorrowmorning.

A.toleave B.tobeleaving C.willyouleave D.areyouleaving

3.Ireallyenjoy_____thatkindofjob.

A.do B.doing C.todo D.tobedoing

4.—There’saholeinyourbag.

—lknow.Iamgoingtohaveit_____.

A.mend B.mending C.mended D.tobemended

5.Thenextmorningshefoundthemaninbed,_____dead.

A.lying B.lie C.lay D.laying

6.Tellhim_____thewindow.

A.toshutnot B.nottoshut C.tonotshut D.notshut

7.Thefurniture______onOctober15wasseriouslydamagedbecauseofaroadaccident.

A.beingdelivered B.havingdeliveredC.havingbeendelivered D.delivered

8.Hehadhisleg_____inthematchyesterday.

A.tobreak B.broken C.break D.breaking

9.Ican’timagine_____thatwiththem.

A.do B.todo C.beingdone D.doing

10.Mostofthepeople_____tothepartywerefamousscientists.

A.invited B.toinvite C.beinginvited D.inviting

11.—Goodmorning.CanIhelpyou?

—I’dliketohavethispackage_____,madam.

A.beweighed B.tobeweighed C.toweigh D.weighed

12.Slowlysheopenedtheletter,_____.

A.herhandstrembledslightly B.slightlyherhandsweretrembledC.herhandsslightlytrembling C.tremblingherhandsslightly

13.All______willbepresentattheconference.

A.partiesconcerned B.partiesconcerningC.concernedparties D.concerningparties

14._____moreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.

A.Given B.Togive C.Giving D.Havinggiven

15.Shereachedthetopofthehillandstopped_____onabigrockbythesideofthepath.

A.tohaverested B.resting C.torest D.rest

16.LastsummerItookacourseon_______.

A.howtomakedresses B.howdressesbemade

C.howtobemadedresses D.howdressestobemade

17.Themurdererwasbroughtin,withhishands_____behindhisback.

A.beingtied B.havingtied C.tobetied D.tied

18.Thesecretaryworkedlateintothenight,_____alongspeechforthepresident.

A.toprepare B.preparing C.prepared D.waspreparing

19.IcanhardlyimaginePeter_____acrosstheAtlanticOceaninfivedays.

A.sail B.tosail C.sailing D.tohavesailed

20.—Thelightintheofficeisstillon.

—Oh,Iforgot_____.

A.turningitoff B.turnitoff C.toturnitoff D.havingturneditoff

21.TheOlympicGames,______in776B.C.,didnotincludewomenplayersuntil1912.

A.firstplaying B.tobefirstplayed C.firstplayed D.tobefirstplaying

22.Nothavingfinishedhishomework,_____towatchthegame.A.sohewasforbidden B.heforbadeC.hewasforbidden D.motherforbidhim

23.The_____worldpopulationistheresultofrecentadvancesinmedicalscience.

A.increased B.increase C.beingincreasingD.Increasing

24._____itwithmeandI’llseewhatIcando.

A.Whenleft B.Leaving C.Ifyouleave D.Leave

25.Cleaningwomeninbigcitiesusuallyget______bythehour.

A.pay B.paying C.paid D.topay

26.Europeanfootballisplayedin80countries,______itthemostpopularsportintheworld.

A.making B.makes C.made D.tomake

27.Robertissaid_____abroad,butIdon’tknowwhatcountryhestudiedin.

A.tohavestudied B.tostudy C.tobestudying D.tohavebeenstudying

28.Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,_____itmoredifficult.

A.notmake B.nottomake C.notmaking D.donotmake

29.WhenIgotbackhomeIsawamessagepinnedtothedoor,______“Sorrytomissyou;willcalllater.”

A.read B.reads C.toread D.reading

30.I’veworkedwithchildrenbefore,soIknowwhat______inmynewjob.

A.expected B.toexpect C.tobeexpecting D.expects

31.Itisimpossibletoavoid______byadvertisementsinamodernsociety.

A.tobeinfluenced B.beinginfluenced C.toinfluence D.influenced

32.Somepeoplebelievethatsomenumbersshowthe______sideofaperson’spersonality.

A.hiding B.hid C.hidden D.hide

33—Howdoyoudealwiththedisagreementbetweenthecompanyandthecustomers?

—key______theproblemistomeetthedemand_______bythecustomers.

A.tosolving…making B.tosolving…madeC.tosolve…making D.tosolve…made

34.Havingatripabroadiscertainlygoodfortheoldcouple,butitremains______whethertheywillenjoyit.

A.tosee B.tobeseen C.seeing D.seen

35.ItissaidinAustraliathereismorelandthanthegovernmentknows______.

A.itwhattodowith B.whattodoitwith C.whattodowithit D.todowhatwithit

36.Theresearchissodesignedthatonce______nothingcanbedonetochangeit.

A.begins B.havingbegun C.beginning D.begun

37.Theteacheraskedus______somuchnoise.

A.don’tmake B.notmake C.notmaking D.nottomake

38.______time,he’llmakeafirst-classtennisplayer.

A.Havinggiven B.Togive C.Giving D.Given

39.Walkingpastthepark,Icouldn’thelp______somechildrenflyingkites.

A.stoptowatch B.stoppingwatch C.stoppingtowatch D.tostoptowatch

40.Generallyspeaking,______accordingtodirections,thedrughasnoside-effect.

A.whentaking B.whentaken C.whentotake D.whentobetaken41.Anarmyspokesmanstressedthatallthesoldiershadbeenordered_______clearwarningsbeforefiringanyshots.A.toissue B.beingissued C.tohaveissued D.tobeissued42.Thereisanewprobleminvolvedinthepopularityofprivatecars_______roadconditionsneed______.A.that…tobeimproved B.which…tobeimprovedC.where…improving