读写综合概要写作

a1高考概要写作之说明文知识导虫<)要点精析（一）概要写作的考查能力概要写作，简言之就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，也可称之为摘要。写概要时，读者要是把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。快速阅读，准确把握文章主旨及各段主要内容的能力。熟练运用语法知识分析句子成分与结构的能力。主要体现在写作的语法结构和词汇的准确性。对固定短语和固定搭配的识记与再现能力。主要体现在不能出现和原文同样的句子。单词拼写能力。（二）概要写作的评分参考阅卷时主要考虑以下内容：对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；上下文的连贯性；各要点表达的独立性情况。注意：理解准确，涵盖全部要求，完全使用自己的语言，准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇，得分相应比较高。相反，如果概要写作部分出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象，得分档次将会大大降低；所写内容与所提供内容无关不得分。（三）概要写作的备考建议概要写作，其实我们考生并不陌生，在日常的英语教学中，教师经常让学生就所学英语课文逐段概括段落大意或者复述课文，这在一定程度上都为概要写作打基础。除此之外，作为考生，还要注意以下几点：积累常见的同义短语和句型转换，掌握并运用单词、短语和句型。“巧妇难为无米之炊”，即使有再好的写作技巧，如果没有相应的基础词汇和句法知识，也很难写出概要写作的上乘之作。因此，考生要在基础词汇和句法知识上下功夫，以不变应万变。解构句子结构的能力，并重点培养对语篇的速读与关键信息的捕捉能力及对语篇的再造能力。进行适度地专题练习。有计划地进行适度练习有利于考生快速掌握概要写作的要点，找到概要写作的感觉，冲破对概要写作的不适感。平时可多关注往年的高考阅读文章，进行结构分析和主旨概括训练。可按文体和题材，分类训练篇章结构的布局，增强对文章上下文连贯性的把握。概要写作首先要掌握各种文体的写作特点和框架。（四）说明文概要写作技巧说明文（Exposition）写作抓住关键句：文章第一段和各段第一句。说明文体的阅读材料内容大致可以分为以下几类：现象揭示类：Thearticlepointsoutthecommonphenomenon—住题），which...（补充解释）利弊对比类：Thearticlecomparesthedisadvantages/benefitsofAandB.A.whileB.Thepassagediscussestheimpactofsth.Onthepositiveside,.,butitmayalso.研究显示类：Thestudyrevealsthat.;Thepurposeofthereportistoshowthat.（五）说明文概要写作模板说明文：phenomenon/problem+reason+solution（causeandeffect）,introductionofanobject（howitismade,howitisused,howitmaychange,whatmakesitneworsignificant）（六）说明文概要写作样文展示Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint（s）ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Wishyouweremorecreative?Justpretend!□Onegreatironyaboutourcollectiveobsessionwithcreativityisthatwetendtoframeitinuncreativeways.Thatistosay,mostofusmarrycreativitytoourconceptofself:Eitherwe’re"creative”orwearen’t,withoutmuchofamiddleground.Dr.Pillay,atechentrepreneurandanassistantprofessoratHarvardUniversity,hasspentagoodchunkofhiscareersubverting（使放弃）theseideas.Hebelievesthatthekeytounlockingyourcreativepotentialistodefytheclichedadvicethaturgesyouto“believeinyourself."Infact,youshoulddotheopposite:Believeyouaresomeoneelse.Dr.Pillaypointstoa2016studydemonstratingtheimpactofstereotypes（固定思维）onone’sbehavior.Theauthors,educationalpsychologistsDenisDumasandKevinDunbar,dividedtheircollege-studentsubjectsintothreegroups,instructingthemembersofonetothinkofthemselvesas“eccentric（古怪的）poets"andthemembersofanothertoimaginetheywere“rigidlibrarians"（thethirdgroupwasthecontrol）.Theresearchersthenpresentedalltheparticipantswithtenordinaryobjects,includingafork,acarrot,andapairofpants,andaskedthemtocomeupwithasmanydifferentusesaspossibleforeachone.Thosewhowereaskedtoimaginethemselvesaseccentricpoetscameupwiththewidestrangeofideas,whereasthoseintherigid-librariangrouphadthefewest.Meanwhile,theresearchersfoundonlysmalldifferencesinstudents7creativitylevelsacrossacademicmajors.Infact,thephysicsmajorsinhabitingthepersonasofeccentricpoetscameupwithmoreideasthantheartmajorsdid.Theseresults,writeDumasandDunbar,suggestthatcreativityisnotanindividualtraitbuta"malleable（易话应的）productofcontextandperspective."Everyonecanbecreative,aslongasheorshefeelslikeacreativeperson.Dr.Pillay’sworktakesthisastepfurther:Hearguesthatsimplyidentifyingyourselfascreativeislesspowerfulthantakingthebold,creativestepofimaginingyouaresomebodyelse.Thisexercise,whichhecallspsychologicalHalloweenism,referstotheconsciousactionofinhabitinganotherpersona.Anactormayemploythistechniquetogetintocharacter,butanyonecanuseit.口Unfortunately,thoseideasoftengetdrownedoutbecausemostofusspendwaytoomuchtimeworrying,andabouttwothingsinparticular:howsuccessful/unsuccessfulweareandhowlittlewe’refocusingonthetaskathand.Thesetwinworriesfeedoneachother—anunfocusedpersonisanunsuccessfulone,webelieve一andsowedon’tallowourmindstowanderintoitsquietlyfertilefields.【解析指导】Mainidea这是一篇说明文。哈佛大学副教授Pillay博士引用前人的实验结果，提出了训练创造力的方法一假装自己是另一个人。该实验证明，创造力不是一个人的属性，而是在不同情境和角度下可调节的产物。Pillay

博士进而指出，创造力可以通过练习获得。文章详细介绍了该实验的过程、发现和结论。文章最后指出人们之所以不能产生有创意的点子，是因为人们过于在乎成功，过于专注眼前事，而让我们的大脑不能放松。Textstructure全文可以划分为三个部分：口第一部分：普通民众对是否具备创造力的观念。□-□第二部分：哈佛大学副教授Pillay博士在前人实验结果的基础上提出了训练创造力的方法。口第三部分：人们为什么不能产生有创意的点子。Thepublicccnreptofbeing

creativeornotBxperiineiitsinstructedthreegroupsofstudentstocomeupwithideasassLimingdifferentrolesotstudentstocomeupwassLimingdifferentrolesThepublicccnreptofbeing

creativeornotBxperiineiitsinstructedthreegroupsofstudentstocomeupwithideasassLimingdifferentrolesotstudentstocomeupwassLimingdifferentrolesIEasedonapreviousexperimentDr.PillaycameupwiththewaytogetcreativeF[nd.itigjsicpeathnl^isnotanindividual—trait;creativitjrcanbegainedthroughtrainingAdvisefromDrsPilluyi

pretendtobesomeoineelseWhypeoplefailtogetcreative

ideasPeopleraretoomuchabout

success^andtheirbrainis

focusedallthetime本文主要是讲述创造力不是一个人的属性，而是在不同情境和角度下可调节的产物。创造力可以通过练习获得，并指出训练创造力的方法。Step2：划分要点。本文分3个要点，提出主题一给出方法——解释原因。Step3：标主题句或关键词。已在文中用横线标出每段主题句。Step4：概括。5.SummarywritingManypeopleregardthemselveseithercreativeornotcreative.Yet,expertsprovedcreativityisnotapersonal

qualityandcouldbegainedinspecifiedsituations.Anotherexpertbelievespeoplecouldgetcreativebypretendingtobesomeoneelse.Butmostpeoplefailtodosobecausetheycaresomuchaboutsuccess,forcingthemselvestofocusallthetime.（59words）SummaryDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizeinnomorethan60wordsthemainideaofthepassageandhowitisillustrated.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Infact,greatwhitesharksarenotwhite.Thenameisthoughttohavecomeaboutbecausethesesharksarewhiteinonecircumstancewhentheyarelyingdeadonthedeckofaboat.Itwouldbemorepropertocallthisspeciesthe“blackshark”.Theyhaveadarkuppersurface,whichmeanstheirprey（猎物）aredifficulttospotthemapproachingfromthedarkdepths.Speakingofprey,theyhavebeenrecordeddiningoutonawiderangeofspecies,includingwhales,squid（鱿鱼），turtlesandoccasionallypenguins.“Ifyoumakealistofeverythingthafsbeenfoundinawhiteshark’sstomachyou’dgetavarietyofthings,”saysmarinebiologistGeorgeBurgessoftheUniversityofFloridainGainesville.Butwhafsclearisthattheirtasteschangeastheyage.“Theyarealmostjustfish—eatersuntiltheyare7,8,9feetlong,”saysBurgess.“Astheygetbigger,theywillbegintostarteatingmammalpreyiftheygettheopportunity.”Theseoldersharkspreferseals,sealionsandwalruses.Whentheystrikefrombelow,atspeed,whitesharkscanclearthesurfacebyasmuchas3m.Tolocatetheirprey,whitesharksusealmosteverytrickinthebook.“Theyhaveaseriesofsenses,”saysBurgess.Ina1963study,researchershungaspeakerovertheedgeoftheirboatoffMiamitoseeiftheycouldattractsharkswithsound.Nogreatwhitesharkswerespottedinthisstudy,butit’sreasonabletoassumetheyhavegoodhearingtoo.Asagreatwhitesharkgetsclosertoitsprey,itssenseofsmellbeginstokickin.Astudyofthebrainsofdifferentspeciesofsharksshowsthatthegreatwhite’solfactorybulb嗅球）isespeciallylarge.Theirvisionisnotbad,either.“Theyseeparticularlywell,”saysBurgess.Theyalsohavetwolessfamiliarsenses.Theirlaterallines,whichrunalongtheirsides,candetectchangesinwaterpressurethatrevealtheirprey’smovements.【写作指导】本文是一篇说明文。说明文的概要写作一般有三种参考模板：（1）描写某事物的性质功用。即“对象+性质功用+利好”：（Inthepassage）thewriterintroduces...tous,especiallyits...,fromwhichweknow...（2）针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施。即“问题+解决方法”：Thepassagetellsus...,including...（3）介绍某现象及其原因和结果。即“现象+原因+结果”：（Theauthor/writersaid/talksabout）...of...,because/but...。本文可以采用第一种模板。【参考范文】Thepassageintroducessomethingaboutwhitesharks,suchastheoriginofthenameandhowtheygettheirprey.（要点1）Whentheyarelyingdeadonthedeckofaboat,theyarewhite,buttheyhaveadarkuppersurface.（要点2）Whattheyeatarevarious,includingawiderangeofspecies.Whentheyaresmalltheyeatfish.Astheybecomebigger,theyeatmammalprey.（要点3）Theirsensessuchashearing,smellandvisionaregood.（要点4)SummaryDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizeinnomorethan60wordsthemainideaofthepassageandhowitisillustrated.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Dietershavelongswornthatgrapefruithelpsthemloseweight.TheGrapefruitDiet,alsocalledtheHollywoodDiet,datesbacktothe1930sandhasahostofcelebrityfansincludingsingerKylieMinogue.Itinvolveshavinggrapefruitorgrapefruitjuicewitheverymealwhilecuttingbackoncalories.Now,scientistsarebeginningtobelievethem.Astudyhasfoundthatdrinkinggrapefruitjuicewheneatingfattyfoodlowerstheamountofweightputonbyuptoafifth.Theresearchalsosuggestedthatgrapefruitcouldbeasgoodasprescriptiondrugsatkeepingbloodsugarlevelsundercontrol一akeypartofmanagingdiabetes.Theexperimentswereconductedonmice一butresearcherssaytheresultsjustifystudiesonhumans.ProfessorJosephNapoli,oftheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,said,“Weseeallsortsofscamsaboutnutrition.Buttheseresults,basedoncontrolledexperiments,warrantfurtherstudyofthepotentialhealth—promotingpropertiesofgrapefruitjuice.”Theresearchersfoundthatwhenthemicewerefedfattyfoodforthreemonths，thosegivengrapefruitjuicetodrinkgainedupto18percentlessweightthanthosegivenwater.Theyalsohadlowerbloodsugarandinsulinlevels一despiteeatingthesamenumberofcaloriesanddoingthesameamountofexerciseasthemicewhodrankwater.Infact，grapefruitjuicewasasgoodatcontrollinginsulinasthewidelyuseddiabetesdrugmetformin,thejournalPLOSONEreports.However,thefruitjuiceonlyhadaneffectonweightwhentheanimalsatefattyfood.Theresearcherssaidtheydidnotknowhowgrapefruitstopsthepoundsfrompilingon.SpokesmanMarietteAbrahams,adietician,saiduntilthenitistooearlyforpeopletotrygrapefruitdiets."Grapefruitshouldbepartofahealthybalanceddiet,butitshouldn’tbethefocusofthediet,”shesaid.【写作指导】本文是一篇科普类说明文，主要介绍了葡萄柚的减肥功效。第一段介绍了葡萄柚用于减肥的历史背景；第二至七段的内容是：研究表明，葡萄柚对人的身体健康有很多好处；第八段介绍了葡萄柚汁减肥的局限性；最后一段对葡萄柚饮食提出了不同的意见。考生在作答时，应注意条理清晰，避免混乱性语句；语言简洁，要点全面，可将原文中涉及的人名、地名等非重要信息忽略，以节约词数。另外，考生在作答时应注意语言的准确性和语句间的衔接性。【参考范文】DietersthinkgrapefruitjuicehelpsloseweightandtheGrapefruitDietortheHollywoodDietwasapopularwayoflosingweightinthe1930s.（要点1）Theexperimentsconductedonmice，whichcanalsoapplytohumans，showsthatgrapefruitjuicebenefitsthelossofweightandthecontrolofbloodsugarandinsulinlevels.（要点2）However，thefruitonlytakeseffectwhentheanimalseatfattyfood.（要点3）Theoppositeviewdoesn’tthinkeatinggrapefruitcanbethefocusofthediet.（要点4）□P实战演练SummaryDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizeinnomorethan60wordsthemainideaofthepassageandhowitisillustrated.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Couldfastfoodmakeithardertostopandsmelltheroses?AnewstudyfromtheUniversityofTorontosuggeststhatfastfoodmightmakeithardertostopandsmelltheroses.ResearcherspointedoutthatAmericanshavegainedmoreandmoreleisuretime,yettheyaren’tanyhappier.Theproblemcouldbethatmodernconveniencesmakeusmoreimpatient,andthereforelessabletoappreciatesmallmomentsofjoy.Totestthetheory,theUniversityofTorontoresearcherscarriedoutafewdifferenttestsfocusedonfastfoods,thetypicalAmerican“symbolsofthecultureofimpatience,”andhappiness.Inoneofthetests,researcherstold257peopletoratepicturesbasedonwhethertheyweresuitableforads.Participantssawaseriesofpictures:Onegroupsawfastfoodinregularpackagingwhiletheothergroupsawthesamefoodsetoutonceramictableware（瓷器餐具）.Afterward,someoftheparticipantswereshownphotographsof“scenicnaturalbeauty”andthenwereaskedtoratetheirhappiness.Othersratedtheirhappinesswithoutseeingthepictures.Theresearchersfoundthatpeoplewhosawthefastfoodbeforeviewingthenaturephotostendedtoratetheirhappinesslower.Yetthosewhosimplyratedtheirhappinesswithoutseeingthenatureshotsbeforehandwereactuallyalittlehappierifthey’dseenfastfoodinadvance.Researcherssaidthatsuggestsfastfooddoesn’tdirectlycauseunhappinessbutdecreasestheabilitytoenjoythings.Researcherscautioned,however,thatmuchmoreresearchwasneededtodetermineexactlyhowfastfoodandhappinessarecorrelatedandhowstrongtherelationshipreallyis.【参考范文】AstudyfromtheUniversityofTorontoshowsfastfoodwillaffectpeople’sabilitytoenjoythings,thusmakingthemlesshappy.Inonetest,amongthe257participants,thosewhosawpicturesofnaturalbeautyafterbeingshownfastfoodratedtheirhappinesslowerthanthosewhodidn’t.Butresearcherssaidmoreresearchwasneededtoconfirmthefindings.SummaryDirectionsReadthefollowingpassage.Summarizeinnomorethan60wordsthemainideaofthepassageandhowitisillustrated.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Thepoaching,orillegalkilling,ofrhinos（犀牛）inSouthAfricaisgrowingworseeachyear.Thegovernmentrecentlyreportedthatarecordnumberofrhinoswerepoachedin2014,ayearwhichhadmorerhinokillingsinSouthAfricathaneverbefore.TheWorldWildlifeFund,orWWF,saysabout20,000rhinosliveinSouthAfrica.Thatismorethan80percentoftherhinosintheworld.EdnaMolewa,SouthAfrica’senvironmentalissuesministersays,“During2014,wearesadtosaythis：1,215rhinoswerekilled.Thisisariseinthenumberofpoachedrhinosfrom1004in2013andindeedveryworrying.”Theanimalsarehuntedfortheirhorns.ManypeopleinAsiabelievethehornhascuringpower,whichdrivespoachers,atallcosts,madformorehorns.Butthereisnoscientificevidenceforthisbelief.Thehornismadeofkeratin.Thatisthesamethingashumanhair,fingernailsandtoenails.Ms.Mo1ewasaid386suspectedpoacherswerearrestedlastyear,anincreasefromtheyearbefore.Butrhinoprotectionworkerssaypoachersoftengounpunishedafterarrest.SouthAfrica’slegalsystemisineffective.Ms.MolewasaidmoreneedstobedoneandSouthAfricaistakingstrongmeasurestoprotectrhinos.Theeffortsincludemovingsomeoftheanimalstosecretplacesinneighboringcountries.“Nowapproximately100rhinoshavebeenmovedtoneighboringstatesintheSADCregionduring2014and200morerhinoswillbemovedthisyear”Molewasaid.JoShaw,therhinoprogrammanagerattheWWF,said,“we’retalkingaboutalossofahundredrhinosamonth.Ormorethanthreeaday.Wereallyneedtoseeeffectiveactionnotjustatanationallevelbutinternationally."Shesaysofficialsshouldfindthecriminalgroupsresponsibleforthepoachingandpunishthem.【参考范文】ThepoachingofrhinosisgettingworseinSouthAfricaeachyear.Manyrhinosarekilledfortheirhornswhichisbelievedtohavecuringpower.Althoughmorepoachersarearrested,theyhardlygetpunished.SothemembersofWWFarecallingonmoremeasureswhichshouldtakentoprotectrhinos.,includingeffectivelegalsystem,rhinoslivingplaceandeveninternationalcooperation.SummaryDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizeinnomorethan60wordsthemainideaofthepassageandhowitisillustrated.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.PuppyDogEyesArefortheBenefitsofHumansDogsmakepuppydogeyesforthebenefitofhumansandrarelyusethepleasingfacialexpressionwhenontheirown,anewstudyhasshown.Ithaslongbeenassumedthatanimalfacialexpressionsareinvoluntaryanddependentonemotionalstateratherthanawaytocommunicate.ButscientistsattheUniversity’sDogCognitionCentreatPortsmouthUniversityhavefoundthatdogsmostlyusefacialexpressionswhenhumansarepresent,asadi