英语词汇学-第一章课件

EnglishLexicology

Chapter1

BasicconceptsofwordsandvocabularyEnglishLexicology

Chapter1B1Abstract

Thischaptergivesascientificdefinitionofaword,discussestherelationshipbetweensoundandmeaning,betweensoundandform,betweenwordsandvocabulary,putsforwardthethreemainprinciplesoflexicalclassificationandelaboratesonthefeaturesofbasicwordstockandnon-basicvocabulary,contentwordsandfunctionalwords,nativewordsandborrowedwords.Abstract

Thischaptergivesa2Mainpoint

definitionofawordsoundandmeaningsoundandformvocabularyclassificationorwordsbasicwordstockandnon-basicvocabularycontentwordsandfunctionalwordsnativewordsandborrowedwordsMainpoint

definitionofawor3Whatisaword?AminimalfreeformofalanguageAsoundunityAunitofmeaningAformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentenceWhatisaword?Aminimalfree4DefinitionofthewordAwordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsentencefunction.DefinitionofthewordAwordi5AnotherdefinitionofthewordAcombinationofvocalsounds,oronesuchsound,usedinalanguagetoexpressanidea(e.g.todenoteathing,attribute,orrelation),andconstitutinganultimateminimalelementofspeechhavingameaningassuch;avocable[（以语音、字母为单位而不以意义为单位的）词，词外壳].HeidiHarley,Englishwords,blackwellPublishing,2006Anotherdefinitionoftheword6OnemoredefinitionofthewordAnuninterruptibleunitofstructureconsistingofoneormoremorphemes,whichtypicallyoccursinthestructureofphrases.HowardJackson,Words,meaningandvocabulary,CassellWellingtonHouse,2000Onemoredefinitionofthewor7LexicalandgrammaticalwordsLexicalwords:nouns,verbs,adjectives,andadverbs.Theyhavefairlyindependentmeaningsandmaybemeaningfuleveninisolationorinaseries.Grammaticalwordsareelementslikepropositions,articles,conjunctions,formsindicatingnumberortense,andsoon.LexicalandgrammaticalwordsL8CharacteristicsofthewordThewordisanuninterruptibleunit.Thewordmayconsistoneormoremorphemes.Thewordoccurstypicallyinthestructureofphrases.Thewordshouldbelongtoaspecificwordclassorpartofspeech.CharacteristicsofthewordThe9SimpleandcomplexwordsSimplewordsword,and,if,we,thus,that,these,the,have,come,go,end,us,sum,sound,meanComplexwordsdevelopment,freely,different,differently,basically,meaning,misunderstand,misunderstanding,commonly,speakerblackboard,classroom,textbook,viewpoint,go-between,sportsman,sportsmanship,sportwomanSimpleandcomplexwordsSimple10WhatisaChinesemorpheme(语素)?语素是最小的语音语义结合体，是最小的语言单位。语素是构词的单位。语素也是构成成语、熟语等固定词组的基础。汉语语素的语音形式是音节，书面形式是汉字。(胡裕树，现代汉语，P194-5)词和语素都是语言单位；字是记录语言的符号，是书写单位。语素分类单音节语素，读出来是一个音节，写下来是一个汉字。单音节语素在汉语里活动能量大，具有很大的构词能力。双音节语素，读出来是两个音节，写下来是两个汉字，但只表示一个意义。多音节语素，基本上是音译的外来词。（黄伯荣，现代汉语，甘肃人民出版社，1983）WhatisaChinesemorpheme(语素)11WhatisaChinesemorpheme(语素)?语素是音义相结合的最小的语言单位。一般地说，一个语素就是一个音节，书面上就是一个汉字，有时侯还是一个词。但是音节是从语音学角度分析的结果，文字是书面记录的符号，语素则是语言中构词的基本成份，词是指音义相结合的能够独立运用的最小的语言单位。这四者角度不同，并不是一回事。1、同一个汉字，可以代表不同的语素。汉字虽然相同，但读音不同：会议/会计汉字和读音都相同，但是词性不同：老人/老虎/老是捣乱汉字、读音和词性都相同，但是意义不同：公家/公牛2、汉语的语素绝大多数是单音节的，但有时侯，一个汉字并不代表一个语素，只代表一个音节，也就是说，一个语素也可以是两个以上音节。连绵词：磅礴；口语词：尴尬；音译词：咖啡，奥林匹克3、有时侯，一个汉字在不同场合，有的是语素，有的不是语素。马匹（语素）/马达（非语素）（邵敬敏，现代汉通论，上海教育出版社，2001，P113-4）WhatisaChinesemorpheme(语素)12WhatisaChineseword?词，是意义单纯，语音形式独立、完整、固定，而且其中没有停顿的语言建筑材料单位。（邢公畹，现代汉语教程，南开大学出版社，P119）词是比语素高一级的语言单位。(胡裕树，现代汉语，P198)词是代表一定的意义、具有固定的语音形式、可以独立运用的最小的结构单位。(胡裕树，现代汉语，P203)词，是指一定的语音形式跟一定词汇意义相结合，并且可以独立运用的最小的语言单位。（邵敬敏，现代汉通论，上海教育出版社，2001，P115-6）WhatisaChineseword?词，是意义单纯13WhatisaChineseword?语素不等于词，它们的区别主要是两点：第一，语素的意义不太明确，也不太稳定。第二，更加重要的是语素不能独立运用，也不能自由地跟其他词语组合。但是由于古代汉语中一单音节的词为主，有些语言单位，在某些场合就很难确定了。语素以单音节为主，词则以多音节为主。词语有明显的双音节化趋势。合成词的内部构造跟短语的构造大致一致。（邵敬敏，现代汉通论，上海教育出版社，2001，P115-6）词和语素都表示意义，但是词表示的意义比较明确、固定，而语素表示的意义往往不大具体，或不很固定。现代汉语里的语素，多数是从古代汉语的词演变来的。由于受现代汉语构词双音化规律的支配，古代的单音词，许多都转化为现代汉语的语素。（黄伯荣，现代汉语，甘肃人民出版社，1983）WhatisaChineseword?语素不等于词，14WhatisaChinesephrase(词组)?词组又叫“短语”，是大于词的语言单位，是由两个或两个以上的实词构成而不成为句子的语言单位。词和词组的区别：1、意义上，词表示简单的概念，词组复合的概念。2、语法功能上，词是句法结构中最小的独立运用的单位，词组也是句法结构中的运用的单位，但不是最小的，可以从中再分析为词的单位。3、概念的表达上，词所表达的概念一般是比较单纯、固定的，合成词里的语素所表示的意义是融合在一起的，不是简单的相加。4、成分之间的结合关系上，合成词的各个成分之间，结合关系是很紧密的，不容许随便拆开来，或随意加进什么成分。词组的各个成分之间，结合关系不是很紧密的，可以拆开来解释，也可以加进另一些词。(胡裕树，现代汉语，P204-5)WhatisaChinesephrase(词组)?15WhatisaChinesecharacter(字)?汉字基本上是一种表意文字。汉字基本上是一种语素文字。汉字在形体上表现为方块形。汉字在语音上代表音节。汉字在书面上不实行分词连写。总之，现代汉字是一种表意性质的语素文字。这是它区别于纯粹表音的音素文字或音节文字的基本特点。（邵敬敏，现代汉通论，上海教育出版社，2001）WhatisaChinesecharacter(字)16WhatisaChinesecharacter(字)?汉字是表意性质的文字（字母文字是表音的）。汉字字形记录的语音单位是音节。汉字是平面型文字（字母是线性排列的）。汉字记录汉语不实行分词连写（字母文字词与词是分写，词内连写）。(胡裕树，现代汉语，P152)字是能够独立运用的最小的语言单位（注意：汉语语法学家在此有很大分歧，不少人认为是词而不是字是最小的语言单位）。问题：字是否等于word?WhatisaChinesecharacter(字)17WhatisaChinesecharacter(字)?汉字是形音义的结合体。字不仅是语法结构基本单位，而且是个语言基本结构单位。英语词的特点：1、词是英语的天然单位。2、词是英语民族认识世界的基本单位。3、词是语言各个平面研究的交汇点。4、词在语法上处于承上启下的枢纽位置，是词法与句法的交接点。汉语中只有字与英语的词有相同的作用。只需将各点中的词改为字即可。（潘文国，字本位与汉字研究，华东师范大学出版社，2002）WhatisaChinesecharacter(字)18SoundandmeaningAwordisasymbolthatstandsforsomethingelseintheworld.Eachoftheworld’sculturehascometoagreethatcertainsoundswillrepresentcertainpersons,things,places,properties,processesandactivitiesoutsidethelanguagesystem.SoundandmeaningAwordisas19SoundandmeaningThissymbolicconnectionisalmostalwaysarbitrary.Thereisnologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundwhichstandsforathingoranideaandtheactualthingandideaitself.LodwigandBarrett,1973SoundandmeaningThissymbolic20SoundandmeaningBook书Study学习Pair–pear夜–叶气–汽激光laser好(hǎo)吃，好(hào)吃，豪吃我是教授。/他会教授我们一些手艺。我们是来投诉/投宿的（西游记：孙悟空语）。

SoundandmeaningBook书21SoundandformThewrittenformofanaturallanguageisthewrittenrecordoftheoralform.Thewrittenformshouldagreewiththeoralform.Thatis,thesoundshouldbesimilartotheform.

ThisistrueofEnglishinitsearlieststage(OldEnglish),andtrueofSpanishandItalian,andEsperanto,butalwaysnottrueofModernEnglish.SoundandformThewrittenform22Whythewrittenformisnotalwayssimilartotheoralform?Thedevelopmentofthelanguage26lettersfromRomansfor46soundsinEnglishThepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears.Someofthedifferenceswerecreatedbytheearlyscribes.Whythewrittenformisnotal23Whythewrittenformisnotalwayssimilartotheoralform?Printinghelpedtofreezethespellingofwordsanddictionarieshelpedtostopspellingchangeswhilesoundscontinuedtochange,whichbroughtmoredifferencesbetweensoundandform.Wordborrowingfromotherlanguages,whichhasenrichedEnglishvocabulary,butledtodifferencesbetweensoundandform.Whythewrittenformisnotal24VocabularyDefinitionAllthewordsinalanguageAllthewordsuseinaparticularhistoricalperiodAllthewordsofagivendialect,agivenbook,agivendisciplineAllthewordspossessedbyanindividualpersonVocabularyDefinition25ActiveandPassiveVocabulary

Activevocabulary/productivevocabulary:speakingvocabulary,writingvocabularyPassivevocabulary/receptivevocabulary:listeningvocabulary,readingvocabulary,guessingvocabularyActiveandPassiveVocabulary

26ClassificationofwordsBasicwordstockandnon-basicvocabularyThebasicwordstock:1.thefoundationofthevocabularyaccumulatedovercenturies2.formthecommoncoreofthelanguage3.constituteasmallpercentageoftheEnglishvocabulary,butitisthemostimportantpartofthelanguage.ClassificationofwordsBasicw27Characteristicsofbasicwords1.AllnationalcharacterNatuaralphenomenaHumanbodyandrelationsNamesofplantsandanimalsAction,size,domain,stateNumerals,pronouns,prepositions,conjunctionsCharacteristicsofbasicwords28Characteristicsofbasicwords2.Stabilityinuseforyears3.Productivitywithaffixesandcompounding4.Polysemymanymeanings5.Collocabilitysetexpressions,idiomaticusages,proverbialsayings,etcCharacteristicsofbasicwords29NonbasicwordsTeminology(术语)technicaltermsusedinparticulardisciplinesandacademicarease.g.laser(激光),power(幂)语法化，语义，释义，例证，二语习得NonbasicwordsTeminology(术语)30NonbasicwordsJargon(行话)specializedvocabulariesbywhichmembersofparticulararts,sciences,tradesandprofessionscommunicateamongthemselvesakindoflanguagethatishardtounderstandbecauseitisfullofspecialwordsknownonlytothepeopleofacertaingroupe.g.cornerball(角球),ESP(特殊用途英语=Englishforspecialpurposes),answersheet(答卷)手球，擦边球

NonbasicwordsJargon(行话)31NonbasicwordsSlang(俚语)sub-standaradlanguage,acategorythatseemstostandbetweenthestandardgeneralwordsincludinginformalonesavailabletoeveryoneandin-groupwordslikecant,jargon,andargot,allofwhichareassociatedwith,ormostavailableto,specificgroupsofthepopulation.e.g.buck(美元),gobananas(发疯)捣浆糊，粉丝，月光族NonbasicwordsSlang(俚语)32NonbasicwordsArgot(隐语，黑话)jargonofcriminalsakindofspeechspokenandunderstoodbyasmallclassofpeople,especiallycriminals,suchasthieves,robbers,etce.g.can-opener(万能钥匙，开罐刀具)把他做了，趟混水

NonbasicwordsArgot(隐语，黑话)33NonbasicwordsDialectalwords(方言词)wordsusedonlybyspeakersofthedialectinquestione.g.hame(=home,ScottishEnglish)摆龙门阵，侃大山NonbasicwordsDialectalwords(34NonbasicwordsArchaisms(古旧词语)wordsofformsthatwereonceincommonusebutarenowrestrictedonlytospecializedorlimitedusee.g.marquis(侯爵),quean(abadlybehavedwoman)太监，朝廷，朕NonbasicwordsArchaisms(古旧词语)35NonbasicwordsNeologisms(新词语)newly-created/coinedwordsorexpressions,orwordsthathavetakenonnewmeaningssometimescallvoguewords,meaningtheyarenewlypopularandmuchusede.g.futurology(未来学),bionics(仿生学),disproduct(水货，伪劣产品)爽，酷，旧闻，超女，超男，沙发博客—播客，黑客，晒客，海归—海派，海漂

NonbasicwordsNeologisms(新词语)36NonbasicwordsNoncewords(临时词)Newwordsarebeinginventedonintroducedallthetime.Sometimesanewwordisproducedbyasinglepersononly,insomespecialsituations.Thesewordsarecallnoncewords,thatis,wordscoinedforoneoccasion,andneveroccuragain,alsocallnonceformation.e.g.yo-yo(摇摆),non-U(行为土气的，U代表upperclass)保先（保持先进性），传单（传染性单核细胞增多症），德福，面的，特嫌（特务嫌疑），曌NonbasicwordsNoncewords(临时词)37水门：艳照门,短信门，偷税门（杭州女装），手机门，解说门（黄健翔），离婚门（影视明星的），点球门（孙继海没犯规却被罚的：08-3-31）罢飞门（08-4-2，东航18飞行员返航），返航门（4.6同一事件），口误门（中央台播音员播错澳大利亚首都为悉尼）水门：艳照门,短信门，偷税门（杭州女装），手机门，解说门（38NonbasicwordsColloquialism(俗词)Usedinordinary,familiar,orinformalconversationse.g.daddy,mommy,tellof(批评),brolly(伞)打的，大巴，爹地，妈咪NonbasicwordsColloquialism(俗词39NonbasicwordsVulgarisms(粗俗词)Wordsnotusuallyusedbyeducatedpersonse.g.bloody(该死的，非常的=damned),gen(先生=gentleman),shit(放屁，呸)靠，他妈的(TMD)NonbasicwordsVulgarisms(粗俗词)40ContentandfunctionalwordsContentwordsdenoteclearnotionsandthusareknownasnotionalwords:nouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbsandnumerals,whichdenoteobjects,phenomena,action,quality,state,degree,quantity,etcconstitutethemainbodyoftheEnglishvocabularynumerousthenumberisevergrowinge.g.door,chair,work,begin,active,occasionallyContentandfunctionalwordsCo41ContentandfunctionalwordsFunctionalwordsnothavenotionsoftheirownalsocalledemptywordsexpresstherelationbetweennotions,therelationbetweenwordsandsentencesknownasformwordsmakeupasmallnumberoftheEnglishvocabularyremainstabledofarmoreworkofexpressioninEnglishonaveragethancontentwordse.g.to,the,a,this,and,will,oughtto,accordingto,within,beneath

ContentandfunctionalwordsFu42NativeandborrowedwordsNativewordswordsbroughttoBritaininthe5thcenturybytheGermantribes:theAngles,theSaxons,theJutesknownasAnglo-Saxonwords5000to60000formthemainstreamofthebasicwordstockandstandatthecoreofthelanguagee.g.rise,walk,work,run,begin,do,break,fight,swim,win,help,stand,gather,follow,shall,willNativeandborrowedwordsNativ43Characteristicsofnativewords1.Allnationalcharacter2.Stability3.Productivity4.Polysemy5.CollocabilityTheabovefivecharacteristicsarethesameasbasicwordsCharacteristicsofnativeword44Characteristicsofnativewords6.Neutralinstyledenotethecommonestthingsinhumansocietyusedbyallpeople,inallplaces,onalloccasions,andatalltimesnotstylisticallyspecifice.g.bright(E)–brilliant(F)force(E)–compel(F)

Characteristicsofnativeword45Characteristicsofnativewords7.Frequentinusemostfrequentlyusedineverydayspeechandwritingthepercentageofnativewordsinuserunsusuallyashighas70to90percentCharacteristicsofnativeword46CharacteristicsofnativewordsAuthororbookNativewords%Foreignwords%Spenser8614Shakespeare9010KingJamesBible946Milton8119Swift8020Johnson7228Gibbon7030Tennyson8812Characteristicsofnativeword47BorrowedwordsLoanwords/borrowingsTheEnglishlanguagehasvastdebts.Inanydictionarysome80%oftheentriesareborrowed.EncyclopediaAmericana,1980,Vol.10,p.423BorrowedwordsLoanwords/bo48ClassificationsofborrowedwordsDenizensborrowedearlyinthepastandnowarewellassimilatedintoEnglishhavecometoconformtotheEnglishwayofpronunciationandspellinge.g.pork←porc(F)port←portus(L)Classificationsofborrowedwo49ClassificationsofborrowedwordsAliensborrowedwordswhichhaveretainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspellinge.g.kowtow(Chinese)bazaar(义卖会）(Persian)Classificationsofborrowedwo50ClassificationsofborrowedwordsTranslation-loanswordsandexpressionsformedfromtheexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodeledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguagee.g.wordstranslatedaccordingtothemeaningmothertongue←linguamaterna(L)blackhumour←humournoir(F)wordstranslatedaccordingtothesoundlama(Tibetan)tzar(Russian)Classificationsofborrowedwo51ClassificationsofborrowedwordsSemanticloanswordsnotborrowedwithreferencetotheformtheirmeaningsareborrowedthatis,Englishhasborrowedanewmeaningforanexistingwordinthelanguagee.g.dumb(stupid)←dumm(German)Classificationsofborrowedwo52Questionsandtasks5.Whatisvocabulary?Vocabularyismostcommonlyusedtorefertothesumofallthewordsofalanguage.Itcanalsorefertoallthewordsofagivendialect,agivenbook,agivensubjectandallthewordspossessedbyanindividualpersonaswellasallthewordscurrentinaparticularperiodoftimeinhistory.Questionsandtasks5.Whatis53QuestionsandtasksIllustratetherelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningwithexamples.Soundisthephysicalaspectofawordandmeaningiswhatthesoundreferto.Soundandmeaningarenotintrinsicallyrelatedandtheirconnectionisarbitraryandconventional.Forexample,tree/tri:/refersto树inEnglish,becausetheEnglish-speakingpeoplehaveagreedtodosojustasChinesepeopleuse/shu/torefertothesamething.Thisexplainswhypeopleofdifferentlanguagesusedifferentsoundtoexpressthesameconcept.Eveninthesamelanguage,thesamesoundcanhavedifferentmeaning,e.g.pearandpair.QuestionsandtasksIllustrate54QuestionsandtasksExplainneologismswithexamples.Neologismsarenewly-createdwordsoroldwordswithnewmeanings.Forexample,inthefast-developinginformationera,alargenumberofnewtermsarecreatedincomputerscience,suchasinternet,email,databank,cyberspace,whicharebrand-newwords.Therearealsooldwordswhichhaveacquirednewmeaning,suchasmouse（鼠标）,monitor（监视器）,etc.QuestionsandtasksExplainneo55QuestionsandtasksHowdoyouaccountfortheroleofnativewordsinEnglishinrelationtoloan-words?NativewordsarethoseofAnglo-Saxonorigin,whicharesmallinnumber.Loan-wordsareborrowedfromotherlanguages.Itisestimatedloan-wordsconstitute80%ofthemodernEnglishvocabulary.Nativewordscannotcomparewithloan-wordsinnumber,buthaveamoreimportantroleinthelanguage.Nativewordsformthemainstreamofthebasicwordstockwhereasonlyalimitednumberofborrowedwordsbelongtothecommoncore.QuestionsandtasksHowdoyou56AdditionalExercisesI.Trueorfalsea.Awordcanbedefinedindifferentwaysfromdifferentpointsofviews.b.Undernocircumstancescansoundandmeaningbelogicallyrelated.c.Theintroductionofprintingpressresultedinalotmoredifferencesbetweensoundandform.d.Thewordsapersoncanuseinspeakingandwritingformhispassivevocabulary.e.Nativewordsenjoythesamefeaturesasthebasicwordstockandmore.AdditionalExercisesI.Trueo57AdditionalExercisesKey:a.tb.fc.td.fe.tAdditionalExercisesKey:58AdditionalExercisesII.Giveatermforeachofthefollowingdefinitions.a.sub-standardwordsoftenusedoninformaloccasionsb.specializedvocabularycommonincertainprofessionsc.wordsusedbysub-culturalgroupsparticularlybyundergroundsocietyd.wordsthathaveclearnotionse.wordsofAnglo-Saxonoriginf.wordsborrowedbywayoftranslationg.oldwordswithnewmeaningsAdditionalExercisesII.Givea59AdditionalExercisesKeyslangjargonargotcontentwordsnativewordstranslationloansneologismsAdditionalExercisesKey60AdditionalExercisesIII.Readthefollowingsentencesandtellthemeaningsoftheredwords.1.It’sverycoldoutside.I’mgoingtoneedalotofantifreezetonight.2.Believeitornot,Davecansometimesactlikeanairhead!3.Disneylandisreallyabang!4.I’veworkedforthiscompanyfor10years,butIstilldon’thavebeans.5.CanIborrowsomebread?6.Don’tbesuchachicken.7.Dave’sESLCaféistotallycool!AdditionalExercisesIII.Read61AdditionalExercises8.I’dlovetosurftheNet,butunfortunatelymycomputerisadinosaur.9.Yourearisreallyevil!10.Let’sgetnakedtonight！11.Thisprojectiscausingmetogobananas!12.TomCruisehasreallybeautifulivories.13.Willyoupleasestopjackingaround?14.Wow,yourboyfriendiskiller!15.Teachersdon’tlikestudentstomakewaves.AdditionalExercises8.I’dlov62AdditionalExercises16.Idon’twantanymonkeybitestonight,okay?17.Davehasbeenknowntosometimesbeaparty

animal.18.Ilovemyjob,butthepayispeanuts.19.Daveisfamousforpiggingout

onchocolateicecream.20.Mygirlfriendslappedmerightonthepuss.21.Thosearereallycoolshades!22.AlotofpeoplegetwastedinthestreetsofNewYork.23.Ifyoudon’tworkhard,you’llendupazero.AdditionalExercises16.Idon’63AdditionalExercisesKey:1.alcohol2.stupidperson3.averypowerfulthing4.money5.money6.coward7.excellent;superbAdditionalExercisesKey:64AdditionalExercises8.somethingoldfashionedoroutofdate9.great;excellent10.tocompletelyrelaxandhaveagoodtime11.goslightlymad12.teeth13.wastetime14.somethingexceptionalorgreat15.causeproblemsAdditionalExercises8.somethi65AdditionalExercises16.akissthatleavesamarkontheskin17.someonethatlovesparties18.verylittlemoney19.eattoomuch20.theface21.sunglass24.killed25.anunimportantpersonAdditionalExercises16.akiss66EnglishLexicology

Chapter1

BasicconceptsofwordsandvocabularyEnglishLexicology

Chapter1B67Abstract

Thischaptergivesascientificdefinitionofaword,discussestherelationshipbetweensoundandmeaning,betweensoundandform,betweenwordsandvocabulary,putsforwardthethreemainprinciplesoflexicalclassificationandelaboratesonthefeaturesofbasicwordstockandnon-basicvocabulary,contentwordsandfunctionalwords,nativewordsandborrowedwords.Abstract

Thischaptergivesa68Mainpoint

definitionofawordsoundandmeaningsoundandformvocabularyclassificationorwordsbasicwordstockandnon-basicvocabularycontentwordsandfunctionalwordsnativewordsandborrowedwordsMainpoint

definitionofawor69Whatisaword?AminimalfreeformofalanguageAsoundunityAunitofmeaningAformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentenceWhatisaword?Aminimalfree70DefinitionofthewordAwordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsentencefunction.DefinitionofthewordAwordi71AnotherdefinitionofthewordAcombinationofvocalsounds,oronesuchsound,usedinalanguagetoexpressanidea(e.g.todenoteathing,attribute,orrelation),andconstitutinganultimateminimalelementofspeechhavingameaningassuch;avocable[（以语音、字母为单位而不以意义为单位的）词，词外壳].HeidiHarley,Englishwords,blackwellPublishing,2006Anotherdefinitionoftheword72OnemoredefinitionofthewordAnuninterruptibleunitofstructureconsistingofoneormoremorphemes,whichtypicallyoccursinthestructureofphrases.HowardJackson,Words,meaningandvocabulary,CassellWellingtonHouse,2000Onemoredefinitionofthewor73LexicalandgrammaticalwordsLexicalwords:nouns,verbs,adjectives,andadverbs.Theyhavefairlyindependentmeaningsandmaybemeaningfuleveninisolationorinaseries.Grammaticalwordsareelementslikepropositions,articles,conjunctions,formsindicatingnumberortense,andsoon.LexicalandgrammaticalwordsL74CharacteristicsofthewordThewordisanuninterruptibleunit.Thewordmayconsistoneormoremorphemes.Thewordoccurstypicallyinthestructureofphrases.Thewordshouldbelongtoaspecificwordclassorpartofspeech.CharacteristicsofthewordThe75SimpleandcomplexwordsSimplewordsword,and,if,we,thus,that,these,the,have,come,go,end,us,sum,sound,meanComplexwordsdevelopment,freely,different,differently,basically,meaning,misunderstand,misunderstanding,commonly,speakerblackboard,classroom,textbook,viewpoint,go-between,sportsman,sportsmanship,sportwomanSimpleandcomplexwordsSimple76WhatisaChinesemorpheme(语素)?语素是最小的语音语义结合体，是最小的语言单位。语素是构词的单位。语素也是构成成语、熟语等固定词组的基础。汉语语素的语音形式是音节，书面形式是汉字。(胡裕树，现代汉语，P194-5)词和语素都是语言单位；字是记录语言的符号，是书写单位。语素分类单音节语素，读出来是一个音节，写下来是一个汉字。单音节语素在汉语里活动能量大，具有很大的构词能力。双音节语素，读出来是两个音节，写下来是两个汉字，但只表示一个意义。多音节语素，基本上是音译的外来词。（黄伯荣，现代汉语，甘肃人民出版社，1983）WhatisaChinesemorpheme(语素)77WhatisaChinesemorpheme(语素)?语素是音义相结合的最小的语言单位。一般地说，一个语素就是一个音节，书面上就是一个汉字，有时侯还是一个词。但是音节是从语音学角度分析的结果，文字是书面记录的符号，语素则是语言中构词的基本成份，词是指音义相结合的能够独立运用的最小的语言单位。这四者角度不同，并不是一回事。1、同一个汉字，可以代表不同的语素。汉字虽然相同，但读音不同：会议/会计汉字和读音都相同，但是词性不同：老人/老虎/老是捣乱汉字、读音和词性都相同，但是意义不同：公家/公牛2、汉语的语素绝大多数是单音节的，但有时侯，一个汉字并不代表一个语素，只代表一个音节，也就是说，一个语素也可以是两个以上音节。连绵词：磅礴；口语词：尴尬；音译词：咖啡，奥林匹克3、有时侯，一个汉字在不同场合，有的是语素，有的不是语素。马匹（语素）/马达（非语素）（邵敬敏，现代汉通论，上海教育出版社，2001，P113-4）WhatisaChinesemorpheme(语素)78WhatisaChineseword?词，是意义单纯，语音形式独立、完整、固定，而且其中没有停顿的语言建筑材料单位。（邢公畹，现代汉语教程，南开大学出版社，P119）词是比语素高一级的语言单位。(胡裕树，现代汉语，P198)词是代表一定的意义、具有固定的语音形式、可以独立运用的最小的结构单位。(胡裕树，现代汉语，P203)词，是指一定的语音形式跟一定词汇意义相结合，并且可以独立运用的最小的语言单位。（邵敬敏，现代汉通论，上海教育出版社，2001，P115-6）WhatisaChineseword?词，是意义单纯79WhatisaChineseword?语素不等于词，它们的区别主要是两点：第一，语素的意义不太明确，也不太稳定。第二，更加重要的是语素不能独立运用，也不能自由地跟其他词语组合。但是由于古代汉语中一单音节的词为主，有些语言单位，在某些场合就很难确定了。语素以单音节为主，词则以多音节为主。词语有明显的双音节化趋势。合成词的内部构造跟短语的构造大致一致。（邵敬敏，现代汉通论，上海教育出版社，2001，P115-6）词和语素都表示意义，但是词表示的意义比较明确、固定，而语素表示的意义往往不大具体，或不很固定。现代汉语里的语素，多数是从古代汉语的词演变来的。由于受现代汉语构词双音化规律的支配，古代的单音词，许多都转化为现代汉语的语素。（黄伯荣，现代汉语，甘肃人民出版社，1983）WhatisaChineseword?语素不等于词，80WhatisaChinesephrase(词组)?词组又叫“短语”，是大于词的语言单位，是由两个或两个以上的实词构成而不成为句子的语言单位。词和词组的区别：1、意义上，词表示简单的概念，词组复合的概念。2、语法功能上，词是句法结构中最小的独立运用的单位，词组也是句法结构中的运用的单位，但不是最小的，可以从中再分析为词的单位。3、概念的表达上，词所表达的概念一般是比较单纯、固定的，合成词里的语素所表示的意义是融合在一起的，不是简单的相加。4、成分之间的结合关系上，合成词的各个成分之间，结合关系是很紧密的，不容许随便拆开来，或随意加进什么成分。词组的各个成分之间，结合关系不是很紧密的，可以拆开来解释，也可以加进另一些词。(胡裕树，现代汉语，P204-5)WhatisaChinesephrase(词组)?81WhatisaChinesecharacter(字)?汉字基本上是一种表意文字。汉字基本上是一种语素文字。汉字在形体上表现为方块形。汉字在语音上代表音节。汉字在书面上不实行分词连写。总之，现代汉字是一种表意性质的语素文字。这是它区别于纯粹表音的音素文字或音节文字的基本特点。（邵敬敏，现代汉通论，上海教育出版社，2001）WhatisaChinesecharacter(字)82WhatisaChinesecharacter(字)?汉字是表意性质的文字（字母文字是表音的）。汉字字形记录的语音单位是音节。汉字是平面型文字（字母是线性排列的）。汉字记录汉语不实行分词连写（字母文字词与词是分写，词内连写）。(胡裕树，现代汉语，P152)字是能够独立运用的最小的语言单位（注意：汉语语法学家在此有很大分歧，不少人认为是词而不是字是最小的语言单位）。问题：字是否等于word?WhatisaChinesecharacter(字)83WhatisaChinesecharacter(字)?汉字是形音义的结合体。字不仅是语法结构基本单位，而且是个语言基本结构单位。英语词的特点：1、词是英语的天然单位。2、词是英语民族认识世界的基本单位。3、词是语言各个平面研究的交汇点。4、词在语法上处于承上启下的枢纽位置，是词法与句法的交接点。汉语中只有字与英语的词有相同的作用。只需将各点中的词改为字即可。（潘文国，字本位与汉字研究，华东师范大学出版社，2002）WhatisaChinesecharacter(字)84SoundandmeaningAwordisasymbolthatstandsforsomethingelseintheworld.Eachoftheworld’sculturehascometoagreethatcertainsoundswillrepresentcertainpersons,things,places,properties,processesandactivitiesoutsidethelanguagesystem.SoundandmeaningAwordisas85SoundandmeaningThissymbolicconnectionisalmostalwaysarbitrary.Thereisnologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundwhichstandsforathingoranideaandtheactualthingandideaitself.LodwigandBarrett,1973SoundandmeaningThissymbolic86SoundandmeaningBook书Study学习Pair–pear夜–叶气–汽激光laser好(hǎo)吃，好(hào)吃，豪吃我是教授。/他会教授我们一些手艺。我们是来投诉/投宿的（西游记：孙悟空语）。

SoundandmeaningBook书87SoundandformThewrittenformofanaturallanguageisthewrittenrecordoftheoralform.Thewrittenformshouldagreewiththeoralform.Thatis,thesoundshouldbesimilartotheform.

ThisistrueofEnglishinitsearlieststage(OldEnglish),andtrueofSpanishandItalian,andEsperanto,butalwaysnottrueofModernEnglish.SoundandformThewrittenform88Whythewrittenformisnotalwayssimilartotheoralform?Thedevelopmentofthelanguage26lettersfromRomansfor46soundsinEnglishThepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears.Someofthedifferenceswerecreatedbytheearlyscribes.Whythewrittenformisnotal89Whythewrittenformisnotalwayssimilartotheoralf