认知心理学语言课件

1认知心理学

CognitivePsychology

语言

Language张亚旭yxzhang@1认知心理学

CognitivePsychology

语2为什么研究语言认知...2为什么研究语言认知...3RichInformationinWordsMintGrapheme&phonemem,in,tWordlengtheffecteat<treatRegularityeffectmint[mint]<pint[paint]grapheme-phonemecorrespondence,GPC字素——表征音素的字母或字母组合3RichInformationinWordsMint4RichInformationinWordsTreatBodyorsub-syllabicunitseatConsistencyeffecttreat,sweat,greatclean<treat4RichInformationinWordsTrea5RichInformationinWordsTreatmentMorphemetreat,mentLexicaldecisionspellcung flurbpair thrimnade真假 假真 假假sized<raked(frequencyeffect)5RichInformationinWordsTrea6Morphology形态学Morphemescanbeaddedtoderiveonewordfromanother派生sad-sadnesssad-sadlyortochangetheinflectionofaword(e.g.,numberortense)屈折变化walk-hewalks…walk–Yesterdayhewalked…6Morphology形态学Morphemescanb7RichInformationinWords怡Semantic&phoneticradicalsRegularityeffect抬

<怡

(哪些额外变量需要控制???)Consistencyeffect煌

<枝蝗、惶、凰；技、歧7RichInformationinWords怡8Phonemes音素/音位Thesound

unitsoflanguage200phonemeshavebeenidentified;46areusedinEnglishPhonemesaredefinedrelativetoaparticularlanguageThedistinctionbetweensoundsmustmakeadifferencebetweenwords8Phonemes音素/音位Thesoundunits9Phonology音韵学Phonemesareanimportantunitinspeechrecognitionandproduction,sincetheyarethesoundsthatmakeupwordsStudyofphonemes=phonologyInmany(butnotall)theoriesofspeechrecognition,thespeechinputistranslatedintophonemesbeforebeingmatchedagainstthewordsinthelexicon9Phonology音韵学Phonemesarean10PhoneticsandPhoneticFeaturesPhonetics:ThestudyofthesoundsthemselvesEachphonemecanbedescribedintermsofasetofphoneticfeatures,whichdescribethewaythatthesoundisarticulatedbythevocalorgansSoundsaremadebychangingtheshapeofthevocaltractinsomewayConsonantsaremadebyrestrictingtheflowofairthroughthevocaltractatsomepointVowelsaremadebychangingtheshapeofthevocaltractbutitisnotclosedDifferentialneuralmechanismsforprocessingconsonantsandvowels10PhoneticsandPhoneticFeatu11Caramazzaetal.(2000).Separableprocessingofconsonantsandvowels.Nature,403,428-43011Caramazzaetal.(2000).Sep12心理词典(MentalLexicon)一种知识库储存词汇的正字法(orthography)、语音(phonology)、语义(semantics)和句法(syntax)等信息所谓的正字法是使拼写合乎标准的方法阅读过程中，正字法、语音和语义等各种表征激活之间的相互关系，以及语义和语音激活的相对时间进程(timecourse)12心理词典(MentalLexicon)一种知识库Levelt,J.M.W.,Roelofs,A.,&Meyer,A.S.(1999).Atheoryoflexicalaccessinspeechproduction.BehaviouralandBrainSciences,22,1-75.Levelt,J.M.W.,Roelofs,A.,14心理词典的三个层次Lexemelevel:表征一个词的词形和音素Lemmalevel:表征一个词的语法（如阴阳性）和语义特征Conceptuallevel:表征一个词所意指的概念层次间相互联系，词条之间通过语义相互联系语义启动（semanticpriming）医生

--->护士

vs.面包

--->护士词汇判断（lexicaldecision）14心理词典的三个层次15汉字阅读中的亚词汇加工青(semantic)/猜(complex)/波(control)--->紫Zhou&Marslen-Wilson,1999,JEP:LMC15汉字阅读中的亚词汇加工青(semantic)/猜(com16动词——论元结构

VerbArgumentStructureindicatesthetypeofsyntacticconstituentswithwhichaverbco-occurs,thegrammaticalrolesandthematicroles/题元角色(e.g.,Agent/施事,Recipient/受事,andTheme/主题)ofthoseconstituentsSusangavetheboyabanana.Peterrepairedacaryesterday.Johndepartedlastweek.16动词——论元结构

VerbArgumentStruc17RichInformationinSentencesSyntacticinformationSyntacticcategory(noun,verb,etc.)MorphosyntacticinformationFunctionalwordsWordorder...SemanticinformationWordmeaning17RichInformationinSentence18RichInformationbeyondSentences她是去年生的孩子AB:她是去年生的孩子老张下午没去开会，他去做手术了AB:老张下午没去开会，他去做手术了Pragmaticinformation18RichInformationbeyondSent19PragmaticsisasubfieldoflinguisticswhichstudiesthewaysinwhichcontextcontributestomeaningPragmaticsencompassesspeechacttheory,conversationalimplicature,talkininteractionandotherapproachestolanguagebehaviorinphilosophy,sociology,andlinguistics.Itstudieshowthetransmissionofmeaningdependsnotonlyonthelinguisticknowledge(e.g.grammar,lexicon,etc.)ofthespeakerandlistener,butalsoonthecontextoftheutterance,knowledgeaboutthestatusofthoseinvolved,theinferredintentofthespeaker,andsoon.Inthisrespect,pragmaticsexplainshowlanguageusersareabletoovercomeapparentambiguity,sincemeaningreliesonthemanner,place,timeetc.ofanutterance.Theabilitytounderstandanotherspeaker'sintendedmeaningiscalledpragmaticcompetence.Pragmaticawarenessisregardedasoneofthemostchallengingaspectsoflanguagelearning,and,thoughitcanbetaught,oftencomesonlythroughexperience19Pragmaticsisasubfieldof20RichInformationbeyondSentencesA:我不想和你过了B:他是谁20RichInformationbeyondSent

字词/句子/篇章

听觉 视觉语言理解

听 阅读语言产生

说 写 字词/句子/篇章 听觉 视觉22孤立状态下的视觉词汇识别

直接通达假设语义语音词形灯/rose22孤立状态下的视觉词汇识别

直接通达假设语义语音词形灯/r23孤立状态下的视觉词汇识别

间接通达假设语义语音词形灯/rose23孤立状态下的视觉词汇识别

间接通达假设语义语音词形灯/r24Direct-accesshypothesisdeepdyslexiadap,ish,larDual-routehypothesis24Direct-accesshypothesis25SemanticActivationinReadingChineseZhou,X.,&Marslen-Wilson,W.(1999).Phonology,orthography,andlexicalsemanticactivationinreadingChinese.JournalofMemoryandLanguage,41,579-606Zhou,X.,&Marslen-Wilson,W.(2000).TherelativetimecourseofsemanticandphonologicalactivationinreadingChinese.JournalofExperimentalPsychology:Learning,Memory,andCognition,26,1245–126525SemanticActivationinReadi26LexicalAmbiguityResolutionandWordRecognitioninSentenceContext在去医院看望女朋友之前，小宋先去店里买了杜鹃郑老伯埋怨屋里一点声音也没有，老伴准备第二天去市场买杜鹃中心问题语境作用的时间点When/how/whether26LexicalAmbiguityResolution27MultipleaccessmodelSelectiveaccessmodelReorderedaccessmodelIntegrationmodel公式公示攻势工事公事宫室Zhang,Y.,Wu,N.,&Yip,M.(2006).LexicalambiguityresolutioninChinesesentencereading.InP.Li,LH.Tan,E.Bates,&O.J.L.Tzeng(Eds.),HandbookofEastAsianPsycholinguistics(Vol.1:Chinese,pp.268-278).Cambridge,UK:CambridgeUniversityPress27Multipleaccessmodel认知心理学语言课件29ModularityofCognitionModulartheoryFodor,1983;Forster,1979TheautonomyofthelexicalprocessorInteractivetheoryMarslen-Wilson&Tyler,1980;Marslen-Wilson&Welsh,1978;McClelland&Elman,1986TheoutputofhighersubsystemscaninfluencecomputationoflowersubsystemsFodor,J.A.(1983).Themodularityofmind:anessayonfacultypsychology.Cambridge,Mass.:MITPress29ModularityofCognitionModul30Syntacticparsingandsentencecomprehension30Syntacticparsingandsenten31Thedefendant

examined...31Thedefendantexamined...32Garden-PathSentences①Thedefendant

examined

bythelawyerturnedouttobeunreliable.②Thedefendantthatwasexamined

bythelawyerturnedouttobeunreliable.③Theevidence

examined

bythelawyerturnedouttobeunreliable.④Theevidencethatwasexamined

bythelawyerturnedouttobeunreliable.32Garden-PathSentences①Thede33MinimalAttachmentPrinciple

最小附加原则Thedefendant

examined...Syntax-firstmodelGarden-pathmodelS SNPVP NPVP NPRRS:sentenceNP:nounphraseVP:verbphraseRR:reducedrelative33MinimalAttachmentPrinciple34MinimalAttachmentPrinciple

最小附加原则Theevidence

examined...Syntax-firstmodelGarden-pathmodelS SNPVP NPVP NPRRS:sentenceNP:nounphrase名词短语VP:verbphrase动词短语RR:reducedrelative关系34MinimalAttachmentPrinciple35PPAttachmentAmbiguity

介词短语附加歧义VPThemanpainted

thedoors

withnewbrushesbeforethefestival.

NPThemanpainted

thedoors

withlargecracksbeforethefestival.VP VPverbNPPP verbNP NPPP35PPAttachmentAmbiguity

介词短语36Puttheappleonthetowelinthebox.Tanenhaus,M.K.etal.(1995).Integrationofvisualandlinguisticinformationinspokenlanguagecomprehension.Science,268,1632-163436Puttheappleonthetoweli认知心理学语言课件38LateClosurePrincipleAfterMaryandJohnhugged

thewomanleft.38LateClosurePrincipleAfter39ModularityofSyntacticProcessingSerial,syntax-firstmodelsFrazier&Fodor,1978;Frazier&Rayner,1982;Friederici,2002Constraint-basedmodelsMacDonaldetal.,1994,PsychologicalReviewConcurrentmodelBoland,199739ModularityofSyntacticProc40Three-Phase

NeurocognitiveModel

AngelaD.Friederici,2002Phase1(100-300msaftertheonsetofthecriticalword)TheinitialsyntacticstructureisbuiltonthebasisofthesyntacticcategoryinformationofawordPhase2(300-500ms)Lexical-semanticandmorphosyntacticprocessesoccurwiththegoalofthematicroleassignment(题元角色指派)Phase3(500-1000ms)ThedifferenttypesofinformationareintegratedFriederici,A.D.(2002).Towardsaneuralbasisofauditorysentenceprocessing.TrendinCognitiveSciences,6,78–84.“Withsome450citationstodate(ISIWebofScience),the2002articlealonehasbeencitedonceeveryweekonaveragesinceitwenttopress.”(Steinhauer&Drury,2012,B&L)40Three-PhaseNeurocognitiveM41ConcurrentModel

JulieE.Boland,1997Althoughsyntacticconstraints,whenavailable,preventadoptionofaplausible,butsyntacticallyill-formed,interpretationsemanticanalysisispermittedtogetaheadofsyntacticanalysis,assigningthematicrolesanddevelopingaprovisionalinterpretationbeforeasyntacticcommitmenthasbeenmadeTheevidenceexamined…Boland,J.E.(1997).Therelationshipbetweensyntacticandsemanticprocessesinsentencecomprehension.LanguageandCognitiveProcesses,12,423–484.41ConcurrentModel

JulieE.Bo42Ferreira&Clifton,1986,JML;

Trueswelletal.,1994,JML;

Cliftonetal.,2003,JML①Thedefendant

examined

bythelawyerturnedouttobeunreliable.②Thedefendantthatwasexamined

bythelawyerturnedouttobeunreliable.③Theevidence

examined

bythelawyerturnedouttobeunreliable.④Theevidencethatwasexamined

bythelawyerturnedouttobeunreliable.42Ferreira&Clifton,1986,JM43咬死 猎人 的 狗咬死 猎人 的 鸡咬死 狐狸 的 狗卖掉 猎人 的 狗VP N1 de N243咬死 猎人 的 狗44怠慢客人的孩子偏正嘱咐患者的家属动宾撞倒肖明的车子偏正或动宾44怠慢客人的孩子偏正45LimitedSyntacticParallelisminChineseAmbiguityResolution①粉刷|公寓|的|房间|之后，|小王|还|打扫|了|客厅|。

②粉刷|脏乱|的|房间|之后，|小王|还|打扫|了|客厅|。③训练|士兵|的|将军|之后，|总司令|發表|了|簡短|演說|。

④训练|年轻|的|将军|之后，|總司令|發表|了|簡短|演說|。Hsieh,Y.,Boland,J.E.,Zhang,Y.,&Yan,M.(2009).LimitedsyntacticparallelisminChineseambiguityresolution.LanguageandCognitiveProcesses,24(7/8):1227-1264.45LimitedSyntacticParallelis46Exp.2First-fixationdurations粉刷公寓的房间之后，小王还打扫了客厅训练士兵的将军之后，总司令发表了简短的演说46Exp.2First-fixationdurat47Exp.2Gazedurations47Exp.2Gazedurations48Exp.2

Regression-pathdurations48Exp.2Regression-pathdura49Exp.2Probabilityoffirst-passregressions49Exp.2Probabilityoffirst50Exp.2Totaltimes50Exp.2Totaltimes51你们这里有没有30的卡卖100的？Themousewaseatenbythecheese.Sentenceinterpretationmaynotalwaysbedeterminedbythesyntax

(e.g.Bever1970;TownsendandBever2001;Ferreira2003;Kolketal.2003;KimandOsterhout2005;vanHertenetal.2005,2006;FerreiraandPatson2007)51你们这里有没有30的卡卖100的？52Acentralquestioninthestudyofsentencecomprehensionwhethersyntacticprocessesaretemporallyand/orfunctionallypriortosemanticprocessessuchthatsemanticinterpretationofasentencemustbeestablishedontopofthesyntacticstructureofthatsentence52Acentralquestioninthest53Syntaxfirst,bothtemporallyandfunctionally?Yesserial,syntax-firstmodels(e.g.,Frazier&Fodor,1978;Friederici,2002)Noconstraint-basedmodelsconcurrentmodelunificationmodel(Hagoort,2003,2005)non-syntactocentric,dynamicmodel(Kuperberg,2007)53Syntaxfirst,bothtemporall54“Duringnormalon-lineprocessing,semanticintegrationofwordsdoesnottakeplaceforwordswhicharenotsyntacticallylicensed(havewrongwordcategory)”(Friederici&Weissenbor,2007,BrainResearch,p.54)Functionalprimacyofsyntactic(wordcategory)oversemanticprocessesFriederici,A.D.,&Weissenborn,Y.(2007).Mappingsentenceformontomeaning:Thesyntax-semanticinterface.BrainResearch,1146,50–58.54“Duringnormalon-lineproce55ERPApproach55ERPApproach56ERPEffectsofSemanticProcesses56ERPEffectsofSemanticProc57575858Hagoort,P.Hald,L.,Bastiaansen,M.,&Petersson,K-M.(2004).Integrationofwordmeaningandworldknowledgeinlanguagecomprehension.Science,304,438-441Hagoort,P.Hald,L.,BastiaanAsagreedupon,Janewastowakehersisterandherbrotheratfiveo’clockinthemorning.Butthesisterhadalreadywashedherself,andthebrotherhadevengotdressed.Janetoldthebrotherthathewasexceptionallyquick/slow.Asagreedupon,Janewastowa61Kutas,M.,&Federmeier,K.D.(2011).Thirtyyearsandcounting:FindingmeaningintheN400componentoftheevent-relatedbrainpotential(ERP).

AnnualReviewofPsychology,62,621-647Kutas,M.,&Hillyard,S.A.(1980).Readingsenselesssentence:brainpotentialsreflectsemanticincongruity.Science,207,203-20561Kutas,M.,&Federmeier,K.62ERPEffectsofSyntacticProcessesSyntacticcategoryviolations(E)LAN+P60062ERPEffectsofSyntacticPro63Hahne&Friederici,2002

DasEiswurdeimgegessen.应该去掉im

(Theicecreamwasin-theeaten.)语法错误63Hahne&Friederici,2002

Das64Hahne&Friederici,2002

DasEiswurdeimgegessen.

(Theicecreamwasin-theeaten.)64Hahne&Friederici,2002

Das65DistinctBrainResponsestoSyntacticandSemanticProcesses65DistinctBrainResponsesto66(L)ANtoSyntacticCategoryViolationsHagoort,Wassenaar,&Brown,2003CorrectDehouthakkerontweekdeijdeleschroef

opdinsdag.(ThelumberjackdodgedthevainpropelleronTuesday.)

SyntacticCategoryViolationDehouthakkerontweekdeijdeleschroeft

opdinsdag.(ThelumberjackdodgedthevainpropelledonTuesday.)66(L)ANtoSyntacticCategory676768ELANorLAN?Modality:AuditoryorvisualPresentationrateVisualcontrastSyntacticcategoryuniquenesspoint(prefixorsuffix)68ELANorLAN?Modality:Audito69MorphosyntacticViolationsagreementviolationsofperson,number,gender,ortenseLAN+P600（有的实验发现）e.g.,Osterhout&Mobley,1995;Silva-Pereyra&Carreiras,2007P600（其他实验发现）e.g.,Hagoort,2003;Nevinsetal.,200769MorphosyntacticViolationsag70Newmanetal.,2007,NeuroImageViolationsofregularpasttenseinflectionevokeaLAN左侧前部负活动*YesterdayIfrownatBilly.规则变化Butviolationsofirregularpasttenseinflectiondonot没有LAN*YesterdayIspeaktohimfrankly.不规则变化LANreflectsrule-governedcompositionalprocessesatthesyntacticlevel,ratherthanthesyntactictenseviolationitselfLAN表示规则变化动词的……70Newmanetal.,2007,NeuroIm71LANcanalsobeevokedbyover-regularizationsofirregularverbs(Morris&Holcomb,2005)bringed

71LANcanalsobeevokedbyov72LANhasalsobeenexplainedasreflectingdomain-general,rule-governedprocessingofsymbols,includingnon-linguisticsequencing(Hoen&Dominey,2000,NeuroReport)72LANhasalsobeenexplained73Kim&Osterhout,2005*Themealwasdevouring…饭正在吞咽红色词引发P600,noN400N400反映语义，P600反映语法Kim,A.,&Osterhout,L.(2005).Theindependenceofcombinatorysemanticprocessing:Evidencefromevent-relatedpotentials.JournalofMemoryandLanguage,52,205-225.73Kim&Osterhout,2005*Theme认知心理学语言课件75WhenSemanticsMeetsFailedSyntax跨语言差异75WhenSemanticsMeetsFailed76FunctionalPrimacyinGerman:abriefreviewDasBrotwurdegegessen. Correct(Thebreadwaseaten)DerVulkanwurdegegessen. Semantic(Thevolcanowaseaten)语义异常N400DasEiswurdeimgegessen. Syntactic(Theicecreamwasin-the

eaten)句法错误ELANP600DasTürschloßwurdeimgegessen. Double(Thedoorlockwasin-the

eaten)双重错误无N400Hahne&Friederici,2002,CognitiveBrainResearch76FunctionalPrimacyinGerman77N400responsestosemanticviolations

Thevolcanowaseaten.Hahne&Friederici,2002,CognitiveBrainResearch77N400responsestosemanticv78(E)LAN-P600tosyntacticviolations

Theice-creamwasin-theeaten.Hahne&Friederici,2002,CognitiveBrainResearch78(E)LAN-P600tosyntacticvio79(E)LAN-P600,butnoN400fordoubleviolations

Thedoorlockwasin-theeaten.Hahne&Friederici,2002,CognitiveBrainResearch79(E)LAN-P600,butnoN400for80ThisfindingofnoN400suggeststhatthefailedlocalphrasestructureconstructionblockslexical-semanticintegrationsupportingthefunctionalprimacyofsyntacticcategoryoversemanticprocessesHahne&Friederici,2002,CognitiveBrainResearch80ThisfindingofnoN400sugg81NoN400effectswerefoundfordoubleviolations,regardlessofModalityAuditory(Friedericietal.,2004;Hahne&Friederici,2002,Experiment1;Hahne&Jescheniak,2001;Iseletal.,2007)visual(Friedericietal.,1999)Sometaskdemandsoverallcorrectnessjudgment(e.g.,Hahne&Friederici,2002,Experiment1;Iseletal.,2007)probeverification(e.g.,Friedericietal.,1999)unlesssemanticintegrationwasforcedbyinstructions(inGerman:Hahne&Friederici,2002,Experiment2;

inEnglish:

Thierryetal.,2008)SyntacticcategoryuniquenesspointPrefix(e.g.,Hahne&Friederici,2002,Experiment1)suffix(Friedericietal.,2004)81NoN400effectswerefoundf82DasBuchwurdetrotzverpflanztvon…(Thebookwasdespitereplantedby...)Friedericietal.,2004,NeuroReportSuffix82DasBuchwurdetrotzverpfla83Lefauteuilquiestdansladort(Thechairwhichisintheissleeping)Iseletal.,2007French83Lefauteuilquiestdansla84Friederici&Weissenborn,2007,BrainResearch,p.54“Duringnormalon-lineprocessing,semanticintegrationofwordsdoesnottakeplaceforwordswhicharenotsyntacticallylicensed(havewrongwordcategory)”84Friederici&Weissenborn,2085Hetvrouwtjeveegdedevloermeteenoudebedeldegemaaktvantwijgen(Thewomansweptthefloorwithanoldbeggedmadeoftwigs)vandenBrink&Hagoort,2004Dutch85Hetvrouwtjeveegdedevloer86Thierryetal.(2008,NeuroImage)observedanN400effectforthecombinedviolationShakespeareanfunctionalshiftHowever,theirparticipantswereaskedtojudgesentencesformeaningfulness86Thierryetal.(2008,NeuroI认知心理学语言课件88Aretherecross-linguisticdifferencesinsyntacticprimacy?Possiblyyes,andcouldhingeuponmorphology形态学InGermanandsomeotherIndo-Europeanlanguages,thesyntacticcategoryofawordcanbemarkedwithgrammaticalmorphology(e.g.,inflectionalorderivationalaffixes)orthographicconventions(suchascapitalizingallGermannouns)88Aretherecross-linguisticd89Incontrast,Chineseisanon-Indo-Europeanlanguagewithverylimitedinflections(e.g.,pluralinflectionofhumannouns;perfectiveandprogressivemarkers)Thereisnogrammaticalmorphologythateithermarkssyntacticcategoryormarkssyntacticfeaturessuchasperson,number(exceptpluralinflectionofhumannouns),gender,case,andtenseGrammaticalrelationsinChinesearenotgenerallycuedmorphologically;rathertheyarecuedbywordorder,functionwords(e.g.,ba[PREP]),andlexical/semanticcontent89Incontrast,Chineseisano90TheselinguisticpropertiesofChinesehaveleadtotheconjecturethatsentencecomprehensioninChinesereliesmoreonsemanticanalysescomparedtoIndo-Europeanlanguages(e.g.,Xu,1997;seeLi,1998;Yeetal.,2006)90Theselinguisticproperties设计师制作新衣，把布料裁了。 Correct

伐木工开采森林，把松树裁了。语义SemanticViolation

设计师制作新衣，把裁了。句法 SyntacticViolation

伐木工开采森林，把裁了。双重CombinedViolationYe,Luo,Friederici,&Zhou,2006,BrainResearch设计师制作新衣，把布料裁了。 Correct

伐木工开清洁工/把/大厦的/窗户/全部/擦/了/一遍。Correct

清洁工/把/大厦的/窗户/全部/赢/了/一遍。SemanticViolation

清洁工/把/大厦的/窗户/全部/糖/了/一遍。CombinedViolation语法错误，可能不会引发语义矛盾的N400Yu&Zhang,2008,NeuroReport清洁工/把/大厦的/窗户/全部/擦/了/一遍。Correct女孩/把/新到的/长裙/立刻/购买/了/下来。 Correct

女孩/把/新到的/长裙/立刻/欺诈/了/下来。 Semantic

女孩/把/新到的/长裙/立刻/钞票/了/下来。 Weak

女孩/把/新到的/长裙/立刻/铁锹/了/下来。 StrongZhang,Y.,Yu,J.,&Boland,J.E.(2010).Semanticsdoesn'tneedaprocessinglicensefromsyntaxinreadingChinese.JournalofExperimentalPsychology:Learning,Memory,andCognition,36,765-781.女孩/把/新到的/长裙/立刻/购买/了/下来。 Correc94ViolationReferencePointsDasTürschloßwurdeimgegessen.(Thedoorlockwasin-theeaten)94ViolationReferencePointsDa95TaskVerificationsentencejudgmentinWeak-StrongexperimentOverallacceptabilityjudgmentorothertasksinGermanandFrenchstudies95TaskVerificationsentenceju女孩/买/了/裙子/和/手套。 Correct

女孩/买/了/很/裙子/和/手套。 Syntactic句法

女孩/吃/了/裙子/和/手套。 Semantic语义

女孩/吃/了/很/裙子/和/手套。 CombinedZhang,Y.,Yu,J.,&Boland,J.E.(2010).Semanticsdoesn'tneedaprocessinglicensefromsyntaxinreadingChinese.JournalofExperimentalPsychology:Learning,Memory,andCognition,36,765-781.女孩/买/了/裙子/和/手套。 Correct

女孩/买/97很男人很淑女很德国《无极》之后，有人说，陈凯歌不再霸王别姬。97很男人98Discussion&ConclusionSemanticintegrationproceedsevenwhensyntacticcategoryprocessingfailsduringChinesesentencereading,resultinginN400effectsforcombinedviolations,evenunderconditionsinwhichsemanticintegrationisnotforcedThereisnolanguage-universalfunctionalprimacyofsyntacticcategoryoversemanticprocessesInordertoaccountforallthecross-linguisticdata,aprocessingmodelmusthaveameansforsemanticintegrationinthefaceofseveregrammaticalviolations98Discussion&ConclusionSeman9999Friederici,A.D.(2011).Thebrainbasisoflanguageprocessing:Fromstructuretofunction.PhysiologicalReviews,91,1357–1392.Friederici,A.D.(2011).The101“Areviewoftheliteratureonthetimingofsyntacticinformationandsemanticinformationacrossthedifferentlanguagesrevealsthattheabsolutetimingofthesyntax-initialandotherprocessesmayvary,butthattheorderoftheseprocessesintimeisfixedacrossthedifferentlanguageswithsyntacticwordcategoryinformationbeingprocessedfirst”(Friederici,2011,p.1379)Friederici,A.D.(2011).Thebrainbasisoflanguageprocessing:Fromstructuretofunction.PhysiologicalReviews,91,1357–1392.101“Areviewoftheliterature102Bornkessel,I.,&Schlesewsky,M.(2006).Theextendedargumentdependencymodel:Aneurocognitiveapproachtosentencecomprehensionacrosslanguages.PsychologicalReview,113,787–821.Bornkessel-schlesewsky,I.,&Schlesewsky,M.(2008).Analternativeperspectiveon‘semanticP600’effectsinlanguagecomprehension.BrainResearchReviews,59,55–73.Bornkessel-schlesewsky,I.,&Schlesewsky,M.(2009).Theroleofprominenceinformationinthereal-timecomprehensionoftransitiveconstructions:Across-linguisticapproach.LanguageandLinguisticsCompass,3,19–58.102Bornkessel,I.,&Schlesews103103认知心理学语言课件105TheUnificationModelHagoort,P.(2003).Howthebrainsolvesthebindingproblemforlanguage:Aneurocomputationalmodelofsyntacticprocessing.NeuroImage,20,S18–S29.Hagoort,P.(2005).OnBroca,brain,andbinding:Anewframework.TrendsinCognitiveScience,9,416–423.105TheUnificationModelHagoor106Theprocessingofanimacyintheinterpretationofclassifier-nouncombinations106TheprocessingofanimacyiThingsintheworld,andnounsdenotingthem,candifferinanimacyThingsintheworld,andnouns108RapiduseofanimacyinformationinthematicinterpretationSyntacticambiguityresolution(Trueswelletal.,1994;butseeCliftonetal.,2003;Ferreira&Clifton,1986)Thedefendant

examinedbythelawyerturnedouttobeunreliable.Theevidence

examinedbythelawyerturnedouttobeunreliable.108Rapiduseofanimacyinform109RapiduseofanimacyinformationinthematicinterpretationProcessingsyntacticallycomplexsentences(Maketal.,2002,2006;Traxleretal.,2002,2005)Themoviethatthedirectorwatchedreceivedaprizeatthefilmfestival.宾语关系从句109Rapiduseofanimacyinform110RapiduseofanimacyinformationinthematicinterpretationProcessingsyntacticallysimple,butsemanticallyanomaloussentences...雇佣保镖...雇佣母鸡Li,Shu,Liu,&Li,2006110Rapiduseofanimacyinform111RapiduseofanimacyinformationinthematicinterpretationAnimacyfunctionsasatypeofprominenceinformationthatinfluencestheestablishmentofinterpretiverelationsbetweenagentandpatientargumentseveninsimple,syntacticallyunambiguous,andbothsyntacticallyandsemanticallywell-formedsentences(e.g.,Philippetal.,2008;Roehmetal.,2004;seeBornkessel-SchlesewskyandSchlesewsky,2009forreview)111Rapiduseofanimacyinform112ResearchquestionIsanimacy生命度,abasicsemanticfeature,usedimmediatelyinrealtimeprocessingofwordcombinationswithoutthematicprocessingbeinginvolved?112ResearchquestionIsanimacyDesign&ExamplesCorrect汽车/赵庆丰/看见/一辆/黑色的。Car/QingfengZhao/hadseen/oneCL-liang(classifyinggroundvehicle)/black.

Congruencescore:

6.19(0.57)QingfengZhaohadseenablackcar.Within-categoryviolation台灯/赵庆丰/看见/一辆/便宜的。Desklamp/QingfengZhao/hadseen/oneCL-liang(classifyinggroundvehicle)/cheap.

Congruencescore:1.82(0.52)QingfengZhaohadseenacheapdesklamp.Between-categoryviolation海豹/赵庆丰/看见/一辆/笨拙的。生命性违法Seal/QingfengZhao/hadseen/oneCL-liang(classifyinggroundvehicle)/clumsy.

Congruencescore:1.38(0.37)QingfengZhaohadseenaclumsyseal.Design&ExamplesCorrect114Participants&Procedure30participants400-mspresentationplus100-msISITask:Sentenceacceptabilityjudgment114Participants&Procedure30AnN400wouldbeobservedforanimacymismatch,ifanimacyisc