舍饲育肥羔羊的营养培训课件

舍饲育肥羔羊的营养舍饲育肥羔羊的营养1Recommendednutrientlevelsfor70-poundfinishinglambsarelistedinTable1.Theseproteinlevels(12percentto14percent)arehigherthanthoserecommendedbytheNationalResearchCouncil(11percentCP)basedonrecentresearchshowinglambperformanceresponse.70磅育肥羔羊的推荐营养水平见表1.，其蛋白水平（12-14%）要高于国家科学研究委员会（NRC）推荐值（11%粗蛋白），这是基于近年来对羔羊生产水平的研究而提出的。NutrientLevels营养水平2舍饲育肥羔羊的营养Recommendednutrientlevelsfo2Table1.Recommendednutrientlevelsfor70-poundfinishinglambs(dry-matterbasis).表170磅育肥羊推荐营养水平（干物质基础）%Crudeprotein粗蛋白Sodium钠Calcium钙Phosphorus磷Magnesium镁Potassium钾Sulfur硫12-140.04-0.10.21-0.520.16-0.370.04-0.080.50.14-0.163舍饲育肥羔羊的营养Table1.Recommendednutrient3Oneofthemorecriticalareastowatchisthecalciumtophosphorusratio.Thisratioshouldbekeptatapproximately2or2.5to1inordertopreventurinarycalculi.Theadditionofammoniumchloride(.25ounces/head/day)totherationhasbeenrecommendedtopreventurinarycalculi;however,ammoniumchloridehasbeenimplicatedincausingthroatirritationthatleadstoexcessivecoughingandpossiblytoincreasedincidenceofprolapses.值得关注的重要领域之一是钙磷比例，这个比例必须保持在2:1~2.5:1之间，以预防尿结石。以前推荐日粮中添加氯化铵（0,25盎司/头/只），然而，氯化铵被证明可刺激咽喉而导致强烈咳嗽，也可能增加脱肛的发病率。4舍饲育肥羔羊的营养Oneofthemorecriticalareas4Ureaanddustmayhaveasimilarimplicationintheprolapseproblem.Ureashouldnotprovidemorethan15percentto25percentofthetotalcrudeproteininfatteningrations.尿素和粉尘具有相似的引发脱肛的问题。在育肥羊料中，尿素所提供的蛋白不得超过总蛋白量的15-25%5舍饲育肥羔羊的营养Ureaanddustmayhaveasimil5TraceMinerals：矿物质Sheeparesensitivetotracemineralimbalances.Sincecopper-molybdenum-sulfurlevelsinteractwitheachother,checkthesetracemineralstopreventimbalancesandreducedperformance(Table2).Supplementsthatusepoultrymanurecontainhighcopperlevels,sospecialattentionmustbepaidtotraceminerallevelswhentheseproductsarefed.Seleniumalsoisofconcern,especiallyinareasthathaveahighincidenceofwhitemuscledisease.羊对微量元素的失衡非常敏感，由于个体之间对铜的耐受性不铜，因此要定期监测微量元素，以防止失衡，降低生产性能（表2）。使用鸡粪做的补充饲料含有高水平的铜，因此在使用这类产品时，一定要特别注意，花钱检测微量元素的水平。硒也是需要关注的一个微量元素，特别是在白肌病高发地区。6舍饲育肥羔羊的营养TraceMinerals：矿物质Sheepares6Table2.Tracemineralsfor70-poundfinishinglambs(dry-matterbasis).表270磅育肥羔羊的微量元素需求ppmCopper铜Iron铁Manganese锰Zinc锌Cobalt钴Iodine碘Molybdenum钼Selenium硒530-5020-4035-500.10.1-0.8>0.50.17舍饲育肥羔羊的营养Table2.Tracemineralsfor707Vitamins维生素VitaminsA,DandEareimportantforfinishinglambsandusuallyneedtobesupplementedinfinishingrations(Table3).Includingtheseintherationisfairlyeasy;however,somestudiesindicatethatinjectingtheseintolambsuponreceivingismoreadvantageousthanday-to-dayvitaminsupplementation.Watersolublevitamins(Bvitamins)usuallyarenotneededunlesslambsaresickandtheirdigestivesystemsarenotfunctioningproperly.维生素ADE对于育肥羔羊非常重要，通常需要在育肥日粮中额外添加（见表3）。这些维生素在日粮中非常普遍，但是，有些研究表明，给羔羊注射这些维生素，其吸收率远远高于每天补充饲喂的效果。水溶性维生素（B族维生素）通常不需额外添加，除非羔羊病了，它的消化系统不能正常运作。8舍饲育肥羔羊的营养Vitamins维生素VitaminsA,Dand8Table3.Vitaminsfor70-poundfinishinglambs表370磅育肥羔羊的维生素需求Vitamin维生素perheadperday每天每头ADE1000IU300IU50mg9舍饲育肥羔羊的营养Table3.Vitaminsfor70-pound9WhatFeedingMethod?采用何种饲喂方式Essentially,twofeedingmethodsexistforfinishinglambs.Methodoneisreferredtoasperimeter,orfence-line,feeding.Theotherisaself-feedingsysteminwhichlambsgraduallyarebroughtuptoamedium-tohigh-concentrateration,andfeedisavailablecontinuously.AstudyconductedattheUniversityofMinnesotain1972comparedtheeffectsoffeedingmethodsonlambperformance(Table4).基本上，羔羊育肥分为两种方式。一种被称为围栏边或栅栏边饲喂方式，另一种为自由采食的饲喂方式，采用这种饲喂方式的羔羊逐渐由中等精料过渡到高精料的日粮，饲料要持续不断地供给。1972年，明尼苏达大学进行了一项研究，比较了两种饲喂方式对羔羊生产性能的影响（表4）.10舍饲育肥羔羊的营养WhatFeedingMethod?Essentiall10Onegroupoflambswashand-fedtwicedailywhiletheotherswereself-fed.Thoselambsgiven24-houraccesstoaself-feederconsumedmoreandgainedsignificantlymorethanhand-fedlambs.Feedefficiencyalsoimprovedsignificantlywithself-feeding.一组羔羊采用人工饲喂方式，每天饲喂两次；另外一组采用自由采食方式，这些羔羊可以一天24小时从自由采食喂料器中获得饲料，采食量和增重要显著高于人工饲喂，自由采食的饲料转化率同样也显著提高。11舍饲育肥羔羊的营养Onegroupoflambswashand-fe11Table4.Methodoffeedingandlambperformance(Minn.’72)表4饲喂方式和羔羊生产水平（Minn，1972年）Hand-fed人工饲喂2x/day每天两次Self-fed自由采食ADG(lbs)日增重（磅）Intake(lbs)日采食量（磅）FE饲料转化率（料重比）0.583.275.640.753.534.7112舍饲育肥羔羊的营养Table4.Methodoffeedingand12StartingLambsonFeed从采食开始Timingthestartoflambsonfeediscriticalinfeeder-lambmanagement.Typically,whenlambsarestartedonfeed,theyarebroughtgraduallyfromahighroughage-lowconcentratetoahighconcentrate-lowroughagerationoverseveralweeks.Somefeedlotshaveaseriesoffivetoninedifferentrationsthatarechangedeverytwotothreedaystoenablelambstoadapttoahigh-concentratefinishingrationwithin15to20days.在舍饲羔羊的管理中，确定羔羊开始采食饲料的时间是非常关键的。通常，当羔羊开始采食饲料时，要用几周的时间，逐渐地由高粗料日粮过渡到高精料日粮。有些饲养场有一系列的5-9种不同的日粮，每隔两到三天变更一种，以使羔羊在15-20天内适应高精料育肥日粮。13舍饲育肥羔羊的营养StartingLambsonFeed从采食开始Tim13舍饲育肥羔羊的营养培训课件14WhatConcentrateLevel?使用什么营养水平的精料Energylevelisoneofthemajorfactorsusedinfinishing-lambrationsandisoneofthemostimportant.A1973studyconductedatColby,Kansas,evaluatedconcentratelevelinlamb-finishingrations.Thedietcontained17percentcrudeproteinonadry-matterbasis.Concentratelevelsof100percent,90percent,75percentand50percentwereevaluated(Table5).能量水平是羔羊育肥日粮的一个主要因素，也是最重要的一个因素。1973年，atColby,Kansas做了一个研究，评估了羔羊育肥日粮中的不同精料水平的效果。这种精料含17%的粗蛋白（干物质基础），在日粮中的添加比例分别为100%、90%、75%和50%，评估结果见表5.15舍饲育肥羔羊的营养WhatConcentrateLevel?Energy15Milowasusedasthegrainsource.Concentratelevelsof90percentand75percentprovidedsignificantlyhigheraverage-daily-gainsthanthe50percentor100percentconcentratelevel.Feedefficiencyimprovedastheconcentratelevelincreasedintheration.However,feeding100percentconcentrateisnotrecommendedinmostinstancesbecauseproblemswithenterotoxemiaorovereatingdiseasecouldincrease.Furthermore,lambsshouldbevaccinatedforenterotoxemiaorovereatingdiseaseatleasttwicepriortobeingfedahigh-concentrateration.高粱用作精料的谷物来源。精料水平为90%和75%的日粮，其平均日增重显著高于精料水平100%和50%的日粮。饲料转化率随着日粮中精料水平的提高而提高。然而，100%饲喂精料在大多数情况下是不提倡的，因为酸中毒和羊肠毒血症会显著增加。因此，在饲喂高精料日粮之前，羔羊至少两次注射免疫酸中毒和羊肠毒血症。16舍饲育肥羔羊的营养Milowasusedasthegrainsou16Table5.Energylevelsandperformanceoflambs.1表5能量水平和羔羊的生产性能Concentrate,%；精料%100907550ADG(lbs)日增重0.66a0.77b0.79b0.70aFE饲料转化率4.604.765.245.95ColbySheepDay,1979.abP<.0517舍饲育肥羔羊的营养Table5.Energylevelsandper17AnotherstudyconductedinColby,Kansas,evaluatedthepercentwheatinthegrainportionofa70percent-concentrateration.Wheatlevelsof0percent,25percent,50percent,75percent,or100percentofthe70percent-concentraterationwereevaluated(Table6).Wheatreplacedmiloasthegrainsource.ADGwasnotaffectedsignificantlybyreplacingmilowithwheatintheration’sgrainportion.Feedefficiencywasmostimprovedwhenwheatwasincludedat100percentofthegrainportionofa70percent-concentrateration.Colby,Kansas做了另外一项研究，评估了含70%精料的日粮中，谷物部分用不同比例小麦替代的效果。小麦的水平有0%、25%、50%、75%和100%。小麦代替高粱作为谷物饲料来源。当日粮中的谷物部分，用小麦代替高粱，日增重不受影响。而一个含70%精料的日粮中的谷物部分100&使用小麦的时候，饲料转化率大大提高了。18舍饲育肥羔羊的营养AnotherstudyconductedinCol18Table6.Wheatlevelsand104-daylambperformance.1表6小麦水平和104天羔羊的生产性能%Wheatingrainportionofration小麦占日粮的谷物部分的比例0255075100ADG(lbs)日增重0.610.600.630.640.63FE饲料转化率5.124.924.855.004.56ColbySheepDay,1979.19舍饲育肥羔羊的营养Table6.Wheatlevelsand104-19Exercisecautionwhenusingprocessedwheat.Itshouldnotmakeupmorethan50percentofthegraininaration.AnotherColbystudyevaluatedwheatandalfalfalevelsinself-fedgroundrations.Wheatmadeup82percent,68percent,60percentand48percentwhilealfalfawasincludedat10percent,25percent,35percentand50percentofthefourrations,respectively.(Table7).使用加工小麦一定要注意，它在日粮中的添加比例不能超过50%。Colby的另一个研究评估了在自由采食粉状日粮中小麦和苜蓿的添加水平。在苜蓿的添加水平10%、25%、35%和50%四种日粮中，小麦分别占了82%、68%、60%和48%。见表720舍饲育肥羔羊的营养Exercisecautionwhenusingpr20Table7.Wheatandalfalfalevelinlambfatteningrations.1表7育肥日粮中小麦和苜蓿的添加水平Alfalfalevels苜蓿水平10253550ADG(lbs)日增重0.780.780.750.60FE饲料转化率4.504.245.214.58ColbySheepDay,1979.abP<.0521舍饲育肥羔羊的营养Table7.Wheatandalfalfalev21Lambsfedthe50percentalfalfarationneeded5.33poundsoffeedtoproduceapoundofgain.Thoseonthe25percentalfalfaration(themostefficient)required4.24lbsoffeedtoproduceapoundofpostweaninggain。Wheatrationscontainingupto35percentalfalfaproducedsatisfactorygainswhenfedtogrowing-finishinglambs.Whenthelevelofalfalfareached50percentperformancedroppedmarkedly.饲喂含50%苜蓿的羔羊需要5.33磅饲料才能产生1磅的增重，而含25%苜蓿的日粮只需4.24磅饲料就可以产生1磅的断奶后增重（这是最有效率的）。小麦日粮中含有35%的苜蓿，在饲喂生长育肥羊羔羊的时候，可产生令人满意的增重。当苜蓿的添加水平达到50%四，生产水平显著下降。22舍饲育肥羔羊的营养Lambsfedthe50percentalfal22ShouldGrainBeProcessed?谷物是否应该加工？Theeffectofwheatprocessingonlambperformance(Table8)wasevaluatedinaCanadianstudy.Wheatwasevaluatedinthewhole,rolledorpelletedform.Lambsfedwheatthatwaseitherwholeorrolledhadsignificantlyhigheraveragedailygains(ADG)thanlambsfedpelletedwheat.Feedefficiencyalsofavoredthewholeorrolledformofwheat.小麦加工后对羔羊生产性能的影响是加拿大的一项研究评估的（见表8）。小麦通过整粒、压片和制粒三种形态来评估。饲喂整粒小麦和压片小麦的羔羊，其日增重要显著高于饲喂制粒小麦的羔羊。饲料转化率也是整粒和压片两种形态的要好。23舍饲育肥羔羊的营养ShouldGrainBeProcessed?The23Table8.Effectofwheatprocessingonlambperformance.1表8小麦加工对羔羊生产的影响Item项目Whole整粒Rolled压片Pellleted制粒ADG(lbs)日增重0.590.550.46FE饲料转化率4.224.204.341Can.JournalofAnimalScience53:89.24舍饲育肥羔羊的营养Table8.Effectofwheatproce24Barleyalsowasfedtolambsinwhole,rolledorpelletedforms(Table9).Lambperformancewassignificantlybetterwiththefeedingofwholebarley.Incomparingbarleyandwheat,wheathadaslightadvantageoverbarleyinADG;however,barleyhadanadvantageinfeedefficiency.同样用整粒、压片和制粒三种形态的大麦饲喂羔羊，整粒大麦饲喂的羔羊的生产性能要显著优于其它。小麦与大麦相比，小麦在日增重上稍微占优；然而，大麦的饲料转化率更好。25舍饲育肥羔羊的营养Barleyalsowasfedtolambsi25Table9.Effectofbarleyprocessingonlambperformance.表9大麦加工后对羔羊生产性能的影响Item项目Whole整粒Rolled压片Pellleted制粒ADG(lbs)日增重0.640.550.48FE饲料转化率3.584.433.981Can.JournalofAnimalScience53:89.26舍饲育肥羔羊的营养Table9.Effectofbarleyproc26AMissouristudyevaluatedcornprocessedineitherthecrackedorwholeshelledformandfedtolambswithalfalfapelletsandalfalfahay(Table10).FeedefficiencyandADGwereslightlyimprovedwiththewholeshelledcornfeeding.Thiswouldsuggestthatcrackingcornholdsnoadvantagecomparedtofeedingwhole,unprocessedcorn.密苏里州的一项研究评估了，粉碎玉米和整粒玉米，以及苜蓿颗粒和苜蓿干草对羔羊生产性能的影响。（见表10）用整粒玉米饲喂时，饲料转化率和日增重会稍微提高一些。这个试验建议，相对于饲喂整粒的、未加工的玉米，粉碎玉米不占据任何优势。27舍饲育肥羔羊的营养AMissouristudyevaluatedcor27Table10.Effectofcornprocessingon56-daylambperformance表10玉米加工后对56天羔羊生产性能的影响Crackedcorn粉碎玉米Shelledcorn玉米颗粒ADG(lbs)日增重0.500.58FE饲料转化率6.626.061MissouriSheepDay,1980.28舍饲育肥羔羊的营养Table10.Effectofcornproce28舍饲育肥羔羊的营养舍饲育肥羔羊的营养29Recommendednutrientlevelsfor70-poundfinishinglambsarelistedinTable1.Theseproteinlevels(12percentto14percent)arehigherthanthoserecommendedbytheNationalResearchCouncil(11percentCP)basedonrecentresearchshowinglambperformanceresponse.70磅育肥羔羊的推荐营养水平见表1.，其蛋白水平（12-14%）要高于国家科学研究委员会（NRC）推荐值（11%粗蛋白），这是基于近年来对羔羊生产水平的研究而提出的。NutrientLevels营养水平30舍饲育肥羔羊的营养Recommendednutrientlevelsfo30Table1.Recommendednutrientlevelsfor70-poundfinishinglambs(dry-matterbasis).表170磅育肥羊推荐营养水平（干物质基础）%Crudeprotein粗蛋白Sodium钠Calcium钙Phosphorus磷Magnesium镁Potassium钾Sulfur硫12-140.04-0.10.21-0.520.16-0.370.04-0.080.50.14-0.1631舍饲育肥羔羊的营养Table1.Recommendednutrient31Oneofthemorecriticalareastowatchisthecalciumtophosphorusratio.Thisratioshouldbekeptatapproximately2or2.5to1inordertopreventurinarycalculi.Theadditionofammoniumchloride(.25ounces/head/day)totherationhasbeenrecommendedtopreventurinarycalculi;however,ammoniumchloridehasbeenimplicatedincausingthroatirritationthatleadstoexcessivecoughingandpossiblytoincreasedincidenceofprolapses.值得关注的重要领域之一是钙磷比例，这个比例必须保持在2:1~2.5:1之间，以预防尿结石。以前推荐日粮中添加氯化铵（0,25盎司/头/只），然而，氯化铵被证明可刺激咽喉而导致强烈咳嗽，也可能增加脱肛的发病率。32舍饲育肥羔羊的营养Oneofthemorecriticalareas32Ureaanddustmayhaveasimilarimplicationintheprolapseproblem.Ureashouldnotprovidemorethan15percentto25percentofthetotalcrudeproteininfatteningrations.尿素和粉尘具有相似的引发脱肛的问题。在育肥羊料中，尿素所提供的蛋白不得超过总蛋白量的15-25%33舍饲育肥羔羊的营养Ureaanddustmayhaveasimil33TraceMinerals：矿物质Sheeparesensitivetotracemineralimbalances.Sincecopper-molybdenum-sulfurlevelsinteractwitheachother,checkthesetracemineralstopreventimbalancesandreducedperformance(Table2).Supplementsthatusepoultrymanurecontainhighcopperlevels,sospecialattentionmustbepaidtotraceminerallevelswhentheseproductsarefed.Seleniumalsoisofconcern,especiallyinareasthathaveahighincidenceofwhitemuscledisease.羊对微量元素的失衡非常敏感，由于个体之间对铜的耐受性不铜，因此要定期监测微量元素，以防止失衡，降低生产性能（表2）。使用鸡粪做的补充饲料含有高水平的铜，因此在使用这类产品时，一定要特别注意，花钱检测微量元素的水平。硒也是需要关注的一个微量元素，特别是在白肌病高发地区。34舍饲育肥羔羊的营养TraceMinerals：矿物质Sheepares34Table2.Tracemineralsfor70-poundfinishinglambs(dry-matterbasis).表270磅育肥羔羊的微量元素需求ppmCopper铜Iron铁Manganese锰Zinc锌Cobalt钴Iodine碘Molybdenum钼Selenium硒530-5020-4035-500.10.1-0.8>0.50.135舍饲育肥羔羊的营养Table2.Tracemineralsfor7035Vitamins维生素VitaminsA,DandEareimportantforfinishinglambsandusuallyneedtobesupplementedinfinishingrations(Table3).Includingtheseintherationisfairlyeasy;however,somestudiesindicatethatinjectingtheseintolambsuponreceivingismoreadvantageousthanday-to-dayvitaminsupplementation.Watersolublevitamins(Bvitamins)usuallyarenotneededunlesslambsaresickandtheirdigestivesystemsarenotfunctioningproperly.维生素ADE对于育肥羔羊非常重要，通常需要在育肥日粮中额外添加（见表3）。这些维生素在日粮中非常普遍，但是，有些研究表明，给羔羊注射这些维生素，其吸收率远远高于每天补充饲喂的效果。水溶性维生素（B族维生素）通常不需额外添加，除非羔羊病了，它的消化系统不能正常运作。36舍饲育肥羔羊的营养Vitamins维生素VitaminsA,Dand36Table3.Vitaminsfor70-poundfinishinglambs表370磅育肥羔羊的维生素需求Vitamin维生素perheadperday每天每头ADE1000IU300IU50mg37舍饲育肥羔羊的营养Table3.Vitaminsfor70-pound37WhatFeedingMethod?采用何种饲喂方式Essentially,twofeedingmethodsexistforfinishinglambs.Methodoneisreferredtoasperimeter,orfence-line,feeding.Theotherisaself-feedingsysteminwhichlambsgraduallyarebroughtuptoamedium-tohigh-concentrateration,andfeedisavailablecontinuously.AstudyconductedattheUniversityofMinnesotain1972comparedtheeffectsoffeedingmethodsonlambperformance(Table4).基本上，羔羊育肥分为两种方式。一种被称为围栏边或栅栏边饲喂方式，另一种为自由采食的饲喂方式，采用这种饲喂方式的羔羊逐渐由中等精料过渡到高精料的日粮，饲料要持续不断地供给。1972年，明尼苏达大学进行了一项研究，比较了两种饲喂方式对羔羊生产性能的影响（表4）.38舍饲育肥羔羊的营养WhatFeedingMethod?Essentiall38Onegroupoflambswashand-fedtwicedailywhiletheotherswereself-fed.Thoselambsgiven24-houraccesstoaself-feederconsumedmoreandgainedsignificantlymorethanhand-fedlambs.Feedefficiencyalsoimprovedsignificantlywithself-feeding.一组羔羊采用人工饲喂方式，每天饲喂两次；另外一组采用自由采食方式，这些羔羊可以一天24小时从自由采食喂料器中获得饲料，采食量和增重要显著高于人工饲喂，自由采食的饲料转化率同样也显著提高。39舍饲育肥羔羊的营养Onegroupoflambswashand-fe39Table4.Methodoffeedingandlambperformance(Minn.’72)表4饲喂方式和羔羊生产水平（Minn，1972年）Hand-fed人工饲喂2x/day每天两次Self-fed自由采食ADG(lbs)日增重（磅）Intake(lbs)日采食量（磅）FE饲料转化率（料重比）0.583.275.640.753.534.7140舍饲育肥羔羊的营养Table4.Methodoffeedingand40StartingLambsonFeed从采食开始Timingthestartoflambsonfeediscriticalinfeeder-lambmanagement.Typically,whenlambsarestartedonfeed,theyarebroughtgraduallyfromahighroughage-lowconcentratetoahighconcentrate-lowroughagerationoverseveralweeks.Somefeedlotshaveaseriesoffivetoninedifferentrationsthatarechangedeverytwotothreedaystoenablelambstoadapttoahigh-concentratefinishingrationwithin15to20days.在舍饲羔羊的管理中，确定羔羊开始采食饲料的时间是非常关键的。通常，当羔羊开始采食饲料时，要用几周的时间，逐渐地由高粗料日粮过渡到高精料日粮。有些饲养场有一系列的5-9种不同的日粮，每隔两到三天变更一种，以使羔羊在15-20天内适应高精料育肥日粮。41舍饲育肥羔羊的营养StartingLambsonFeed从采食开始Tim41舍饲育肥羔羊的营养培训课件42WhatConcentrateLevel?使用什么营养水平的精料Energylevelisoneofthemajorfactorsusedinfinishing-lambrationsandisoneofthemostimportant.A1973studyconductedatColby,Kansas,evaluatedconcentratelevelinlamb-finishingrations.Thedietcontained17percentcrudeproteinonadry-matterbasis.Concentratelevelsof100percent,90percent,75percentand50percentwereevaluated(Table5).能量水平是羔羊育肥日粮的一个主要因素，也是最重要的一个因素。1973年，atColby,Kansas做了一个研究，评估了羔羊育肥日粮中的不同精料水平的效果。这种精料含17%的粗蛋白（干物质基础），在日粮中的添加比例分别为100%、90%、75%和50%，评估结果见表5.43舍饲育肥羔羊的营养WhatConcentrateLevel?Energy43Milowasusedasthegrainsource.Concentratelevelsof90percentand75percentprovidedsignificantlyhigheraverage-daily-gainsthanthe50percentor100percentconcentratelevel.Feedefficiencyimprovedastheconcentratelevelincreasedintheration.However,feeding100percentconcentrateisnotrecommendedinmostinstancesbecauseproblemswithenterotoxemiaorovereatingdiseasecouldincrease.Furthermore,lambsshouldbevaccinatedforenterotoxemiaorovereatingdiseaseatleasttwicepriortobeingfedahigh-concentrateration.高粱用作精料的谷物来源。精料水平为90%和75%的日粮，其平均日增重显著高于精料水平100%和50%的日粮。饲料转化率随着日粮中精料水平的提高而提高。然而，100%饲喂精料在大多数情况下是不提倡的，因为酸中毒和羊肠毒血症会显著增加。因此，在饲喂高精料日粮之前，羔羊至少两次注射免疫酸中毒和羊肠毒血症。44舍饲育肥羔羊的营养Milowasusedasthegrainsou44Table5.Energylevelsandperformanceoflambs.1表5能量水平和羔羊的生产性能Concentrate,%；精料%100907550ADG(lbs)日增重0.66a0.77b0.79b0.70aFE饲料转化率4.604.765.245.95ColbySheepDay,1979.abP<.0545舍饲育肥羔羊的营养Table5.Energylevelsandper45AnotherstudyconductedinColby,Kansas,evaluatedthepercentwheatinthegrainportionofa70percent-concentrateration.Wheatlevelsof0percent,25percent,50percent,75percent,or100percentofthe70percent-concentraterationwereevaluated(Table6).Wheatreplacedmiloasthegrainsource.ADGwasnotaffectedsignificantlybyreplacingmilowithwheatintheration’sgrainportion.Feedefficiencywasmostimprovedwhenwheatwasincludedat100percentofthegrainportionofa70percent-concentrateration.Colby,Kansas做了另外一项研究，评估了含70%精料的日粮中，谷物部分用不同比例小麦替代的效果。小麦的水平有0%、25%、50%、75%和100%。小麦代替高粱作为谷物饲料来源。当日粮中的谷物部分，用小麦代替高粱，日增重不受影响。而一个含70%精料的日粮中的谷物部分100&使用小麦的时候，饲料转化率大大提高了。46舍饲育肥羔羊的营养AnotherstudyconductedinCol46Table6.Wheatlevelsand104-daylambperformance.1表6小麦水平和104天羔羊的生产性能%Wheatingrainportionofration小麦占日粮的谷物部分的比例0255075100ADG(lbs)日增重0.610.600.630.640.63FE饲料转化率5.124.924.855.004.56ColbySheepDay,1979.47舍饲育肥羔羊的营养Table6.Wheatlevelsand104-47Exercisecautionwhenusingprocessedwheat.Itshouldnotmakeupmorethan50percentofthegraininaration.AnotherColbystudyevaluatedwheatandalfalfalevelsinself-fedgroundrations.Wheatmadeup82percent,68percent,60percentand48percentwhilealfalfawasincludedat10percent,25percent,35percentand50percentofthefourrations,respectively.(Table7).使用加工小麦一定要注意，它在日粮中的添加比例不能超过50%。Colby的另一个研究评估了在自由采食粉状日粮中小麦和苜蓿的添加水平。在苜蓿的添加水平10%、25%、35%和50%四种日粮中，小麦分别占了82%、68%、60%和48%。见表748舍饲育肥羔羊的营养Exercisecautionwhenusingpr48Table7.Wheatandalfalfalevelinlambfatteningrations.1表7育肥日粮中小麦和苜蓿的添加水平Alfalfalevels苜蓿水平10253550ADG(lbs)日增重0.780.780.750.60FE饲料转化率4.504.245.214.58ColbySheepDay,1979.abP<.0549舍饲育肥羔羊的营养Table7.Wheatandalfalfalev49Lambsfedthe50percentalfalfarationneeded5.33poundsoffeedtoproduceapoundofgain.Thoseonthe25percentalfalfaration(themostefficient)required4.24lbsoffeedtoproduceapoundofpostweaninggain。Wheatrationscontainingupto35percentalfalfaproducedsatisfactorygainswhenfedtogrowing-finishinglambs.Whenthelevelofalfalfareached50percentperformancedroppedmarkedly.饲喂含50%苜蓿的羔羊需要5.33磅饲料才能产生1磅的增重，而含25%苜蓿的日粮只需4.24磅饲料就可以产生1磅的断奶后增重（这是最有效率的）。小麦日粮