英语句子结构课件

英语的句子结构S(subject)－主语V(verbalphrase)－谓语P(predicative)－表语O(object)－宾语Oi－间接宾语Od－直接宾语C(complement)－补语英语的句子结构S(subject)－主语1英语的句子结构简单句并列句复合句*几个简单句用分号或并列连词连接起来构成并列句;*几个简单句可通过各种方式组合成含有主句和从句的复合句。简单句SVSVPSVOSVOiOdSVOC

英语的句子结构简单句并列句复合句*几个简单句用分号或并列连词2简单句的五种句型1）SV主语＋谓语eg.Thetelephonerang.Hisfathermighthavedied.2)SVP主语＋谓语＋表语eg.Theplansoundsperfect.Frankisanartist.3)SVO主语＋谓语＋宾语eg.Isawabird.Mysisterenjoyedtheplay.简单句的五种句型1）SV主语＋谓语eg.Thetel3简单句的五种句型4）SVOiOd

主语＋谓语+间接宾语＋直接宾语eg.TheladygaveJackawatch.Myfatherboughtmeabicycle.5)SVOC主语＋谓语＋宾语＋补语eg.Theycalledhimafool.Shefoundthechildrenfastasleep.*在阅读句子的时候，第一个任务就是要找到谓语!*做谓语的动词有时态、语态和数的变化；还有及物动词与不及物动词的区别。简单句的五种句型4）SVOiOd主语＋谓语+间接宾语＋直4Ex:Findoutthepredicateineachsentence.1.Thesouptastesgood.2.TheboyisinterestedinplayingPCgames.3.Thebossmadetheworkersworklonghours.4.Hepractisesplayingthepianoeveryday.5.Theyhadfinishedthejobwhenthebosscame.6.Recordeverywordyouhear.7.Hedidn’tturntomeforhelp.*在英语简单句中，只能有而且（一般情况下）必须有一个谓语部分！Ex:Findoutthepredicatein5句子成分的构成句子的主干成分：主语、谓语、宾语、表语句子的次要成分：定语、状语、补语、插入语、同位语句子成分的构成句子的主干成分：主语、谓语、宾语、表语句子的次6句子成分的构成主语可以用以下这些表示：

1.名词；2.代词；3.数词；4.动名词；5.不定式；6.词组或复合结构；7.从句；8.名词化的其他词类。eg:

Aforeignlanguageisaweaponinthestruggleoflife.Whoisspeaking,please?ThisisJackspeaking.Twowillbeenough.Smokingisverydangerous.Toseeistobelieve.Whetherwe’llgodependsontheweather.“A”isanarticle.一、主语句子成分的构成主语可以用以下这些表示：一、主语7二、表语

表语跟在be动词和系动词之后，可以用下面这些东西表示：1.名词；2.代词；3.数词；4.形容词；5.分词；6.动名词；7.不定式；8.副词；9.介词短语；10.词组；11.从句。如：

Themassesaretherealheroes.That’ssomethingwehavealwaystokeepinmind.Shewasthefirst

tolearnaboutit.Timeispressing.Let’shurryup.AllIcoulddowassendinghimatelegram.Wemustbeoffnow.Myideaisthatweshouldsticktoouroriginalplan.二、表语表语跟在be动词和系动词之后，可以用下面8三、宾语

宾语跟在及物动词后，有直接间接之分，可以用下面这些东西表示：

1.名词；2.代词；3.数词；4.动名词；5.不定式；6.复合结构；7.从句；8.名词化的形容词及其他词类，如：Shediedaheroicdeath.Theydidn’tpromisehimanythingdefinite.Howmanydoyouwant?Weneedtwo.Payattentiontounitingandworkingwithcomradeswhodifferwithyou.Learntoplaythepiano.I’llgetitstamped.Didyouwritedownwhatshesaid?

Hegavemeanewpencil.Hegaveanewpenciltome.三、宾语宾语跟在及物动词后，有直接间接之分，可以用下面这9四、定语

定语起类似于形容词的修饰作用，可以用下面这些东西表示：

1.形容词；2.代词；3.数词；4.名词或名词所有格；5.分词；6.不定式；7.介词短语；8.副词；9.词组或合成词；10.从句（即定语从句）。如：

Hiswordsmovedeveryonepresent.Webelongtothethirdworld.WemustliveuptotheParty’sexpectations.Thisisindeedamostpressingproblem.Therearetwothingstobediscussedtoday.Heisamanofgoodtemper.Isawabirdwhichwaseatingaworminthetree.四、定语定语起类似于形容词的修饰作用，10五、状语

状语类似于副词，可以用下面这些东西表示

1.副词；2.介词短语；3.不定式；4.分词；5.形容词；6.词组；7.复合结构；8.从句，如：

Theyweregreatlytouchedtoheartheoldman’sstory.Theydideverythingtheycouldtosavetheboy’slife.Isaiditinfun.

Theyallrushedover,eagertohelp.

Theyreturnedtiredandhungry.

Hecameupshoulderingaspade.Wecompletedtheworkfivedaysaheadoftime.(词组)

Seeingthis,somestudentsbecameveryworried.(分词)

Heenteredtheroom,hisnoseredwithcold.(复合结构)五、状语状语类似于副词，可以用下面这些东西表示11并列句与复合句并列句与复合句12*几个简单句用分号或并列连词连接起来构成并列句．这样的连接词有:

1)表示意义延伸的并列连词：

and,notonly…but(also),neither…nor

2)表示选择概念的并列连词:

or,either…or,

3)表示转折的并列连词:

but,while,however,etc.4)表示原因的:

for*几个简单句用分号或并列连词连接起来构成13eg:1)Asisreported,atradeagreementwassigned

andaculturalexchangewasarranged.

2)Notonlyishehimselfinterestedinthesubject

butallhisstudentsarebeginningtoshowaninterestinit.3）Dr.Fisherneitherlovestheenvironment,norisheaccustomedtotheweather.eg:2)Notonlyishehimse14*几个简单句可通过各种方式组合成含有主句和从句的复合句。构成从属关系的复杂句包括名词性分句(可以作主语、宾语、同位语、主语补语）、定语分句、状语分句。*几个简单句可通过各种方式组合成含有主句和15实际应用II.Choosethebestanswers：____someofthisjuice—perhapsyou’lllikeit.(’00春季)

A.TryingB.TryC.TotryD.Havingtried实际应用II.Choosethebestanswer16实际应用I2.Hesentmeane-mail,____togetfurtherinformation.(’00上海)

A.hopedB.hopingC.tohopeD.hope实际应用I2.Hesentmeane-mail,17实际应用I3._____lateinthemorning,Bobturnedoffthealarm.(’01春招)

A.SleepB.SleepingC.TosleepD.Havingslept实际应用I3._____lateinthemorn18实际应用I4._____atthedoorbeforeentering,please.

(’01春招)

A.KnockedB.ToknockC.KnockingD.Knock

实际应用I4._____atthedoorbefo19实际应用I5._____bloodifyoucanandmanyliveswillbesaved.(’01上海）

A.GivingB.GiveC.GivenD.Togive实际应用I5._____bloodifyoucan20实际应用I6.Themanager,____hisfactory’sproductswerepoorinquality,decidedtogivehisworkersfurthertraining.(’03春招）

A.knowingB.knownC.toknowD.beingknown实际应用I6.Themanager,____his21实际应用I7.Itisbelievedthatifabookis____,itwillsurely_____thereader.(’03上海)A.interested;interestB.interesting;beinterestedC.interested;beinterestingD.interesting;interest实际应用I7.Itisbelievedthatif22实际应用I8.Suddenly,atallmandrivingagoldencarriage_____thegirlandtookheraway,____intothewoods.(’04上海)A.seizing;disappearedB.seized;disappearedC.seizing;disappearingD.seized;disappearing实际应用I8.Suddenly,atallmand23实际应用I9.Theflowers____sweetinthebotanicgardenattractthevisitorstothebeautyofnature.(’04上海)A.tosmellB.smellingC.smellD.tobesmelt实际应用I9.Theflowers____sweet24实际应用I10.–Englishhasalargevocabulary,hasn’tit?--Yes,_____morewordsandexpressionsandyou’llfinditeasiertoreadandcommunicate.(’04上海)

A.KnowB.KnowingC.ToknowD.Known实际应用I10.–Englishhasalarge25实际应用I11.ReadingisanexperiencequitedifferentfromwatchingTV;therearepictures____inyourmindinsteadofbeforeyoureyes.(’04广西)A.toformB.formC.formingD.havingformed实际应用I11.Readingisanexperie26实际应用IIII.Correctthemistakesinthesentences.(Eachsentencehasonlyonemistake.)MyparentslovemedearlyofcourseandwilldoalltheycanmakesurethatIgetagoodeducation.(’01全国)to2.Hesaidhewasbusy.Thatis,agameoftennismakinghimverybusy.(’02北京)made实际应用IIII.Correctthemistakes27实际应用II3.Rememberingnottoshoutatthem.(’02北京)Remember4.Itwasaboutnoonwearrivedatthefootofthemountain.(’02全国)when5.IwassotiredthatIfeltasleepatthemomentmyheadtouchedthepillow.(’02全国)

实际应用II3.Rememberingnottosh28实际应用II6.ThemainproblemwasinthatIalwaysthoughtinChinese.(’03全国)7.OnedayIwrotealittlestoryandshowedtomyteacher.(’03全国)it8.Cleverassheis,butsheworksveryhard.(’04福建)实际应用II6.Themainproblemwas29实际应用II9.Idreamofstandingontheplatformintheclassroomandgivelessonstolovelyboysandgirls.(’04湖北)andgirls.givinglessonstolovelyboys11.Iknowthereisnoteasytobeateacher.(’04湖北)it10.Atweekends,wewouldplaybasketball,swimminginthepoolorgoforapicnic.(’04天津)swim实际应用II9.Idreamofstandingo30英语长句的分析一、长句的特点：

(1)修饰语多；

(2)并列成分多；

(3)语言结构层次多。英语长句的分析一、长句的特点：31eg.Thestudymadeclearthattheworkingclassthatissoover-representedincrimestatisticsconsistsoflower-classpeoplelivinginthelower-classareasoflargecities.

eg.32二、理解长句时可采用以下步骤：

(1)找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语，(复合句则找出主句的主、谓、宾）从整体上把握句子的结构。

Thestudymadeclearthattheworkingclassthatissoover-representedincrimestatisticsconsistsoflower-classpeoplelivinginthelower-classareasoflargecities.

Thestudy

madeclearthattheworkingclassthatissoover-representedincrimestatisticsconsistsoflower-classpeoplelivinginthelower-classareasoflargecities.

主句：Thestudymadethat…clear.二、理解长句时可采用以下步骤：Thestudymade33(2)找出句中所有的非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。Thestudy

madeclearthattheworkingclassthatissoover-representedincrimestatisticsconsistsoflower-classpeoplelivinginthelower-classareasoflargecities.

(2)找出句中所有的非谓语动词、介词短语和Thestud34(3)分析从句和短语的功能，例如，是否为主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句等；若是状语，它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等。Thestudy

madeclearthattheworkingclassthatissoover-representedincrimestatisticsconsistsoflower-classpeoplelivinginthelower-classareasoflargecities.

(3)分析从句和短语的功能，例如，是否为主语Thestu35(4)分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系，例如，

定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个等。

Thestudy

madeclearthattheworkingclassthatissoover-representedincrimestatisticsconsistsoflower-classpeoplelivinginthelower-classareasoflargecities.

Theworkingclassconsistsoflower-classpeopleTheworkingclassissoover-representedincrimestatistics.Lower-classpeoplearelivinginthelower-classareasoflargecities.(4)分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系，Thestudy36(5)注意插入语等其他成分。

(6)注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。

(5)注意插入语等其他成分。(6)注意分析句子中是否有37实际应用IIIReadingcomprehension:Thethreelargestislands,Jersey,Guernsey,andAlderney,havelongbeenknownforthefinebreeds(品种)ofcattlethatareraisedonthemandnamedafterthem.(’00春招)Q:Jersey,Guernsey,andAlderneybreedsofcattleare______.A.consideredbestinEnglandB.namedaftertheirbirthplacesC.broughttotheislandsbyGermansD.raisedonwell-knownfarmsbytheFrench实际应用IIIReadingcomprehension:T382.

Instead,theygetyearlyrings,whichcanalsobecounted,givinginformationaboutthefish’sage,justlikethegrowthringsofatree.(’00春招)Q:Whydoesthewritercomparethefishtotrees?A.Treesgainagrowthringeachday.B.Treesalsohaveotoliths(耳石).C.Theirgrowthringsareverysmall.D.Theybothhavegrowthrings.2.Instead,theygetyearlyri393.Thefamousdirectorofabigandexpensivemovieplannedtofilmabeautifulsunsetovertheocean,sothattheaudiencescouldseehisheroandheroineinfrontofitattheendofthefilmastheysaidgoodbyetoeachotherforever.(’00沪)Q:Thedirectorwantedtofilmasunsetovertheoceanbecause_____.A.itwentwellwiththeseparationoftheheroandtheheroine.B.whentheyarrivedatthebeachitwasalready

intheevening.C.itwasmoremovingthanasunriseD.theoceanlookedmorebeautifulatsunset3.Thefamousdirectorofabi404.AccordingtotheinformationMrs.Schleiferhadgathered,Panulagaveupherseatonalifeboattosearchforherfivechildren—includinga13-month-oldboynamedEino—fromwhomshehadbecomeseparatedduringthefinalminutesofthecrossing.(’04江苏)Q:Thebabytravelledontheshipwithhis____.A.motherB.parentsC.auntD.relatives4.Accordingtotheinformatio41英语的句子结构S(subject)－主语V(verbalphrase)－谓语P(predicative)－表语O(object)－宾语Oi－间接宾语Od－直接宾语C(complement)－补语英语的句子结构S(subject)－主语42英语的句子结构简单句并列句复合句*几个简单句用分号或并列连词连接起来构成并列句;*几个简单句可通过各种方式组合成含有主句和从句的复合句。简单句SVSVPSVOSVOiOdSVOC

英语的句子结构简单句并列句复合句*几个简单句用分号或并列连词43简单句的五种句型1）SV主语＋谓语eg.Thetelephonerang.Hisfathermighthavedied.2)SVP主语＋谓语＋表语eg.Theplansoundsperfect.Frankisanartist.3)SVO主语＋谓语＋宾语eg.Isawabird.Mysisterenjoyedtheplay.简单句的五种句型1）SV主语＋谓语eg.Thetel44简单句的五种句型4）SVOiOd

主语＋谓语+间接宾语＋直接宾语eg.TheladygaveJackawatch.Myfatherboughtmeabicycle.5)SVOC主语＋谓语＋宾语＋补语eg.Theycalledhimafool.Shefoundthechildrenfastasleep.*在阅读句子的时候，第一个任务就是要找到谓语!*做谓语的动词有时态、语态和数的变化；还有及物动词与不及物动词的区别。简单句的五种句型4）SVOiOd主语＋谓语+间接宾语＋直45Ex:Findoutthepredicateineachsentence.1.Thesouptastesgood.2.TheboyisinterestedinplayingPCgames.3.Thebossmadetheworkersworklonghours.4.Hepractisesplayingthepianoeveryday.5.Theyhadfinishedthejobwhenthebosscame.6.Recordeverywordyouhear.7.Hedidn’tturntomeforhelp.*在英语简单句中，只能有而且（一般情况下）必须有一个谓语部分！Ex:Findoutthepredicatein46句子成分的构成句子的主干成分：主语、谓语、宾语、表语句子的次要成分：定语、状语、补语、插入语、同位语句子成分的构成句子的主干成分：主语、谓语、宾语、表语句子的次47句子成分的构成主语可以用以下这些表示：

1.名词；2.代词；3.数词；4.动名词；5.不定式；6.词组或复合结构；7.从句；8.名词化的其他词类。eg:

Aforeignlanguageisaweaponinthestruggleoflife.Whoisspeaking,please?ThisisJackspeaking.Twowillbeenough.Smokingisverydangerous.Toseeistobelieve.Whetherwe’llgodependsontheweather.“A”isanarticle.一、主语句子成分的构成主语可以用以下这些表示：一、主语48二、表语

表语跟在be动词和系动词之后，可以用下面这些东西表示：1.名词；2.代词；3.数词；4.形容词；5.分词；6.动名词；7.不定式；8.副词；9.介词短语；10.词组；11.从句。如：

Themassesaretherealheroes.That’ssomethingwehavealwaystokeepinmind.Shewasthefirst

tolearnaboutit.Timeispressing.Let’shurryup.AllIcoulddowassendinghimatelegram.Wemustbeoffnow.Myideaisthatweshouldsticktoouroriginalplan.二、表语表语跟在be动词和系动词之后，可以用下面49三、宾语

宾语跟在及物动词后，有直接间接之分，可以用下面这些东西表示：

1.名词；2.代词；3.数词；4.动名词；5.不定式；6.复合结构；7.从句；8.名词化的形容词及其他词类，如：Shediedaheroicdeath.Theydidn’tpromisehimanythingdefinite.Howmanydoyouwant?Weneedtwo.Payattentiontounitingandworkingwithcomradeswhodifferwithyou.Learntoplaythepiano.I’llgetitstamped.Didyouwritedownwhatshesaid?

Hegavemeanewpencil.Hegaveanewpenciltome.三、宾语宾语跟在及物动词后，有直接间接之分，可以用下面这50四、定语

定语起类似于形容词的修饰作用，可以用下面这些东西表示：

1.形容词；2.代词；3.数词；4.名词或名词所有格；5.分词；6.不定式；7.介词短语；8.副词；9.词组或合成词；10.从句（即定语从句）。如：

Hiswordsmovedeveryonepresent.Webelongtothethirdworld.WemustliveuptotheParty’sexpectations.Thisisindeedamostpressingproblem.Therearetwothingstobediscussedtoday.Heisamanofgoodtemper.Isawabirdwhichwaseatingaworminthetree.四、定语定语起类似于形容词的修饰作用，51五、状语

状语类似于副词，可以用下面这些东西表示

1.副词；2.介词短语；3.不定式；4.分词；5.形容词；6.词组；7.复合结构；8.从句，如：

Theyweregreatlytouchedtoheartheoldman’sstory.Theydideverythingtheycouldtosavetheboy’slife.Isaiditinfun.

Theyallrushedover,eagertohelp.

Theyreturnedtiredandhungry.

Hecameupshoulderingaspade.Wecompletedtheworkfivedaysaheadoftime.(词组)

Seeingthis,somestudentsbecameveryworried.(分词)

Heenteredtheroom,hisnoseredwithcold.(复合结构)五、状语状语类似于副词，可以用下面这些东西表示52并列句与复合句并列句与复合句53*几个简单句用分号或并列连词连接起来构成并列句．这样的连接词有:

1)表示意义延伸的并列连词：

and,notonly…but(also),neither…nor

2)表示选择概念的并列连词:

or,either…or,

3)表示转折的并列连词:

but,while,however,etc.4)表示原因的:

for*几个简单句用分号或并列连词连接起来构成54eg:1)Asisreported,atradeagreementwassigned

andaculturalexchangewasarranged.

2)Notonlyishehimselfinterestedinthesubject

butallhisstudentsarebeginningtoshowaninterestinit.3）Dr.Fisherneitherlovestheenvironment,norisheaccustomedtotheweather.eg:2)Notonlyishehimse55*几个简单句可通过各种方式组合成含有主句和从句的复合句。构成从属关系的复杂句包括名词性分句(可以作主语、宾语、同位语、主语补语）、定语分句、状语分句。*几个简单句可通过各种方式组合成含有主句和56实际应用II.Choosethebestanswers：____someofthisjuice—perhapsyou’lllikeit.(’00春季)

A.TryingB.TryC.TotryD.Havingtried实际应用II.Choosethebestanswer57实际应用I2.Hesentmeane-mail,____togetfurtherinformation.(’00上海)

A.hopedB.hopingC.tohopeD.hope实际应用I2.Hesentmeane-mail,58实际应用I3._____lateinthemorning,Bobturnedoffthealarm.(’01春招)

A.SleepB.SleepingC.TosleepD.Havingslept实际应用I3._____lateinthemorn59实际应用I4._____atthedoorbeforeentering,please.

(’01春招)

A.KnockedB.ToknockC.KnockingD.Knock

实际应用I4._____atthedoorbefo60实际应用I5._____bloodifyoucanandmanyliveswillbesaved.(’01上海）

A.GivingB.GiveC.GivenD.Togive实际应用I5._____bloodifyoucan61实际应用I6.Themanager,____hisfactory’sproductswerepoorinquality,decidedtogivehisworkersfurthertraining.(’03春招）

A.knowingB.knownC.toknowD.beingknown实际应用I6.Themanager,____his62实际应用I7.Itisbelievedthatifabookis____,itwillsurely_____thereader.(’03上海)A.interested;interestB.interesting;beinterestedC.interested;beinterestingD.interesting;interest实际应用I7.Itisbelievedthatif63实际应用I8.Suddenly,atallmandrivingagoldencarriage_____thegirlandtookheraway,____intothewoods.(’04上海)A.seizing;disappearedB.seized;disappearedC.seizing;disappearingD.seized;disappearing实际应用I8.Suddenly,atallmand64实际应用I9.Theflowers____sweetinthebotanicgardenattractthevisitorstothebeautyofnature.(’04上海)A.tosmellB.smellingC.smellD.tobesmelt实际应用I9.Theflowers____sweet65实际应用I10.–Englishhasalargevocabulary,hasn’tit?--Yes,_____morewordsandexpressionsandyou’llfinditeasiertoreadandcommunicate.(’04上海)

A.KnowB.KnowingC.ToknowD.Known实际应用I10.–Englishhasalarge66实际应用I11.ReadingisanexperiencequitedifferentfromwatchingTV;therearepictures____inyourmindinsteadofbeforeyoureyes.(’04广西)A.toformB.formC.formingD.havingformed实际应用I11.Readingisanexperie67实际应用IIII.Correctthemistakesinthesentences.(Eachsentencehasonlyonemistake.)MyparentslovemedearlyofcourseandwilldoalltheycanmakesurethatIgetagoodeducation.(’01全国)to2.Hesaidhewasbusy.Thatis,agameoftennismakinghimverybusy.(’02北京)made实际应用IIII.Correctthemistakes68实际应用II3.Rememberingnottoshoutatthem.(’02北京)Remember4.Itwasaboutnoonwearrivedatthefootofthemountain.(’02全国)when5.IwassotiredthatIfeltasleepatthemomentmyheadtouchedthepillow.(’02全国)

实际应用II3.Rememberingnottosh69实际应用II6.ThemainproblemwasinthatIalwaysthoughtinChinese.(’03全国)7.OnedayIwrotealittlestoryandshowedtomyteacher.(’03全国)it8.Cleverassheis,butsheworksveryhard.(’04福建)实际应用II6.Themainproblemwas70实际应用II9.Idreamofstandingontheplatformintheclassroomandgivelessonstolovelyboysandgirls.(’04湖北)andgirls.givinglessonstolovelyboys11.Iknowthereisnoteasytobeateacher.(’04湖北)it10.Atweekends,wewouldplaybasketball,swimminginthepoolorgoforapicnic.(’04天津)swim实际应用II9.Idreamofstandingo71英语长句的分析一、长句的特点：

(1)修饰语多；

(2)并列成分多；

(3)语言结构层次多。英语长句的分析一、长句的特点：72eg.Thestudymadeclearthattheworkingclassthatissoover-representedincrimestatisticsconsistsoflower-classpeoplelivinginthelower-classareasoflargecities.

eg.73二、理解长句时可采用以下步骤：

(1)找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语，(复合句则找出主句的主、谓、宾）从整体上把握句子的结构。

Thestudymadeclearthattheworkingclassthatissoover-representedincrimestatisticsconsistsoflower-classpeoplelivinginthelower-classareasoflargecities.

Thestudy

madeclearthattheworkingclassthatissoover-representedincrimestatisticsconsistsoflower-classpeoplelivinginthelower-classareasoflargecities.

主句：Thestudymadethat…clear.二、理解长句时可采用以下步骤：Thestudymade74(2)找出句中所有的非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。Thestudy

madeclearthattheworkingclassthatissoover-representedincrimestatisticsconsistsoflower-classpeoplelivinginthelower-classareasoflargecities.

(2)找出句中所有的非谓语动词、介词短语和Thestud75(3)分析从句和短语的功能，例如，是否为主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句等；若是状语，它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等。Thestudy

madeclearthattheworkingclassthatissoover-representedincrimestatisticsconsistsoflower-classpeoplelivinginthelower-classareasoflargecities.

(3)分析从句和短语的功能