基础英语2课件

IntroductionIntroductoryQuestions1.Dopeopleofdifferentcultureshavedifferentideasaboutwhatkindsoffoodareappropriatetoeat?Ifyes,pleasegivesomeexamples.2.Arefoodlikesanddislikesalwaysrelatedtonutrition?Why?3.WhatfoodsareconsideredtabooinChineseculture?4.WhatfoodsareconsideredtaboointheUnitedStates?5.Inwhatwaysarefoodandcultureconnected?6.Doyouagreewiththesaying“Whatisfoodtoone,istoothersbitterpoison”?Ifyes,canyougivesomeexamples?OutlineParas.

1-2Maintopic:Peoplefromdifferentcultureshavedifferentideasaboutthefood.Paras.

3-6Possiblecausesoffoodlikesanddislikesa.nutritionfoundinthefoodb.people'sdifferentappetitesc.tabooPara.

7Theconclusion:Anthropologistsbelievethatmostfoodlikesanddislikesarearesultofthewaysoflifeofdifferentpeople.Para2SomepeopleinAfricathinkAfricantermitesmakeadeliciousmeal.

Manyotherpeoplewouldprobablybesickiftheyhadtoeattermites,butonehundredgramsoftermitescontainmorethantwiceasmanycaloriesandalmosttwiceasmuchproteinasonehundredgramsofcookedhamburger.Para3However,foodlikesanddislikesdonotalwaysseemrelatedtonutrition.Forexample,broccoliisfirstonalistofthemostnutritiouscommonvegetables,butitistwenty-firstonalistofvegetablesthatAmericanslikemosttoeat.Tomatoesaresixteenthonthelistofthemostnutritiousvegetables,buttheyarefirstonthelistofvegetablesthatAmericanslikemosttoeat.Para4-1Butdislikeisnottheonlyreasonwhysomecultureswillnoteatacertainfood.Insomecultures,certainfoodsaretaboo.TabooisawordfromthelanguageoftheFijiIslandsthatisusedtodescribesomethingthatisforbidden.Somefoodsaretabooincertainreligions,buttherearealsootherfoodtaboosthatarenotconnectedtoareligion.Wedonotusuallythinkaboutwhycertainthingsaretabooinourculture.Wemaynotevenknowwhytheyaretaboo.Anthropologiststrytodiscoverthehiddenreasonsfortaboos.Para4-2Forexample,thesacredcowsofIndiaarewellknown.CowscangowherevertheywanttointhestreetsofIndia,andtheycaneatanythingtheywantfromthesuppliesofthefoodsellersonthestreet.Asaresult,thecowsareaproblem.However,nooneinIndiawillkillthemoreatthem.Itistabootodoso.Thiscustomseemsstrangetootherpeople,butanthropologistsbelievethattherearereasonsforit.Para5AnotherexampleisthatAmericansdonoteatdogs,althoughpeoplefromsomeotherculturesregardthemasgoodfood.IntheUnitedStates,dogsareveryimportanttopeopleaspets.Theyareusuallyregardedaspartofthefamily,almostlikeachildinsomecases.

Inaddition,dogshavevalueasprotectionagainstcriminals.Thieveswillnotusuallyenterahousewherethereisadogbecausethedogwillbarkandpossiblyattackastrangerwhoistryingtogetintoahouse.Apparently,thedog’splaceinsocietyasacompanionandasaprotectionagainstcriminalsmakesthedogtabooasfood.

Anthropologistsbelievethatmostfoodlikesanddislikesarearesultofthewaysoflifeofdifferentpeople.Somepeopleliveinareaswheretherearebothlargeanimalsandmanyinsects.Itisdifficultforthesepeopletokilllargeanimals,anditrequiresalotofenergy.Itiseasierforthemtouseinsectsforfoodbecauseitisnotdifficulttocatchinsectsanditdoesnotrequirealotofenergy.Nomadicpeoplewhomovearoundwillnotwanttokeeppigsforfood.Peoplewillnoteatpetssuchasdogs.Americanseatalotofbeefbecausethereisplentyoflandforraisingcattleandtheirmeatcanbeshippedcheaplyforlongdistancesbyrailroads.

Para7食品与文化第一段对于什么样的食品好吃、什么样的食品不好吃，我们都有自己的看法。因此，一种文化的人常常觉得来自另一种文化的人所吃的食物是令人讨厌或令人恶心的。例如，著名拳击手穆哈默德·阿里访问非洲的时候，他的一个随行人员看到有人拣起一只蝴蝶就吃，感到很不舒服。许多人会觉得吃老鼠令人厌恶，可是有42种不同文化的人认为老鼠是很好吃的食物。第二段非洲有些部族认为非洲白蚁是一种佳肴，而许多其他部族的人如果真的要吃白蚁的话，就很可能感到恶心。但是，与100克烧熟的汉堡相比，100克白蚁所含的热量是它的两倍多，所含的蛋白质也接近它的两倍。第三段然而，对食物的好恶往往和营养无关。例如，花椰菜在人们常吃的最富营养的蔬菜中名列榜首，但是在美国人最喜欢吃的蔬菜中它名列第21位。在最有营养的各种蔬菜中西红柿居第16位，但在美国人最喜欢吃的蔬菜中它位居第一。第四段-1但是，不喜欢吃某种食物并不是具有某些文化的人不吃某种食物的唯一原因。在有些文化中，某些食物属于禁忌（Taboo）范围。Taboo是斐济群岛语言里的一个词，用来指被禁止的东西。有些食物在某些宗教里是禁忌的，但是也有其他一些禁忌的食物与宗教无关。我们通常并不去想为什么某些东西在我们的文化里是禁忌的。我们甚至不会知道为什么它们是禁忌的。人类学家设法想要找出禁忌的隐秘原因。第四段-3首先，农民需要牛来帮助耕地，所以牛很宝贵。其次，牛粪可以肥田，因为在印度许多农民没钱买肥料。第三，牛粪晒干可以当柴火。因此，杀牛吃肉的农民很快会发现他们再也不能耕地、也不能用牛粪肥田，更没有牛粪做柴火了。第五段另外一个例子是美国人不吃狗肉，尽管其他一些文化群体把狗肉当成美食。在美国，狗作为宠物对人来说是十分重要的。人们通常把狗当作家庭的一分子，甚至有时当成他们的一个孩子。此外，狗还有防范罪犯的价值，小偷通常不会进入有狗的房子，因为狗会叫，而且可能会攻击想要进入房子的陌生人。显然，狗在社会上作为人类伙伴和防范犯罪的卫士这一地位使得吃狗肉成为一种禁忌。第七段人类学家相信，对大多数食物的好恶都源于不同部族的生活方式。有些部族生活在既有大动物又有许多小昆虫的地方，要他们去屠杀大动物是困难的，这需要花很多力气。用小昆虫当食物对他们来说就容易些，因为抓昆虫并不难，也不需要花很大力气。到处迁移的游牧部族不会为吃肉而养猪。人们不会把像狗那样的宠物吃掉。美国人大量食用牛肉是因为他们有足够的土地来养牛，而且牛肉可以通过铁路廉价地长途运输。Para1Weallhaveideasaboutwhatkindsoffoodsaregoodtoeat.Wealsohaveideasaboutwhatkindsoffoodsarebadtoeat.Asaresult,peoplefromonecultureoftenthinkthefoodsthatpeoplefromanothercultureeataredisgustingornauseating.WhenthefamousboxerMuhammadAlivisitedAfrica,forexample,onememberofhisgroupbecamequitesickwhenhesawsomeonepickupabutterflyandeatit.Manypeoplewouldfinditdisgustingtoeatrats,butthereareforty-twodifferentcultureswhosepeopleregardratsasappropriatefood.

boxern.apersonwhofights(someone)withthefists,esp.asasportPara1Weallhaveideasaboutwhatkindsoffoodsaregoodtoeat.Wealsohaveideasaboutwhatkindsoffoodsarebadtoeat.Asaresult,peoplefromonecultureoftenthinkthefoodsthatpeoplefromanothercultureeataredisgustingornauseating.WhenthefamousboxerMuhammadAlivisitedAfrica,forexample,onememberofhisgroupbecamequitesickwhenhesawsomeonepickupabutterflyandeatit.Manypeoplewouldfinditdisgustingtoeatrats,butthereareforty-twodifferentcultureswhosepeopleregardratsasappropriatefood.

butterflyn.atypeofinsectwithlargeoftenbrightlycoloredwings蝴蝶Para2SomepeopleinAfricathinkAfricantermitesmakeadeliciousmeal.

Manyotherpeoplewouldprobablybesickiftheyhadtoeattermites,butonehundredgramsoftermitescontainmorethantwiceasmanycaloriesandalmosttwiceasmuchproteinasonehundredgramsofcookedhamburger.termiten.asmallwhitetropicalinsectwhicheatswood

白蚁Para2SomepeopleinAfricathinkAfricantermitesmakeadeliciousmeal.

Manyotherpeoplewouldprobablybesickiftheyhadtoeattermites,butonehundredgramsoftermitescontainmorethantwiceasmanycaloriesandalmosttwiceasmuchproteinasonehundredgramsofcookedhamburger.hamburgern.aroundflatshapemadeofbeef,whichisfriedandeatenbetweentwohalvesofabreadroll

汉堡包，汉堡牛肉饼Para3However,foodlikesanddislikesdonotalwaysseemrelatedtonutrition.Forexample,broccoliisfirstonalistofthemostnutritiouscommonvegetables,butitistwenty-firstonalistofvegetablesthatAmericanslikemosttoeat.Tomatoesaresixteenthonthelistofthemostnutritiousvegetables,buttheyarefirstonthelistofvegetablesthatAmericanslikemosttoeat.broccolin.avegetablewithathickgreenstemandtree-likedarkgreentop

花椰菜Para3However,foodlikesanddislikesdonotalwaysseemrelatedtonutrition.Forexample,broccoliisfirstonalistofthemostnutritiouscommonvegetables,butitistwenty-firstonalistofvegetablesthatAmericanslikemosttoeat.Tomatoesaresixteenthonthelistofthemostnutritiousvegetables,buttheyarefirstonthelistofvegetablesthatAmericanslikemosttoeat.nutritionn.foodconsideredassomethingthatkeepsyouhealthynutritious

a.ofhighvalueasfoodPara4-1Butdislikeisnottheonlyreasonwhysomecultureswillnoteatacertainfood.Insomecultures,certainfoodsaretaboo.TabooisawordfromthelanguageoftheFijiIslandsthatisusedtodescribesomethingthatisforbidden.Somefoodsaretabooincertainreligions,buttherearealsootherfoodtaboosthatarenotconnectedtoareligion.Wedonotusuallythinkaboutwhycertainthingsaretabooinourculture.Wemaynotevenknowwhytheyaretaboo.Anthropologiststrytodiscoverthehiddenreasonsfortaboos.taboon.

anactionorwordavoidedforreligiousorsocialreasonsPara4-3First,cowsarevaluablebecausethefarmersneedthemtohelpplowtheirfields.Second,cowmanureisusedasafertilizeronthefields.InIndia,manyfarmerscannotaffordtospendmoneyonfertilizer.Third,thecowmanurecanbedriedandburnedtomakecookingfires.Therefore,farmersthatkilltheircowsformeatsoonfindthattheycannotploworfertilizetheirfieldsormakeacookingfire.plowv.todiglandwithalargefarmingtoolwithblades

犁(地),耕(地)Para4-3First,cowsarevaluablebecausethefarmersneedthemtohelpplowtheirfields.Second,cowmanureisusedasafertilizeronthefields.InIndia,manyfarmerscannotaffordtospendmoneyonfertilizer.Third,thecowmanurecanbedriedandburnedtomakecookingfires.Therefore,farmersthatkilltheircowsformeatsoonfindthattheycannotploworfertilizetheirfieldsormakeacookingfire.fertilizern.anaturalorchemicalsubstancewhichisspreadonthelandorgiventoplants,tomakeplantsgrowwell

肥料（天然或人造肥料）fertilize

v.tospreadanaturalorchemicalsubstanceonlandorplants,inordertomaketheplantsgrowwellPara5AnotherexampleisthatAmericansdonoteatdogs,althoughpeoplefromsomeotherculturesregardthemasgoodfood.IntheUnitedStates,dogsareveryimportanttopeopleaspets.Theyareusuallyregardedaspartofthefamily,almostlikeachildinsomecases.

Inaddition,dogshavevalueasprotectionagainstcriminals.Thieveswillnotusuallyenterahousewherethereisadogbecausethedogwillbarkandpossiblyattackastrangerwhoistryingtogetintoahouse.Apparently,thedog’splaceinsocietyasacompanionandasaprotectionagainstcriminalsmakesthedogtabooasfood.

criminaln.apersonwhocommitsacrimeorcrimesPara5AnotherexampleisthatAmericansdonoteatdogs,althoughpeoplefromsomeotherculturesregardthemasgoodfood.IntheUnitedStates,dogsareveryimportanttopeopleaspets.Theyareusuallyregardedaspartofthefamily,almostlikeachildinsomecases.

Inaddition,dogshavevalueasprotectionagainstcriminals.Thieveswillnotusuallyenterahousewherethereisadogbecausethedogwillbarkandpossiblyattackastrangerwhoistryingtogetintoahouse.Apparently,thedog’splaceinsocietyasacompanionandasaprotectionagainstcriminalsmakesthedogtabooasfood.

barkv.(ofadog)tomakealoudroughnoisePara6Thetabooagainsteatingporkoccursinmorethanoneculture.ThereissomeevidencethatsomeancientEgyptiansdidnoteatpork.TheancientIsraelitesalsoregardedporkastaboo.Oneexplanationforthepig-eatingtabooisthatporkthatisnotcookedsufficientlymayspreadadiseasecalledtrichinosis.However,mostpeoplenolongerthinkthatthisisagoodexplanationfortheporktaboo.explanationn.1.thereasonsyougiveforwhysomethinghappenedorwhyyoudidsomething2.astatementorpieceofwritingintendedtodescribehowsomethingworksormakesomethingeasiertounderstandAnthropologistsbelievethatmostfoodlikesanddislikesarearesultofthewaysoflifeofdifferentpeople.Somepeopleliveinareaswheretherearebothlargeanimalsandmanyinsects.Itisdifficultforthesepeopletokilllargeanimals,anditrequiresalotofenergy.Itiseasierforthemtouseinsectsforfoodbecauseitisnotdifficulttocatchinsectsanditdoesnotrequirealotofenergy.Nomadicpeoplewhomovearoundwillnotwanttokeeppigsforfood.Peoplewillnoteatpetssuchasdogs.Americanseatalotofbeefbecausethereisplentyoflandforraisingcattleandtheirmeatcanbeshippedcheaplyforlongdistancesbyrailroads.

Para7insectn.asmallcreaturethathassixlegs,andoftenhaswings昆虫Anthropologistsbelievethatmostfoodlikesanddislikesarearesultofthewaysoflifeofdifferentpeople.Somepeopleliveinareaswheretherearebothlargeanimalsandmanyinsects.Itisdifficultforthesepeopletokilllargeanimals,anditrequiresalotofenergy.Itiseasierforthemtouseinsectsforfoodbecauseitisnotdifficulttocatchinsectsanditdoesnotrequirealotofenergy.Nomadicpeoplewhomovearoundwillnotwanttokeeppigsforfood.Peoplewillnoteatpetssuchasdogs.Americanseatalotofbeefbecausethereisplentyoflandforraisingcattleandtheirmeatcanbeshippedcheaplyforlongdistancesbyrailroads.

Para7nomadica.movingfromplacetoplaceratherthanstayinginoneplace

游牧部落的，流浪的(line2)Asaresult,peoplefromonecultureoftenthinkthefoodsthatpeoplefromanothercultureeataredisgustingornauseating.––Becauseofthis,peoplefromoneculturemayfeelextremelyunpleasantandalmostsickbywhatpeopleeatfromanotherculture...asaresult(of):inconsequence(of)

e.g.

Theyrefusedtopaytherent.Asaresult,theywereturnedoutoftheirhouse.Hehasbeenabsentfromclassforaslongasthreemonths.Asaresult,heisnowunabletokeepupwiththerestoftheclass(line4)...onememberofhisgroupbecamequitesickwhenhesawsomeonepickupabutterflyandeatit.––...oneofthepersonsaccompanyingAliinhisvisittoAfricafeltverymuchdisgustedatseeingsomeonetakingupabutterflyandeatingit.pickup:totakeholdof(esp.somethingsmallorlight)andliftitupfromasurface;takeup

e.g.

Thelittleboypickedupastoneandthrewitatthewindow.Thedoctorpickedupherkitanddashedout ofthedoor. cf.

I’vegottopickthisroomupbeforetheguestsarrive.(arrangeorderly)Nowlet’sfigureoutwhosecarwillstoptopickusup.(takealonginacar,ship,etc.)Thehotelbusinessalwayspicksupinsummer.(getbetter;increaseinvolume)BobhasneverhadaFrenchteacher;hepickedthelanguageupbyhimself.(acquire;gain)(line4)...onememberofhisgroupbecamequitesickwhenhesawsomeonepickupabutterflyandeatit.

(line5)...butthereareforty-twodifferentcultureswhosepeopleregardratsasappropriatefood.––...butpeoplefromasmanyasforty-twodifferentculturesconsiderratstobesomethingpropertoeat.regard...as:tolookupon...as;consider...as;thinkof...as

e.g.

Sheisgenerallyregardedasoneofthebestwritersinthecountry.Theyjustregardedusaslittlekidswhocountfornothing.cf.

Weshouldn’tregardwhatispossibleasimpossible(+adj.)Onlythencanweregardourselvesashavingdoneourduty.(+v-ingphrase)Asforhimself,heregardeditasofverylittlevalue.(+prep.phrase)Wasteisregardedasacrime.(passive)(line5)...butthereareforty-twodifferentcultureswhosepeopleregardratsasappropriatefood.(line7)...Africantermitesmakeadeliciousmeal.––...Africantermitesare/become/serveasadeliciousmeal.make:tobeorbecome(something),esp.byhavingthenecessarycharacteristics

e.g.

Thatwillmakeagoodendingtothebook.Thehallwouldmakeagoodtheater.Hewouldmakeasuccessfulbusinessman.delicious:pleasingtothebody’ssenses,esp.oftasteorsmell

e.g.

Whatdeliciousfoodwe’vehad!What’sthatdelicioussmell?(line7)Manyotherpeoplewouldprobablybesickiftheyhadtoeattermites,...––Manyotherpeoplewouldbelikelytofeeldisgustediftheyhadtoeattermites,...besick:upsetinthestomachsoastowanttothrowupwhatisinit.

e.g.

Hewasviolentlysicklastnight;itmusthavebeensomethingheate.Somepeoplewouldbesickwhentheysawthebloodofananimal.cf.

Hewassickforweeksandmissedalotofwork.(=ill)(line10)However,foodlikesanddislikesdonotalwaysseemrelatedtonutrition.––Nevertheless,whetherakindoffoodisfavoredordisgusteddoesnotnecessarilyhaveanythingtodowithnutrition.berelatedto:tobeconnectedto;havesomethingtodowith e.g.Thefallinthecostoflivingisdirectlyrelatedtothedropintheoilprice.

cf.beconnectedto:tojoin;joinbytelephone

e.g.

Theislandsareconnectedbyasteamerservicetothemainland.Iwasagainconnectedtothewrongperson.(line10)However,foodlikesanddislikesdonotalwaysseemrelatedtonutrition.dislike:n.feelingofnotliking(somethingorsomeone)

e.g.

Ihaveadislikeof/forcats.Shetookasuddendisliketohim.Shespoketohimwithgreatdislike.v.nottolike;thinktobeunpleasant

e.g.

PersonallyIdislikebeingspokentolikethat.Hegothimselfmuchdislikedbecauseofhisbadmanners.(line15)...thatisusedtodescribesomethingthatisforbidden.––...thatisusedtodescribesomethingthatisnotallowed.forbid:toorder(esp.someone)nottodosth.;refusetoallow e.g.

Ifyourfatherhadknownit,hewouldhaveforbiddenyoutomarryhim.Smokingisstrictlyforbiddenhere.Entrancetotheplacewasthenforbiddentoallforeigners.(line19)CowscangowherevertheywanttointhestreetsofIndia,...––CowscangotoanyplacetheywanttointhestreetsofIndia,...whereverisusedtointroduceanadverbialclauseofplace.

e.g.

Takethisbaggageandhangitwhereveryoucanfindenoughspace.I’llstandwhereverIcanseetheparade.Shecarriesthechildwithherwherevershegoes.(line22)Itistabootodoso.––TokillthemoreatthemisagainstthereligiouscustominIndiaandthereforeitisnotallowedtodoso.(line26)InIndia,manyfarmerscannotaffordtospendmoneyonfertilizer.––InIndia,alotofpeasantsaretoopoortobuyfertilizer.afford:(usedwithcan,couldorbeableto)haveenoughmoneyortimefor

e.g.

Thankstothesuccessofthebusiness,wecanaffordanewcarthisyear.Ican’taffordthreeweeksawayfromwork.Theywalkedbecausetheycouldn’taffordataxi.(line26)InIndia,manyfarmerscannotaffordtospendmoneyonfertilizer.cf.

Thetop-floorwindowsaffordamagnificentviewofthewholecity.(give)Thesetreesaffordapleasantshade.Lifeaffordsnohigherpleasurethanconqueringdifficulties,movingfromonestepofsuccesstoanother.(line35)Theyareusuallyregardedaspartofthefamily,almostlikeachildinsomecases.––IntheUnitedStates,dogsareusuallyviewedasmembersofthefamilyandnearlyasachildincertaincircumstances.insomecases:incertaincircumstances

e.g.

Insomecasesgoodwishesalonewillnotwork.Wemustmakeaconcreteanalysisofconcreteconditionsinsomecases.

(line35)Theyareusuallyregardedaspartofthefamily,almostlikeachildinsomecases.cf.

inmostcases:onmostoccasions

e.g.

Inmostcases,savingsaccountsareoneofthesafestandmostreliablekindsofinvestment.Inmostcases,theytrytoavoidheatedargumentsduringconversations.inanycase:whateverhappens;anyhow

e.g.

Ishallbegoingthereinanycase.InanycaseIwouldinsistonyourbeingpaid.(line36)Inaddition,dogshavevalueasprotectionagainstcriminals.––What’smore,dogsarehelpfulenoughtobeprotectorsagainst