《英语应用文写作》一、写作基础知识课件

《英语应用文写作》1《英语应用文写作》1前言

我国大学英语教学改革正朝着实用方向发展。《大学英语课程教学要求》中对写作的实用性提出了具体要求。特别是《高职高专教育英语课程基本要求》中对学生的写作能力培养做出了明确规定。即：“能填写和模拟套写简短的英语应用文，如填写表格与单证，套写简历、通知、信函等。”为了给广大的英语学习者以及努力想通过“高等学校英语应用能力考试”的学生提供一本内容实用、语言规范、查找方便、配有练习、涵盖面广的教材，我们编写了这本《英语应用文写作》。2前言2本书特点如下：1.指导性本书对各类英语应用文的写法按类型、格式、语言特点、常用句型等加以全面介绍。2．针对性本书针对“高等学校英语应用能力考试”的写作要求结合历年实考真题进行归纳、剖析,使学习者通过学习不仅能获取有针对性的指导还能接触到最新、最全的考试信息，以便有针对性地迎考备考。3本书特点如下：33．实用性本书在编写中针对高职学生的实际英语写作水平，本着帮助他们在打好英语写作的基础上，侧重培养其写作应用文能力。书中提供了大量的范文及实用写作方面的用语，设计了大量的练习，以方便学生模仿。

《英语应用文写作》旨在培养学生借助英文进行实际写作的能力。本教材主要包括基础写作知识、“英语应用能力考试”所涉及到的英语应用文写作，如英文信函的常规写作格式，公务信函、商务信函、私人信函、电子邮件以及43．实用性4

其他类型应用体裁文章的写作方法及大学英语四级考试作文所涉及到的应用文题材的写作知识。本课程在讲解这些文体时以多媒体课件的方式展示大量的范文、格式说明、语言特点、常用句型、历年“英语应用能力考试”真题、同步练习等，使学生通过实例、讲解以及写作练习了解并熟练掌握各种常用应用文的格式，以求提高学生的实际写作能力，提高英语考试的“过级率”。5 5本书在编写过程中参阅了大量的国内外出版的写作教程。在此，谨向有关作者致以诚挚的谢意。由于时间仓促，水平有限，书中疏漏之处在所难免，祈望各位同仁不吝赐教。《实用英语应用文写作》编写组2009年12月6本书在编写过程中参阅了大量的国内外出版的写作教常用书信写作商务信函写作广告文档写作

写作基础知识

公文写作的基本知识

7常用书信写作商务信函写作广告文档写作写作基础知识公文写作

英语句子（Sentences）

英语段落（Paragraphs）英语篇章（Essay）第一章写作基础知识(BasicWritingSkills)

8英语句子（Sentences）第一章写作基础知识(B第一节英语句子

(Sentences)1.1.1.英语基本句型1.1.2.英语句子种类1.1.3.有效句子9第一节英语句子(Sentences)1.1.1.英语1.1.1.英语基本句型

（BasicElementsofaSentence）英语句子的主要构成成份有：S=Subject主语V=Verb动词O=Object宾语

C=Complement补语A=Adverbial状语101.1.1.英语基本句型

（BasicElemen英语的七种基本句型：SV:

主谓SVO:

主谓宾SVC:

主谓补SVA:

主谓状SVOO:

主谓（间接）宾（直接）宾SVOC:

主谓宾补SVOA:

主谓宾状此外还有比较常用的Therebe句型，表示“存在，有”11英语的七种基本句型：此外还有比较常用的TherebeSV:

Thesunisshining.SVO:

Youshouldalsoconsiderthis.

SVC:

Theappletastesgood.SVA:

Iwasatcollege.SVOO:

Livingatcollegegivesmeasenseofresponsibility.SVOC:

Thatmakesmeresponsibleformyownlife.

SVOA:

Youcanputthedishonthetable.Therebe：Therearefriendlypeoplearoundtotalkwith.

Samples12SV:Thesunisshining.SamplesYourdinnerseemsready.()ImustsendmyparentsaChristmascard. ()Thatclassinterestedme.()Myschoolisonthenextstreet. ()Manystudentsfindthatbookveryhelpful. ()Youmayputyourumbrellaunderthetable. ()Shewassmiling. ()Wehavemadehertheheadofourgroup. ()同步练习

Nowreadthefollowingsentencesandtellwhichclausetypetheybelongto.SVCSVOOSVOSVASVOCSVOASVSVOC13Yourdinnerseemsready.1.1.2.英语句子种类（TypesofSentences）

1.句子按其用途可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句2.句子按其结构可分为简单句、并列句、复合句、并列复合句141.1.2.英语句子种类14陈述句（DeclarativeSentence):adeclarativesentencemakesapositiveornegativestatement

Ourwarehouseshavelimitedfacilities.

Heisnottherivalinnegotiation.疑问句(InterrogativeSentence):ainterrogativesentenceasksaquestion.

Willyoupleasepayyourpromptattentiontothis matter?(GeneralQuestion)Example我们的仓库设施很有限。他不是谈判对手。Example对此问题，请及时加以注意。Example15陈述句（DeclarativeSentence):a

Howoldareyou?(SpecialQuestion)

Isthedelegationleavingtodayortomorrow?(AlternativeQuestion)

Youdidn’tgotoShanghai,didyou?(TagQuestion)祈使句(ImperativeSentence):animperativesentenceexpressesacommandorarequest.

Pleasethinkoverthelocaltaxrate.Don’topenthedoor.感叹句(ExclamatorySentence):anexclamatorysentenceshowsastrongfeelingoremotion.

Whataleverboyheis!

Howcarelesssheis!ExampleExampleExample16Howold简单句（SimpleSentence):asimplesentenceisonethatconsistsofasingleindependentclause.

Wewouldappreciateapromptreply.

并列句（CompoundSentence):acompoundsentenceisonethatcontainstwoormoreindependentclauses.

Ihavefinishedthework,butthereisstillmuchtodo.ExampleExample17ExampleExample17复合句（ComplexSentence):acomplexsentenceisonethatcontainsoneindependentclauseandoneormoresubordinateordependentclauses.

Iwasreadingabookwhenhecame.

并列复合句（Compound-complexSentence):acompound-complexsentenceisonethatcontainsatleasttwomainclausesandatleastonedependentclause.Inotherwords,itisacombinationofacompoundandacomplexsentence

Shewearsareddresswhensheisingoodmood,butshewearsablueonewhensheisinbadmood.ExampleExample18复合句（ComplexSentence):acompl1.1.3.有效句子(EffectiveSentences)

什么是有效句子？有效句子就是好句子。好句子除了语法结构正确外，必须思想完整，表达准确，生动形象，才能有效地表达作者的思想。那么如何写出好句子即有效句子呢？应遵循以下几点：

191.1.3.有效句子(EffectiveSentences完整的句子

(Completeness)清晰的句子

(Clarity)简洁的句子

(Conciseness)平行结构的句子（Parallelism)

5.灵活多变的句子

(Variety)20完整的句子(Completeness)201.写完整的句子

(Completeness)

一个完整的句子既包括结构上的完整，也包括意义上的完整。(1)结构上的完整2121

SentenceCompletenessWrong:

MynameHelen.

汉语句子可以不用动词，主语也可以省略，而英语句子一般需要有主语和谓语动词才算完整。再者，与汉语不同，英语句子中及物动词的宾语不能省略。我们还可以用that、who或because之类的词把小句子连在一起，组成大句子。例如：Wrong:

Theyeatrice,andweeat,too.Correct:Myname

is

Helen.Correct:Theyeatrice,andwe

eatrice,

too.Example22

SentenceCompletenessWrong:

Friendlypeople,anotherthingIlikeaboutcollege.Correct:Friendlypeople,that’sanotherthingIlikeaboutcollege.Wrong:

Somepeoplehaveanaturalabilitytolearnlanguagesquickly.Becausetheyknowhowtolisten.Correct:Somepeoplehaveanaturalabilitytolearnlanguagesquickly

becausetheyknowhowtolisten.23Wrong:Friendlypeople,anotheNoneofthefollowingsentencesarecomplete.Make

necessarycorrectionstomakethemcomplete.1.Idislikedogsbecauseverysmelly(气味难闻).2.ThedogsalwaysnoisyandtrytojumponmewhenIgotovisit.-Idislikedogsbecausetheyareverysmelly.-ThedogsarealwaysnoisyandtrytojumponmewhenIgotovisitthem.3.Waysofnamingnewbabiesdifferentaroundtheworld.-Ways

of

naming

new

babies

are

different

around

the

world.同步练习24Noneofthefollowingsentence4.In

Guangzhou

is

hotter

than

in

Beijing.

5.Dogslovetoplaywithsticks.Forexample,gotogetastickifyouthrowit.-In

Guangzhou,it

is

hotter

than

in

Beijing.-Dogslovetoplaywithsticks.Forexample,theygotogetastickifyouthrowit.-It’stoocoldinthisroom.6.Istoocoldinthisroom.7.Becausewedon’thaveenoughtimetotakecareofapet.8.Abookthatyoulike.-Thatisabookthatyoulike.-Becausewedon’thaveenoughtimetotakecareofapet,wedon’tkeepone.254.InGuangzhouishotterthan简单陈述句的语序（WordorderinSimpleStatements）26简单陈述句的语序26主语部分谓语部分1.主语Whowhichwhat2.动词Action(v.)3.宾语Whowhatwhich

状语4.方式how5.地点where6.时间whenboughtahatyesterdayThechildrenranhomeThedrivershoutedat

meangrilyThecarstoppedsuddenlyJackreadthebookquietlyinhisroomallafternoon名，代，数，短语，从句谓语动词名，代宾，数，短语，从句副词，相当于副词，短语和从句ITheyaresittingbehindme27主语部分主语部分谓语部分.5.6.

1.Thefilm

I

enjoyed

yesterday2.Atree

inthecorner

ofthegarden

he

planted.3.Thismorning

abook

I

fromthelibrary

borrowed4.Anewschool

built

they

inourvillage

lastyear.IenjoyedthefilmyesterdayHeplantedatreeInthecornerofthegardenIborrowedabookfromthelibrarythismorningTheybuiltanewschoolinourvillagelastyear28主语部分(2)意义上的完整

意义上的完整指句意要完整。它至少是一个简单句，只能有一个中心思想。 请看下列句子：

a.

WearegoingtomeetJeanHarris,andsheisaprofessorofEnglishliterature.Jimisoneofthefastestrunners.ErnestHemingwaywasanAmericannovelist,andhewontheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1954.Example29(2)意义上的完整Example29

以上三个句子都不符合句子只有一个中心思想这一要求，句意不完整。可作如下修改：a.

WearegoingtomeetJeanHarris,andsheisaprofessorofEnglishliterature.修改：WearegoingtomeetJeanHarris,whoisaprofessorofEnglishliterature.30以上三个句子都不符合句子只有一个中心思想这一要求，句意不完Jimisoneofthefastestrunners.修改：Jimisoneofthefastestrunnersofourschool.ErnestHemingwaywasanAmericannovelist,andhewontheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1954.修改：

ErnestHemingway,anAmericannovelist,wontheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1954.31Jimisoneofthefastestrunn2.写清晰的句子

(Clarity)

写作要注意句子的清晰度。以下几种情况妨碍文章的清晰，影响读者的理解。(1)缺乏必要的细节。简洁尽管重要，但必要细节的缺乏也会使读者产生误解甚至不知所云。例如：a.

Helovessportsmuchmorethanhissister.b.Whenapersongetsmarried,youtakeonnewresponsibilities.c.Thecityhasaboutonemillion.322.写清晰的句子(Clarity)32a句既可理解为“他比妹妹更喜欢运动”，也可以理解为“他喜爱运动胜过喜爱他妹妹”。为了使意义清晰明了，应该在该句的后半部补上相应的谓语：修改：Helovessportsmuchmorethanhissisterdoes.或：Helovessportsmuchmorethanheloveshissister.33a句既可理解为“他比妹妹更喜欢运动”，也可以理解为“他喜爱运b.Whenapersongetsmarried,youtakeonnewresponsibilities.

b句中的aperson和you指代不明。应改为：Whenapersongetsmarried,hetakesonnewresponsibilities.(泛指)或：Whenyougetmarried,youtakeonnewresponsibilities.(特指)c.Thecityhasaboutonemillion.c句中，“onemillion”究竟指什么，缺乏必要的细节说明，应改为：修改：Thecityhasapopulationofonemillion.34b.Whenapersongetsmarried,(2)缺乏连贯性。一个完整的意思被不必要地切割成几个句子，这样一连串的短句由于未能体现出相互间的关系，读起来费解，妨碍思维。

为了使句子连贯，应注意不要将联系密切的词分开；应围绕一个中心意思，多用修饰语（如分词短语、介词短语、从句等）。例如：Somepeoplecannotdistinguishbetweencolors.theyaresaidtobecolor-blinded.

此句将其中一句改成定语从句应该为：Somepeoplewhocannotdistinguishbetween

colorsaresaidtobecolor-blinded.

35(2)缺乏连贯性。35b.Hefoundthekitchenwindowopen.Heputaladderagainstthewindow.Heclimbedin.此句子可改为：Findingthekitchenwindowopen,heputaladderagainstitandclimbedin.36b.Hefoundthekitchenwindow(3)随意转换。

英语句子的时态、语态、语气等在句中必须保持一致，随意转换往往造成句子意思模糊不清。①时态的随意转换。TheydidnotknowwhentheywillgototheGreatWall.应改为：TheydidnotknowwhentheywouldgototheGreatWall.

37(3)随意转换。37b.Heworkedlateintothenightyesterday

butgetsupearlythismorning.

应改为：b.Heworkedlateintothenightyesterdaybutgotupearlythismorning.38b.Heworkedlateintothenig②语态和主语的随意转换。Hewasrunningveryhardintheraceandhisanklewasbroken.

应改为：Hewasrunningveryhardintheraceandbrokehisankle.3939b.Theteacherlefttheclassroomafterthelecturewasfinished.应改为：

Theteacherlefttheclassroomafterhefinishedthelecture.或：Havingfinishedthelecture,theteacherlefttheclassroom.40b.Theteacherlefttheclassrc.Shereviewedthelessonsandalltheexercisesassignedbytheteacherweredone.应改为：Shereviewedthelessonsanddidalltheexercisesassignedbytheteacher.4141语气随意转换。a.Firststopthenoiseandthenyoumaystartdiscussion.应改为：

Firststopthenoiseandthenstartdiscussion.42语气随意转换。42b.Studentsshouldlearntosolveproblemsindependently.Don’trelyonyourparents’help.应改为：b.Studentsshouldlearntosolveproblemsindependently.Theyshouldnotrelyontheirparents’help.43b.Studentsshouldlearntoso④人称和数的随意转换。

a.Ifonehastalents,wewillbelikelytosucceed.应改为：

Ifonehastalents,onewillbelikelytosucceed.或:Ifwehavetalents,wewillbelikelytosucceed.44④人称和数的随意转换。44b.Ifapersonisselfish,theywillhavefewfriends.应改为：b.Ifapersonisselfish,hewillhavefewfriends.45b.Ifapersonisselfish,the⑤代词指代不明。Thepollutioninthisareaisserious;theyshoulddosomethingaboutit.应改为：Thepollutioninthisareaisserious;thegovernmentshoulddosomethingaboutit.46⑤代词指代不明。46同步练习:

Correctthefollowingsentencesifnecessary

Therearealwaysalotofgoodnewsovertheradio.Eachoftheplanshasitsadvantage.EitheryouorIaretocleantheroom.Allthosewhowanttogoonthetripshouldgethisequipmentreadyimmediately.is

amtheir47同步练习:

Correctthefollowingse5.Paidlittleattentiontohistablemanners.6.Theteachergivingsuchahardexam.-----He

paidlittleattentiontohistablemanners.(addasubject)-----Theteacheris

givingsuchahardexam.(addahelpingverb)485.Paidlittleattentiontohi7.Whenonlyfiveyearsold,myfathertookmetoacircus(杂技团)._____Whenonlyfiveyearsold,Iwastakentoacircusbymyfather._____WhenIwasonlyfiveyearsold,myfathertookmetoacircus.8.Acardrovedownthestreetdeckedwithribbon.（用缎带装饰起来的）____Acardeckedwithribbon

drovedownthestreet.(Misplacedmodifier误置修饰语）497.Whenonlyfiveyearsold,my3.写简洁的句子(Conciseness)

简洁就是用尽可能少的词表达尽可能充分的意思。在不改变句子意义的情况下，在能用词的地方，不用短语；在能用短语的地方不用句子。5050比较下列两个句子：a.Heexpressesanumberofcleverexpressionsmuchtotheaudience’sdelight.—Hedelightedtheaudiencewithhiscleverexpressionsb.ThismorningIwenttotheclassroom,whenIgotthere,Isawmanypeopleintheclassroom.—ThismorningIwenttotheclassroomandsawmanypeoplethere.51比较下列两个句子：51要想使句子简洁应注意以下几点：(1)避免重复意义相同的词。a.Itwasblueincolor.b.Itwassmallinsize.c.Inmyopinion,Ithinkyourplanisfeasible.d.Maryisaquietandcarefulwoman.

以上划线部分都属于意义重复，应去掉。52要想使句子简洁应注意以下几点：52又如：Hegavemanyreasonsforhisfailure,butthereasonshegavewerenotconvincing.应改为：Hegavemanyreasonsforhisfailure,butnoneofthemwasconvincing.Example53又如：Example53(2)

避免使用累赘的词。累赘的词指的是拖泥带水，啰啰唆唆的词或词组。例如：Shewastoldofthefactthateatingjunkfoodmightharmherhealth.b.Mrs.SmithlikestodrinkallkindsofwinesthatareproducedinFrance.c.Therearesomestudentswhocheatinexams.以上划线部分都是累赘的词，应去掉。54(2)避免使用累赘的词。54同步练习

Thechairmanwillgiveuphisjobnextyearbecauseofoldage.-------Thechairmanwillretirenextyear.Thewomanwhoisdressedinblackoverthereisthepersonwhoisnowinchargeofoursalesdepartment.-------Thewomaninblackoverthereisthe

managerofoursalesdepartment.55同步练习Thechairmanwillgive4.写平行结构的句子（Parallelism)在一个句子中，有几个表达相近或相对意义的并列成分时，应该使用词性一致的排比结构，这就是写作中的平行结构原则。两三个词性相同的词连成一串，形成平行结构。这种结构能使句子显得严谨，层次分明，增强感染力。例如：Example564.写平行结构的句子（Parallelism)Example

a.

Thearticleisshort,informative,andreadingitwaseasy应该为：Thearticleisshort,informative,andeasytoread.(threeadjectives)b.Knowingwhattodoandtodoitwellwillbringyousuccess.应该为Knowingwhattodoanddoingitwellwillbringyousuccess.(twogerundphrases)57a.Thearticleisshort,inf再看下例：

Insummary,Idolikealotofthingsaboutcollege,asIsaidbefore－beingon

myown,talkingwithfriendlypeople,havingFridaysoff...(这里是3个动名词短语并列。)5858同步练习1.

Shespendsherfreetimereading,listeningtomusic,andsheworksinthegarden.——Shespendsherfreetimereading,listeningtomusicandworkinginthegarden.

59同步练习592.Theteachertoldusthatweshouldreadourtextandtowriteashortreviewofit.——

Theteachertoldusthatweshouldread

ourtextandwrite

ashortreviewofit.——Or:Theteachertoldus

toread

ourtextand

write

ashortreviewofit.602.Theteachertoldusthatwe3.Mr.Butlerisamanofwideexperienceandwhoisverypopularwithhisco-workers.——Mr.Butlerisamanof

wideexperience

and

greatpopularity

amonghisco-workers.613.Mr.Butlerisamanofwide

4.Wouldyouprefertogoforawalkoutsideorstayingindoors?——Wouldyouprefertogoforawalkoutsideorstayindoors?

62——Wouldyouprefertogofor5.Pleasecleanthekitchen,theheatmustturndown,andlockthedoors.

——Pleasecleanthekitchen,turndowntheheat,and

lockthedoors.635.Pleasecleanthekitchen,t6.ThemanagertoldHenrythathehadonlytwochoices:toworkharderorleavingthecompany.——ThemanagertoldHenrythathehadonlytwochoices:toworkharderortoleavethecompany.646.ThemanagertoldHenrythat7.Mybestfriendishonest,clever,andworkshard.

——Mybestfriendishonest,clever,andhard-working.657.Mybestfriendishonest,8.Afterthelongtrip,Iwastiredout,thirsty,andwantedtoeat.

———Afterthelongtrip,Iwastiredout,thirsty,andhungry.668.Afterthelongtrip,Iwas5.写灵活多变的句子(Variety)要使文章生动吸引人，写作时要经常变换句型和句子结构。(1)句子开头多样化675.写灵活多变的句子(Variety)67①分词或分词短语开头。a.Wereachedourdestinationexhausted.应该为：Exhausted,wereachedourdestination.b.Ifinishedmyhomeworkandbegantoreviewthelessons.应该为：Havingfinishedmyhomework,Ibegantoreviewthelessons.68①分词或分词短语开头。68②形容词开头。Hewasintelligentandhard-working,andhegraduatedwithhonors.应该为：

Intelligentandhard-working,hegraduatedwithhonors.69②形容词开头。69③介词短语开头。a.Thegirlwasindespairandturnedtoherfriendsforhelp.应该为：

Indespair,thegirlturnedtoherfriendsforhelp.70③介词短语开头。70④不定式短语开头。a.Heworkedharddayandnighttopasstheexams.应该为：Topasstheexams,heworkedharddayandnight.b.Hespokeslowlyandemphaticallytomakeeverythingclear.应该为：

Tomakeeverythingclear,hespokeslowlyandemphatically.71④不定式短语开头。71(2)

句型多样化。用排比句、修辞疑问句、倒装句等多样化的句型能增添语言的渲染力，增加文章的艺术色彩。例如：

a.Themorewegettogether,thehappierwe’llbe.b.Whyisitthatthemoreconnectedweget,themoredisconnectedIfeel?Example72Example72

再如:美国黑人“民权运动”领袖马丁·路德·金（MartinLutherKing）著名的演说《我有一个梦想》（Ihaveadream）。这份演讲气势如虹，感情充沛，鼓动性强。其中非常重要的原因是运用了一些比喻、排比的修辞手法和句型，增添了语言的渲染力及文章的艺术色彩。例如“Ihaveadreamthatoneday…”。Example73再如:Example73

Ihaveadreamthat

onedaythisnationwillriseupandliveoutthetruemeaningofitscreed:"Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal."

IhaveadreambyMartinLutherKing

我梦想有一天，这个国家会站立起来，真正实现其信条的真谛：“我们认为这些真理是不言而喻的；人人生而平等。”

74IhaveadreamthatoneIhaveadreamthat

onedayontheredhillsofGeorgia,thesonsofformerslavesandthesonsofformerslaveownerswillbeabletositdowntogetheratthetableofbrotherhood.

我梦想有一天，在佐治亚的红山上，昔日奴隶的儿子将能够和昔日奴隶主的儿子坐在一起，共叙兄弟情谊。75IhaveadreamthatonedayonIhaveadreamthatmyfourlittlechildrenwillonedayliveinanationwheretheywillnotbejudgedbythecoloroftheirskinbutbythecontentoftheircharacter.…

我梦想有一天，我的四个孩子将在一个不是以他们的肤色，而是以他们的品格优劣来评判他们的国度里生活。76Ihaveadreamthatmyfourli同步练习：Usecoordinationorsubordinationtocombinethegroupsofsimplesentencesintolongersentences.Omitthewordswherenecessary.(用并列连词或从属连词将下列简单句连成长句。)77同步练习：77Ineededsomeonetohelpme.Icouldn’tfindanyone.Ihadtodoitallonmyown.2.Thesechildrentooktheirnaps.Theyunrolledtheirsleepingmats.3.Mycarisnotstartingoncoldmornings.Ithinkthebatteryneedstobereplaced.Ialreadyhaditrechargedonce.Idon’tthinkitwouldhelptochargeitagain.4.Thepipeshadfrozen.Theheathadgoneoff.Wephonedtheplumber.Hecouldn’tcomefortwodays.Hehasbeenswampedwithemergencycalls.,but,soBefore,Because,,sobecause,butas78Ineededsomeonetohelpme.I第二节英语段落

(Paragraphs) 语段，又叫“句群”，是由句子组成的语言表达单位，它是句子和语篇之间的中间层次。我们知道，句子在一定的语境中能够单独地使用，能够单独地表达相对完整的意思。但是，要表达多方面的、比较复杂的思想，往往需要把几个句子组织起来，结成更大的言语片断，以表达“一层”的意思。因此，语段是一个相对独立的较大语义单位，既与上下语段相关联，又与上下语段相区别。正是许多这样的语段相结合，才构成了语篇。7979 一个段落既是一篇文章的组成部分，又是一个自成一体、相对独立的整体。一个段落就是一篇微型文章，它的内容应该完整、连贯并且展开得法。内容完整就是要求段落中的各句都紧紧围绕一个中心或主题，如有必要另辟主题则需另起一段。内容连贯则要求文字条理清晰，层次结构清楚，句与句之间有内在的逻辑关系。 一个段落可长可短，视全篇的需要而定，比如要看该文章的主题是什么，本段落在全文中处于什么位置，以及它在文章观点阐述过程中有何作用等。长的段落通常用于表达比较复杂的主题，而短的段落有时是做一个过渡或进行一次概括，也有可能是用来强调某个观点。

8080段落的组成和特征1.2.1.段落的组成(BasicStructureofaParagraph) 一个核心的英语段落一般由一个主题句(topicsentence)、若干个支持句或扩展句(supportingsentence或developingsentence)构成,有的还有关联句（transitionalsentence）和结论句（concludingsentence）。主题句给出谈论的话题，或着段落的主旨即中心思想；支持句是对主题句进行的阐释、说明、例证或引申等；关联句使主题句和各支持句连贯成一个整体；结论句对全段作总结，往往照应主题句，起承上的作用。这些具体细节使中心思想的表述呈现一定的层次。例如：

81段落的组成和特征81TopicSentence(general)SupportingSentenceNo.1(specific)(explanation,example,ormoredetails)SupportingSentenceNo.2(specific)SupportingSentenceNo.3

(specific)ConcludingSentence(general)82TopicSentence(general)82主题句(TopicSentence) 主题句在英语段落中起着举足轻重的作用。英语段落的主题句大多位于句首，但也有居于中间或末尾的。主题句位于句首，开段明义，让读者很快就能了解作者要说明的问题。例如：83主题句(TopicSentence)83

Althoughworkingisgoodforus,asithelpstrainourbodyandmind,yetthereshouldbealimit.Toomuchworkwilluseupourenergy,andweshallfeeltied.Weshouldknowthatourcapacity(容量)

islimited.Ourmindalsoneedsrelaxation,withoutwhichwecouldbecomesluggish(行动迟缓的).Weshouldalwaysrememberthatwearehumanbeings,andthatweneedplayingandamusementstomakeourlifefuller.

Thisparagraphisaboutthelimitofworking.本段的段首句是TopicSentence.主题句位于句首。后面的句子便是支持句（SupportingSentences)，为主题句所表达的思想提供支持。作者采用的是“从一般到具体”的写作方法。Example84 Thisparagraphisaboutthel

Let’sSpeakforOurselves

Mostofusdependtoomuchonpreprintedgreetingcardstoexpressourfeelingsonspecialoccasion.

Insteadofmakinganefforttosaywhatwefeel,wecommunicatealmostexclusivelythroughwordswrittenbyprofessionalcardwriters.Wesendpreprintedcardsforbirthday,anniversaries,congratulations,majorholidays,andnumerousotherevents.Weusethesecardstoexpresslove,longing,regrets,andcongratulations.Mostofthesecardscommunicatetheirmessages---ourmessages---throughcorny(平淡的)rhymesorsillyjokes.Whatanimprovementitwouldbeifwepurchasedcardsthatwereblankinsideandtookthetimetowriteourownwords,orifwetelephonedorsentahandwrittennote.Ourwordsmightnotbeasslick（灵巧的）orfunnyasstore-boughtsentiments,buttheywouldcertainlybemoregenuine.TopicSentenceSupportingSentencesConclusionExample85

Let’sS

段落的第一句是主题句，清楚地表述了中心思想，其他句子都与中心思想有关，具体的例子和理由对中心思想提供了支持。段落通过词汇（如feeling,cards,words等）和意义上的重复，代词的使用，以及过渡词（如insteadof,if,or,but）达到连贯，最后是强有力的结尾。86段落的第一句是主题句，清楚地表述了中心思想，其他句子都同步练习I.阅读以下段落并标出各段的主题句:Paragraph1_____________________________.Paragraph2_____________________________.Paragraph3_____________________________.87同步练习87

WhenIfirstenteredcollegeasafreshman,IwasafraidthatIwasnotabletodowellinmystudies.Iwasafraidofbeingoff(离开）bymyself,awayfrommyfamilyforthefirsttime.HereIwassurroundedbypeopleIdidnotknowandwhodidnotknowme.Iwouldhavetomakefriendswiththemandperhapsalsocompetewiththemforgrades(分数）incoursesIwouldtake.WeretheysmarterthanIwas?CouldIkeepupwiththem?Wouldtheyacceptme?88WhenIfirstenteredc

Isoonlearnedthatmylifewasnowupto（取决于）me.IhadtosetastudyprogramifIwantedtosucceedinmycourses.IhadtoregulatethetimeIspendstudyingandthetimeIspendsocializing.Ihadtodecidewhentogotobed…ThesequestionsIhadtoanswerformyself.Atfirst,lifewasabitdifficult.ImademistakesinhowIusedmytime.Ispendtoomuchtimemakingfriends.IalsomadesomemistakesinhowIchosemyfirstfriendsincollege.

89IsoonlearnedthatmyII.根据下列段落，选择恰当的主题句：

Myfirstvisitwasinthesummerof1974,toseetheworld’sFair.Thesecondtimewasin1976,toseefriends.ThelasttimeIvisitedNewYorkjustlastmonth,whenIwenttheretolookforajob.MaybesoonIwillbearesidentofNewYorkinsteadofavisitor.IhavemadethreevisitstoNewYorkIhavevisitedNewYorkfourtimesIwillliveinNewYorksoonKey:a.90II.根据下列段落，选择恰当的主题句：Key:a.90III.将下列句子改写成简洁明晰的主题句：Ingeneral,Iusuallygotocinemaonweekend.Inmyopinion,myfavoritemovieisGonewiththeWindIoftenthinkifImadeaspeechbeforeotherswholistento,itishardformetodoso.Iusuallygotocinemaonweekend.GonewiththeWindismyfavoritemovie

Itishardformetomadeaspeechbeforeothers.Makingaspeechbeforeothersishardforme.91III.将下列句子改写成简洁明晰的主题句：Iusuall1.2.2段落的特征（QualitiesofEffectiveParagraph） 1.段落的统一性(Unity)。 2.段落的连贯性(Coherence)。 3.段落的完整性(Completeness)。

92921.段落的统一性(Unity)

一个好的段落通常只有一个中心思想。段落的统一性体现在用这个中心思想来统帅全段内容，段落中的其他句子则都应围绕这一主题，一切与主题无直接关系的句子都必须删除例如：931.段落的统一性(Unity)93Sample1:

Televisionisnotonlyaconvenientsourceofentertainment,butalsoacomparativelycheapone.WithaTVsetinthefamily,peopledon’thavetopayforexpensiveseatsatthetheatre,themovies,ortheopera.Alltheyhavetoistopushabuttonorturnonaknob,andtheycanseeplays,films,operasandshowsofeverykind.此段的主题句即段首句是本段的中心（Thisparagraphisabouttheconvenienceandcheapnessoftelevision）全段围绕这一中心展开，符合段落的统一性原则。再如：Sample194Sample1:Sample194

Aneducatedmanisatolerant宽容的man.Herespectstheopinionsofhisfriends.Forexample,Dr.Reynoldslikesoldthings.Helikesoldpaintings.Heenjoysoldbooks.Heownsoldfurniture.Somepeopledon’tlikeanyol