起重机的安全使用

**IPMTSiteSafetyPracticePAGEPagePAGE35of35 HSEDOCUMENT健康、安全和环保文件****公司**Team**项目****地点DocumentTitle文件名SafeUseofCranes起重机的安全使用A00Approved审批P02ForReview供审核MJT01/07/02P01ForIPMTReview供IPMT审核12/04/02LYB01/05/02P00ForReview供审核P.G19/03LYB12/04IssueRevIssueorRevisionDescriptionOriginbyDateCheckbyDateApprovebyDateApprovebyDateThisDocumentisOwnedbyMichaelTousignantIPMTAuthoritySiteSafetyPractice现场安全惯例forSafeUseofCranes起重机的安全使用

INDEX目录SCOPEANDGENERAL范围和综述PLANNING计划SELECTIONOFCRANES起重机的选择PLACEMENT/LOCATION布置/定位PERSONNEL人员ERECTIONANDDISMANTLING安装和拆除OPERATION操作MAINTENANCE,INSPECTIONANDREPAIR维护、检查和修理ROPES,HOOKS吊索和吊钩ATTACHMENTS附件SCOPEANDGENERAL范围和综述SCOPE–ThisStandardspecifiesthegeneralrequirementsforcranes,hoistsandwinches.范围-本标准规定了吊车、绞车和卷扬机的总体要求。NOTE:WherethisStandardusestheword‘crane’itshallbetakentomean‘hoist’or‘winch’asapplicable.注：本标准中所使用的吊车“Cranes”这个字包括了适用范围内的绞车和卷扬机。DEFINITIONS–Forthepurposeofthissafetypractice.定义-仅适用于本安全规定Competentperson–apersonwhobyreasonsofqualificationsandexperiencehastheknowledgeandskillnecessarytoperformthedutieswithrespecttowhichtheexpressionisused.Allofthesepeoplewillpossesstherequiredcertificationofspecialtradeasissuedbylocalauthority.合格的人员-一个有资质和经验，对执行所描述的工作有知识和技能的人。所有的这些人员具有当地官方颁发的特殊工种证。Management–personsresponsibleforthedirectionofallactivitiesassociatedwiththeoperationofacrane.管理-人员，对与操作吊车有关的所有的工作负责Management’sinstructions–shallincludethemanufacturer’slatestinstructions,recommendationsandspecifications.Whereanyoftheseinstructions,recommendationsandspecificationsarenotavailablefromthemanufacturer,theyshallbedrawn-upbyacompetentperson.管理指令-应包括制造商最新的指令、建议和规格。在没有制造商的指令、建议和规格时，应从合格的人员那里获得。Shall–indicatesthatastatementismandatory.必须-是指必须执行的一个声明。Should–indicatesarecommendation.应该-是指一种建议。PLANNING计划MATTERSTOBECONSIDERED–Atappropriatestagesduringplanning,thefollowingmattersshallbeconsidered,whereapplicable:要考虑的事宜-在制订施工计划时要考虑下列事宜：Establishmentofamanagementplan.确立管理计划Selectionofcranes(seeSection3).选择吊车（见第3节）Obtainingauthorizations.获得授权Requirementsofregulatoryauthorities.法规当局的要求Siteaccessandcranesitting.现场进入和吊车就位Protectionandsafetyofpublic.公众的保护和安全Proximityofpowerlinesandotherservices.接近电源线和其它辅助服务Proceduresforthesettingupanddismantlingofthecraneandthemethodoflift.吊车设定和拆除的程序和起吊方法Makeupofthecranecrew,whichmayinclude–吊车班组人员的组成，可以包括-Erectioncrew;安装人员Craneoperator;吊车操作员dogmenandcranechasers;套钩员和吊车解索员Spotters;观察员Riggers;套索员Powerlineobservers;and电源线观察员，和Personsundertrainingorinstruction.接受培训或指令的人员Communicationsystem.沟通系统Weatherconditions.气候条件Groundconditions.地面条件Proximityofexcavations.接近挖掘体Selectionofliftinggear.起吊传动装置的选择Personalsafetyequipment.个人安全用品Emergencyprocedures.应急程序Inspection,maintenance,andrepair.检查、维护和修理Lightningprotection.闪电保护Thedocumentationofworkprocedureswheretheliftingoperationisnotofaroutinetype,e.g.multiplecranelifting.非日常工作（例如多个吊车起吊）型起吊操作的工作程序文件Consultationandcoordinationwithothergroupsworkinginthearea.有其它班组在该区域工作时的咨询和协调Nightoperations.夜间操作SELECTIONOFCRANES选择GENERAL–Beforeselectingacraneforaparticularoperation,thefollowinginformationshallbeascertained:综述-在为特定操作选择吊车前，必须明确下列信息：Themassoftheloadtobelifted.起吊负荷质量Thenatureoftheloadtobelifted.起吊负荷性质Thespeedandfrequencyofoperation.操作速度和频率Themaximumloadthatwillbeimposedonthecrane.吊车的最大承受负荷Thenatureoftheriggingorslingingtobeused.所使用吊索具的性质Thepositionfromwhichtheloadistobelifted.起吊负荷吊起的位置Thepositiontowhichtheloadistobeplaced.负荷放下的位置Themovementlimitationsofthecraneandtheload.吊车和负荷的运动限制Otherlimitationsofthecrane.对吊车的其它限制Wheremultiplecraneliftingisinvolved–使用多个吊车起吊的地方-howtheloadistobeproportioned;负荷如何被分担howtheloadproportioningistobemaintained;如何维持分担的负荷whetherthecraneshavetheappropriateadditionalcapacityovertheproportionedloadtobelifted;and对于起吊分担负荷，吊车是否有合适的额外能力theoperatingcharacteristicsofthecrane,e.g.speedofhoisting.吊车的操作特性，例如卷扬速度Theenvironmentalfactors.环境因数Thedangerofinstabilityduetolossofinflationofatyreshouldbeconsidered.Forexample,foam-filledtyresshouldbeusedforroughterrain.应该考虑轮胎泄气所造成的不稳定性危险。例如，对粗糙地形，应使用发泡材料填充的轮胎。PLACEMENT/LOCATION放置和定位GENERAL–Whereapplicable,particularattentionshallbegivetothefollowingfactors:综述-在适用时，必须特别注意下列因数：Cranestanding(seeClause4.2).吊车稳定支撑（见4.2条）Proximityhazardsandvisibility(seeClause4.3).附近危害物和可见度（见4.3条）Environmentalfactors,e.g.noiseandnoxiousfumes(seeclause4.4).环境因数，例如，噪音和有害烟雾（见4.4条）Clearances(seeClause4.5).安全距离（见4.5条）CRANESTANDING吊车稳定支撑General–Theanalysisoftheforcesimposedbyacraneonthecranestandingisavitallyimportantfactor.Thecranestandingshallconformtothecranemanufacture’srecommendationsandshallbeofsufficientstrengthtowithstandboththein-serviceconditionsandtheout-of-serviceconditions.综述-对吊车施加在吊车支撑上的受力分析是至关重要的因数。吊车支撑必须与吊车制造商的建议相符合，必须有足够的强度来支撑在服务时的条件和不在服务时的条件。Whereacraneistobesupportedon,ortiedto,apermanentortemporarystructure,thedesignofthestructureshallbecheckedtoconfirmthatitiscapableofwithstandingtheforceslikelytobeimposedbythecrane.Intheassessmentofthesurface-bearingcapacity,seasonalvariationsshallbeconsidered.在吊车的支撑地或联系地，永久的或临时的结构、结构的设计必须被检查，以确认它能够承受可能加在吊车的力。在表面承载能力评估时，必须考虑季节变化因数。NOTE:Guidanceonoutriggersafe-bearingcapacityonsoilsshouldbeprovidedbythecompetentperson.注：应该由合格的人员提供土壤对支腿承载能力的指导。Windforce–Thewindforcesoncranesmayhaveaconsiderableinfluenceonthestabilityandstrengthrequirementsofthesupportsandfoundations.Therefore,careisnecessaryintheinstallationofholding-downdevices,railclamps,temporaryconnectionsandanchorage’s.Wherethereisalikelihoodofthemaximumwindspeedspecifiedbythemanufacturerbeingexceeded,themanagement’soperatinginstructionsshallincludepositivedirectionstoensurethatthecraneisstowedinasafeposition,andnotoperatedduringtheperiodwhenthewindspeedexceedsthemanufacturer’sspecifications.风力-风力会成为吊车支撑和基础稳定性和强度要求的一个需要考虑的因数。因此，在安装抑制设备、道轨夹、临时连接和锚定时必须注意这点。在风力可能会超过制造商规定的最大速度时，制造商的操作指南必须有明确的说明，以保证吊车被安装在一个安全的地方，并在风速超过制造商规定的数值时，不要操作吊车。In-serviceconditions–Duringin-serviceconditions,theloadsimposedonthecranestandingareusuallyduetothecombinedeffectsofthefollowing:在服务时的条件-在服务期间，施加在吊车支撑上的负荷通常是由于下列综合因数给出的：Massofthecraneincludingthecounterweight.包括压重的吊车质量Massoftheloadandattachments.负荷和附件的质量Dynamicforcescausedbythecraneandloadmovementsduringoperation.操作期间由吊车和负荷运动所造成的动态力Windforces,resultingfromoperationinwindspeeduptothemaximumpermittedforin-serviceconditions,actinginanydirectiononthecraneandload.风力，即由风速对操作造成的力量，它可高达在服务时的条件所允许的最大速度，可以从任何方向作用在吊车和负荷上。Out-of-serviceconditions–Whenthecraneisinanout-of-servicecondition,theloadsexpectedtobeimposedonthecranestandingareusuallyduetothecombinedeffectsofthefollowing:不在服务时的条件-当吊车不在工作时，施加在吊车支撑上的负荷预计是由于下列综合因数给出的：Massofthecraneincludingthecounterweight.包括压重的吊车质量Windforces,actinginanydirectiononthecrane,duetothemaximumwindspeedsexpectedontheparticularsite.风力，由于在特定现场预计所有的最大的风速，从任何方向作用在吊车和负荷上。Undergroundservices–Whereacheckrevealstheexistenceofundergroundservices,adequateprecautionsshallbetakentoensurethestabilityofthecraneandtopreventdamagetotheundergroundservices.地下服务设施-当检查到有地下服务设施时，必须采取足够的预防措施，保证吊车的稳定性和不损坏地下设施。Stabilityoncranestanding–Whereacraneisrequiredtoworkinthevicinityofanexcavationoranembankment,particularcareandappropriateprecautionsshallbetaken.Themassofthecraneandtheloadmayaffecttheexcavationortheembankment,andaslipmayoccurcausingthecranetotip.吊车支撑的稳定性-当吊车需要在挖掘体或堤坝附近工作时，要特别当心，并采取适当的预防措施。吊车和负荷质量会影响挖掘体或堤坝，并造成塌方，使吊车倾倒。Uphill/downhilltravel–Ifcranesaretotraveluphillordownhill,thefollowingmethodsmustbeadopted:上升/下降移动-如果吊车要上升或下降，要采取下列方法：Ensurethecranemanufacturersspecificationsarestrictlyadheredtoregardinggradients.保证吊车在倾斜度上严格遵守制造商的规定。Spottersmustbeusedandaretobeontheuphillsideofthecraneandinfullviewofthecranedriveratalltimes.必须使用观察员，观察员须处于吊车的上升一侧，始终能被吊车驾驶员完全看得见。Beforecommencingallpersonnelintheradiuszonearetobemovedclear.在开始前，须撤走工作半径内的所有人员。PROXIMITYHAZARDSANDVISIBILITY附近的危害物和能见度Proximityhazards–Considerationshallbegiventothepresenceofproximityhazardssuchas附近的危害物-要考虑附近是否存在危害物，诸如overheadpowerlines;高空电源线nearbybuiltstructuresorothercranes;and附近的构筑物或其它吊车，和publicaccessareasincludingroadways,railways,riversandaircraftflightpaths.公众进入通道地区，包括道路、铁路和飞机飞行道路Insomesituations,aircraftwarninglightsarerequiredtobefittedtothetopofcranesandthejibandtheboomsectionsarerequiredtobepaintedspecificcolors.Therecommendedcolorsformaximumvisibilityarealternatingbandsofinternationalorangeandwhite.在有些情况下，要求在吊车的顶部安装飞机警示灯，起重臂和吊杆涂上特别的色彩。能提供最大能见度的建议色彩是国际通用的橙色和白色的相间条纹。Visibility–Thecraneshouldbesitedinsuchawaythatthecranedriveralwayshasoptimumvisibility.能见度-吊车所坐落的位置应该使吊车司机始终具有最好的能见度。CLEARANCES–Whensettingupacrane,theclearanceforpersonsbetweenmovingpartsofthecraneandfixedstructuresorothernaturalorbuiltobjectsshallbeasfollows:安全距离-在设定一台吊车时，吊车移动物件和固定结构或其它自然或建筑物和人员之间的距离必须如下：Clearwidth………………notlessthan500mm.净宽 不小于500毫米Verticalclearance…………notlessthan2000mm.垂直距离 不小于2000毫米Wheretheseclearancescannotbemaintained,thensuitableprovisionsshallbemadetoexcludepersonsfromanypotentialtrappingspaces.在这些安全距离不能满足的地方，必须制定合适的规定，以避免使人员陷于可能的危险空间之中。Clearancebetweentwoormorecranesworkingwithinasite,orsharingthesameairspaceshallbeincludedinaproceduretoensurecontactbetweenpartsofthecranesdoesnotoccur.Agreementshallbereachedonadjoiningsites.在同一个现场工作或使用相同空间的两个或两个以上吊车之间的安全距离必须在程序中规定，以保证吊车之间的物件不互相碰撞。必须与临近的现场达成协议。PERSONNEL人员CRANEOPERATORS吊车操作Qualifications–Thequalificationsofcraneoperatorsshallconfirmtotherequirementsoftheapplicableregulatoryauthority.资质-吊车操作员必须符合国家有关管理机构的要求。Authorization–Eachcraneoperatorshallbeinpossessionofacertificateofcompetencywhereapplicable,andbeauthorizedbyaresponsiblerepresentativeofthecraneuserorhiringcontractortooperatetheparticularcrane.授权-每个吊车操作员必须拥有适用的操作合格证书，获得吊车使用方或操作该特定吊车的雇佣承包商责任代表的授权。Physicalandmentalfitnessofcraneoperator–Thecraneoperatorshallnotoperateacraneunlessheorsheisphysicallyandmentallycapable,medicallyfit,withparticularregardtoeyesight,hearingandreflexes.Intheeventofacraneoperatorbecomingunwellwhenincontrolofacrane,theoperatorshallrenderthecraneout-of-serviceandreportthemattertothesupervisor.Whentheoperatorisinthecontrolcabinofacraneandistooincapacitatedtodescendsafelyfromthecrane,theoperatorshouldindicatehisorherconditionandwaitinthecranecabinforhelptoarrive.吊车操作员体力和智力的合格性-吊车操作员必须在体力和智力上合格，身体健康、视力、听力良好、反应能力强，否则不能操作吊车。万一吊车驾驶员在控制吊车时不舒服，操作员必须使吊车处于停止工作状态，并向主管报告此事。当操作员在驾驶舱内时，无法从吊车上安全地下来时，操作员应该指示以说明状况，在驾驶舱内等待救援。CRANECHASERSANDDOGMEN吊车解索员和套钩员Qualifications–Thequalificationsofthecranechasersandthedogmenshallcomplywiththerequirementsforcertificationoftheapplicableregulatoryauthority.资质-吊车解索员和套钩员的资质必须符合国家适用法规授权的规定。Authorization–Eachcranechaseranddogmanshallbeinpossessionofanappropriatecertificateofcompetencyandbeauthorizedbyaresponsiblerepresentativeofthecraneuserorhiringcontractortoworkwiththeparticularcrane.授权-每个吊车解索员和套钩员必须拥有适用的操作合格证书，获得吊车使用方或操作该特定吊车的雇佣承包商的责任代表的授权。Identification–Thepersondirectingthecranemovement(cranechasersanddogmen)shouldbereadilyidentifiabletothecraneoperator.识别-指引吊车移动的人员（吊车解索员和套钩员）应该容易地被吊车操作员所识别。ERECTIONANDDISMANTLING安装和拆卸IDENTIFICATIONOFCRANECOMPONENTS–Wherenecessary,componentsofcranessubjecttofrequenterectionanddismantlingshallbeclearlymarkedtopreventincorrectsiteassembly.Anycomponentwithamassgreaterthan250kgshouldbemarkedwithitsmass.吊车元件的识别-在必要时，根据安装和拆卸的频率，必须清晰地标刷吊车的元件，以防现场安装错误。任何质量大于250公斤的元件必须标刷其质量。Thematerialsofconstructionofthemajorcomponentsandspecialfastenersinvolvedinsiteassemblyshallberecorded.Wherepracticable,thisinformationshouldbemarkedonthecomponents. 必须记录现场安装的主要元件的施工材料和特别紧固件。在条件许可时，这些信息应该标刷在元件上。INSTRUCTIONS(seeClause7.1)–Management’sinstructionsshallbestrictlyfollowed.Anydeparturefromthespecifiedproceduresmayimposeexcessiveloadingonstructuralandmechanicalparts.Adherencetothefollowingisrequired:指令（见7.1条）-管理指令必须被严格遵守。任何偏离规定的程序可能会对结构物和机械零件施加过度的负荷。要求遵循下列规定：Management’sinstructionbookshallbeavailabletotheerectionstaff.安装员工必须拥有管理指导书。Theerectionordismantlingoperationshallbesupervisedbyacompetentperson.必须由合格人员监督安装或拆卸工作。Theprescribedproceduresfortheassemblyofcomponentsshallbefollowedinthecorrectsequence,usingthecorrectequipmentandtools.元件安装的规定程序必须被按照正确的程序被遵守，使用正确的设备和要求。Onlypartsandcomponentsmeetingthemanufacturer’sperformanceandstrengthrequirementsshallbeused.只能使用满足制造商性能和强度要求的零件和元件。Itisrecommendedthatjiborboomjointingpinsbeassembledsothattheycanberemovedbyapersonstandingontheoutsideofthejiborboom.Jibsandboomsmaycollapseifincorrectlyassembled.建议必须将起重臂或吊杆的连接销安装好，这样，它们就能由站在起重臂或吊杆外面的人员来拆除。如果连接错误，起重臂和吊杆会倒塌。CORRECTFUNCTIONOFSAFETYDEVICES–Duringerectionanddismantlingoperations,itissometimesnecessarytodisconnectorbypassloadmomentsystems,overloadcutoutsormotionlimitswitches.Beforethecraneisputintoservice,thepersonsupervisingerectionofthecraneshallensurethatallsafetydevicesarefunctioningcorrectly.安全设备的正确功能-在安装和拆卸操作期间，有时必须解脱或旁通负荷力矩系统、超载终止或运动限位开关。在将吊车投入运行前，监督吊车安装的人员必须保证所有的安全设备运行功能正常。OPERATION操作OPERATINGINSTRUCTIONS–Theemployer’soperatinginstructionsforeachcraneshallincorporatethemanufacturer’slatestrecommendationsandbeclearlyidentifiedtothecranebyreferencetothemanufacturer’sserialnumber,ortheowner’splantnumber,orbyacleardescription,whichidentifiesthecrane.Wherethemanufacturer’soperatinginstructionsarenotavailable,thensuitableoperatinginstructionsshallbecompiledbyacompetentperson.Theoperatinginstructionsmanualshallbereadilyavailabletotheoperator.操作指令-每个吊车的雇佣方操作指令必须包括制造商最新的建议，并与吊车制造商的制造系列号、或与业主的装置编号、或与一个明确的说明相符合，这些都说明了吊车的身份。在没有明确的制造商操作指令的地方，则应该由合格的人员编写合适的操作指导。操作员应该拥有操作指导手册。PRE-OPERATIONCHECKS–Beforecommencingoperations,thecraneoperatororotherauthorizedpersonshallcarryoutroutinechecksinaccordancewiththeoperatinginstructionswhichshallbesufficienttoensurethesafeoperationofthecrane.预操作检查-在开始操作前，吊车操作员或其他合格的人员必须根据合适的操作指令对吊车进行例行检查，保证吊车的安全操作。NOTE:AtypicalchecklistisgivenintheAttachments.注：附件中给出了典型的检查清单。Beforeplacingacraneinservice,thecraneoperatorshallreviewthelogbookandbesatisfiedabout–在将一台吊车投入使用前，吊车操作员必须审核记录本，是否对下列情况满意-Theabsenceofallunauthorizedpersonnelonthecrane,e.g.maintenancepersonnel;吊车上没有未经授权的人员，例如维修人员。Thesafeworkingconditionofthecrane;吊车的安全工作条件Thesafeoperationofeachmotionofthecrane;and吊车每个动作的安全操作，和Thesatisfactoryconditionandinflationoftyres,whereapplicable.满意的条件和轮胎冲气，在适用的地方。Whereanyadjustmentsoralterationsarenecessarytoensurethesafeoperationandfunctionaloperationofthecrane,theseshallbecarriedoutbyauthorizedpersonnel.在需要做任何调整或变更时，必须保证吊车的安全操作和功能正常，这些必须由已有授权的人员执行。COMMUNICATIONOFIRREGULARITIES–Whengoingoffdutyanyoperatorshallcommunicateandenterintothelogbookallpertinentdetailsofthecrane’sperformance,particularlyanyirregularitiesconcerningtheoperationofthecraneandofallincidencesconcerningthesafeoperationofthecraneinanywaywhatsoever.不正常情况的沟通-任何操作员离开岗位后，应该沟通并在记录本上记录任何吊车性能的相关细节、特别是任何吊车操作不正常的状况以及任何与吊车安全操作相关的事件。LEAVINGTHECRANEUNATTENDED–Acraneshallnotbeleftunattended,evenforshortperiods,unlessthefollowingactionshavebeentaken:将吊车处于无人照看的状态-吊车不能处于无人照看的状态，即使是一会儿，除非已经采取了下列措施：Allloadshavebeenremovedfromthehook.吊钩上的负荷已经被除去。Thehookshallberaisedtoapositionwhereitissafelyclearofotheroperations,orhookedbackorotherwisesecured.吊钩必须被提升到一定高度，不会影响其它操作的安全性，或者吊钩已被勾起，或者其它安全的状态。Whereapplicable,theelectricpowersupplyshallbeswitchedoff.在适用的情况下，电源必须被切断。Appropriatemotionbrakesandlockshavebeenappliedtoputthecraneinasafecondition.已经施加了制动刹车或锁定，使吊车处于安全条件。Forlongerperiodsandforout-of-serviceconditions,isolationshallbemademorepermanentbytakingboththeactionsnotedaboveandthefollowingactions:为了更长的时间和使其处于非工作状态，采取上述措施加上下列措施能使隔离更加保险：Cranesshallbepositionedattheirassignedparkingstationsandstowedintheirspecificout-of-serviceconfiguration.吊车被定位并被停放在规定停放位置，处于特定的非工作状态下。Powersupplyshallbelockedoff.电源被切断。Stormanchorsshallbeengagedwhereapplicable.在适用处，已施加风暴锚定。Fuelsuppliesshallbeturnedoffandtheenginestoppedwhereapplicable.在适用处，燃料供应被切断，马达停运。Alldoorsandwindowsgivingaccesstomachineryorcontrolcabinsshallbelockedtopreventunauthorizedaccess.能进入机械或控制舱的所有门窗被锁定，以防止非授权进入。Remotecontrolequipmentshallbeisolatedwithlockingkeyremovedwhereapplicable.在适用处，遥控设备已被隔离，锁定钥匙被拔除。Meansshallbeprovidedandusedtopreventunauthorizedoperationofthecraneduringthecraneoperator’sabsence.Fordetailsofmethodstosafeguardparticulartypesofcranes,referenceshouldbemadetotheoperatinginstructions.必须提供和使用手段，以防止在吊车操作人员不在的时候未经授权人员操作吊车。关于特别类型吊车的详细的保安方法，参见操作指南。ABNORMALNOISEORMOVEMENT–Whenanyabnormalnoiseormovementoccursduringcraneoperations,thecraneshallbetakenout-of-service,andtheincidententeredintothelogbookandreportedtomanagement.异常噪音或运动-在吊车操作期间发生异常噪音或运动时，应使吊车处于非工作状态，在记录本上记录，并向管理层报告。HOUSEKEEPING–Eachcraneshallbekeptascleanasispracticable.Looseobjectsshallnotbeleftonmovingpartsofthecrane.Greaseandoilspills,debrisandothermaterials,whichmaycauseahazard,shallberemovedfromthecraneandassociatedwalkways,stairways,platforms,ladders,workingareasandaccessareas.环境整洁-应尽可能保持吊车的整洁。松动的物体不能放在吊车运动部件上，应该从吊车上、相关通道、楼梯、梯子、工作区域、和进入区域拿走。Hazardoussubstances,e.g.fuel,shallbestoredsafely. 危害物，例如燃料，应该被安全储存。NOTE:Thereareregulationspertainingtothesafestorageofhazardoussubstances.注：有相关的危害物安全储存规定。Toolsorotherlooseobjectsshallbestowedinreceptaclesspeciallyprovidedforthepurpose,orotherwisesecurelystowed.工具或其它松动物体应该被放置在特定的存放地，或其它安全存放地。ACCESSONTOACRANE–Accesstoacraneshallbebythemeansprovided,suchasthecraneoperatoraccess,theinspectionaccessandthemaintenanceaccess.进入到吊车-应该通过特别提供的通道进入吊车，诸如，吊车操作员通道、检查通道和维修通道。Accessontoacraneshallbemadeonlywhenthecraneisstationary.只有在吊车处于静止状态时才能进入吊车。Wherethecraneisunderthecontrolofacraneoperator,thecraneoperatorshallbenotifiedbeforeanypersongainsaccessontothecrane.在吊车处于吊车操作员控制状态下时，任何人想进入吊车，必须告诉吊车操作员。PERSONSAPPROACHINGTHEPROXIMITYOFACRANE–Nopersonnelshallbeallowedtoapproachacranewhenitisoperatingortravelingasthereisadangerthattheymaybestruckbythecraneorload,ortrappedbetweenfixedandmovingpartsthattheymaybestruckbythecraneorload,ortrappedbetweenfixedandmovingpartsofthecrane,e.g.betweentheslewingsuperstructureandthenon-rotatingstructureofthecrane.人员靠近吊车-在吊车正在操作或运行时，人员不得靠近吊车，因为这样会有危险，他们可能会被吊车或负载击中，或被卡在固定件和会将他们击倒的吊车运动件之间，或被卡在诸如吊车回转上层结构和非旋转结构之类的固定件和吊车运动件之间。Barricadesorguardingshallbeprovidedwherepracticable.可能的话，要设置路障或警卫。CRANEOPERATION吊车操作7.9.1BeforeOperatingtheCrane:在操作吊机前：Carefullychecktheweightoftheloadandoperatingradius.应仔细检查荷载重量和作业半径Ensurethegroundwillcarrythecraneplustheload.确保地面能承受吊机以及荷载的重量Lookoutforsurfaceandoverheadobstructions.注意地表和高空的障碍物Ensurethecraneiscorrectlyriggedfortheload.确保吊机吊索正确安装，满足荷载要求Theoutriggersarecorrectlyinstalledandsupported.悬臂梁应正确安装和支撑Thecorrectcamisfittedintheautomaticsafeloadindicator.自动安全荷载指示器上应安装符合要求的凸轮Theradiusloadindicatorscaleiscorrect.半径负荷指示器的刻度应正确Thelimitissetandoperatingcorrectly.设置了限值且操作正确Alllooseequipmentisstowed.所有松散设备均应加荷Whereapplicablethetirepressuresarecorrect.必要时，检查轮胎气压是否正确Observethesafeclearanceswhenworkingadjacenttopowerlines.在电缆线旁进行操作时应观察安全净距Neverexceedthesafeworkingloadforanygivenradiusasshownonthecrane.在任何操作半径情况下，均不得超出吊机显示的安全作业负荷规定。Aloadnearthesafeworkingloadshouldbehaltedafterithasbeenraisedashortdistanceinordertocheckstabilityandjibdeflection.对于接近安全作业负荷的荷载应暂停，先提升少许以检测其稳定性和吊臂的挠度。Neverusethecranetomoveanyload,howeverlight,ataradiusexceedingthemaximumsaferadius.切忌用吊机采用超过最大安全半径的半径移动任何荷载，无论该荷载有多轻也不例外。Neveroperateacranewiththeautomaticsafeloadindicatorswitchedoff,jammedorinoperative.不得在自动安全负荷指示器关闭、出错和失灵时进行吊机操作。Alwayslowercarefullyandsmoothlyandataspeed,whichwillallowastoptobemadewithoutajerk.Whenloweringaload,keepthegearengagedsothatfullcontroloftheloadisretained.荷载下放时，应尽量小心和平稳，这样，荷载停放时就不会出现反弹。在放低荷载时，应采用控制装置确保荷载全程受控。Exercisespecialcarewhenslewingaloadtoavoiditswingingoutwardsasthiswillcauselossofstability.在摆动荷载时需要特别小心，防止其向外晃动，使其重心不稳。Alwayswatchcarefullytheloadradiusindicatorwhenluffingoutthejibunderload.Failuretodothismayresultinanoverturn,orcollapseofthejib.在荷载下方调整伸臂头时，应时刻注意查看荷载半径指示器。否则，可能会导致吊臂倾覆。Groundconditionsmustbeinspectedandthecranesitedforadequatestability.Suitabletimbersormatsusedinordertomeetthetotalloadingrequirements.应检查地面条件确保吊机能够稳定安置。应采用相应枕木和垫板确保满足总荷载要求。–Whenoperatingacrane,thecraneoperatorshall–综述-在操作吊车时，操作员必须-notexceedtheratedworkingloadofthecraneexceptfortheexpresspurposeofatestofthecraneunderthesupervisionofacompetentperson;不要超出吊车的额定工作负荷，除非在合格的人员的监督下，为了测试吊车而这样做。befamiliarwiththelocationandoperationofthemainisolatingswitch;熟悉主隔离开关的位置和操作。befamiliarwiththelocationandoperationofthefire-fightingequipment;熟悉消防设备的位置和操作。avoidsuddenstops,jerksorothermovementswhichmaycausetheloadtoswingunduly;避免突然停车、猛动或其它会造成负荷过度摆动的动作。notmovethehookorloadwhenthehookorloadisoutofsightexceptwheredirectedtodosobyanauthorizedpersonsuchasadogman,cranechaserorrigger;不要移动吊钩或负荷，当吊钩或负荷在视线之外的时候，除非在诸如套钩员、解索员或套索员等合格人员的指引下才这么做。ensurethatthehookorloadissufficientlyraisedtoavoidcollisionwithanyobjectduringhorizontalmovement;在水平运动时，保证吊钩或负荷被足够提起，以避免与其它物体碰撞。nothoistoffvertical不要垂直起吊。avoidmovingtheload,liftingattachmentorotherobjecthorizontallyotherthanwhentheloadisfreelysuspendedfromthecrane;避免水平移动负荷、起吊附件或其它物件，要在负荷被吊车自由悬吊起来后才移动。whenengagingthecraneorpartofthecranewithendstops,dosowithminimalimpact;当吊车或吊车的部分部位处于终点挡板时，对它的冲击力要尽可能小。followthesignalsordirectionsgivenbytheauthorizedpersonunlessadangeroussituationwouldbecratedbysodoinginwhichcasenomovementshallbeundertaken;按照授权人员的信号或给予的方向行动，除非这样做会有危险，在这种情况下不得做任何动作。whenloadshavetobehandledinthevicinityofpersons,dosowithextremecare;当必须在人员附近装卸负荷时，要极端小心。avoiddevelopingslackropewhenlandingaload,在往下放置负荷时，避免展开松垮的绳索。positionbridgeandgantrycranesattheirnormalparkingpositionwhenout-ofservice,and将停运的桥式和龙门吊车定位在它们正常的停泊位置，和noloadistobeliftedoverpersonnel.不得将负荷吊起跨越人员。Whenacraneisunderpedestriancontrol(i.e.usingpendantcontrols,radiocontrolsorinfraredcontrols)theoperatorshallmaintainasufficientlycloserelationshipwiththeloadtoensuregoodvisibilityandthatsafehandlingtakesplace.Aclearanddefinedpathwayfortheoperationiscritical.Whenusingradiocontrols,managementshouldmakeprovisionforthesecurityofthetransmitterwhennotinuse.当吊车处于行人控制状态时（即使用控制板控制、无线电控制或红外线控制），操作员必须与负荷保持足够近的距离，保证可以看见负荷，进行安全的装卸操作。要有清晰明确的操作通道，这很关键。当使用无线电控制时，管理人员应该制定规定，在不使用变送器时，要保管好变送器。Hoistingofloads–Thecraneshallnotberequiredtohandleanyloadgreaterthanthesafeworkingloadapplicabletotheconfigurationofcraneandmannerofloadingoranyload,whichmaycreateanunsafesituation.卷扬负荷-吊车不得吊运任何大于其安全工作负荷的负荷，这还适用于吊车的结构、负荷方式或任何负荷，因为这会造成不安全状态。Thecraneshallnotbeusedforanypurposeotherthandirecthoistingandmovingtheloadunlessitisspecificallydesignedforthatpurpose.吊车只能用于它的设计所规定目的的吊运和移动负荷，而不能用于其它任何目的。Thecraneoperatorshallraisetheloadashortdistanceandtestthehoistingbrakesystembeforecontinuingtoraisetheloadinthefollowingsituation:在下列情况下吊车操作员必须短距离提起负荷和测试吊运刹车系统，然后才能进行提起负荷：Forthefirstloadofeachworkingshift.每一个工作班组的第一次起吊Forthefirstloadofeachworkingshiftwhichisgreaterthan50percentoftheratecapacityorthemaximumlinepull.每个工作班组的第一次起吊，起吊负荷大于额定负荷的50%或者最大牵引力的50%。Multiplehoistlineoperation–Wheretheloadissuspendedfrommorethanonehoistline,theloadshallbehandledinsuchawaythat–多个吊车的操作-当负荷有由一个以上的卷扬机悬吊起来的时候，必须以这样的方式来操作-Theratedloadforeachlineisnotexceeded;不超过每个卷扬机的额定负荷；Thesumoftheloadmomentsdoesnotexceedtheratedloadmomentforthecrane;and负荷力矩总和不超过吊车的额定负荷力矩；和Thesumoftheloaddoesnotexceedtheratedloadofthecrane.负荷总和不超过吊车的额定负荷。Balancingtheload–Whereitisdifficulttoestimatethepositionofthecenterofgravityoftheload,itisrecommendedthattheloadbehoistedjustclearofthegroundandstoppedsothatitsbalancecanbecheckedandloweredforadjustment.负荷的平衡-在难以估计负荷中心位置时，建议先将负荷吊起，刚好离开地面并停下，以检查其平衡情况，从而可再降下做调整。Useofmotionlimits–Thecraneoperatorshallavoidunnecessaryoperationofmotionlimitsunlesssuchusageistoafunctionallimitwhereafinallimitisfitted.限位挡板的使用-吊车操作员必须避免不必要的限位挡板操作，除非它是一个功能性限位，此时，最终限位能够适合。CONTROLOFLOAD–Thecranechaserorthedogmanshalldirectthecraneoperatorfromthetimethecraneloadishoisteduntilitisplacedinposition.Thecranechaseranddogmanshallensurethatthecraneloadclearsallobstructionsand,wherenecessary,shallguidetheloadbyhandorbymeansofataglines(seeClause7.11).Wheretheloadhastobemanuallyhandled,careshouldbetakentoensurechaserordogmanisnotinapositionofdanger.Thiswouldgenerallymeanthattheloadshouldbepushednotpulled.负荷