2019年6月英语六级真题及答案第2套

2019年6月英语六级真题及答案第2套PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessayontheimportanceofmutualunderstandingandrespectininterpersonalrelationships.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.PartIWritingTheImportanceofMutualUnderstandingandRespectinInterpersonalRelationshipsForcollegestudents,aharmoniousinterpersonalrelationship,especiallyamongclassmates,canguaranteetheirhealthygrowthanddevelopment.Andasforme,mutualunderstandingandrespectisthekeytobuildingthisharmony.Foronething,collegestudentscomefromalloverthecountryandtheyallhavetheirownwayoflifeandcustoms,sowhenhavingconflictswitheachother,onlymutualunderstandingandrespectcanmakebothsidesreachanagreement.Iftheycanreachaconsensus,itwillbegoodforthemtomaintainlong-termfriendlyrelations.Foranotherthing,mutualunderstandingandrespectcanmakestudentsmorewillingtolearnfromtheirteachersandclassmates,thusmakingthemstudymoreefficiently,whichisconducivetocreatingaharmoniouslearningatmosphereforclasses.Inconclusion,mutualunderstandingandrespectisthebasisofgoodinterpersonalrelationships.Justasthesayinggoes,ifyouwanttowintherespectofothers,youfirstneedtorespectothers.Therefore,wheneveryoudisagreewithothers,trytoputyourselfintheirshoesandbemoretolerantandunderstanding.SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwolongconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,youwillhearfourquestions.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheetIwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions1to4arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.A)WhyRomanHolidaywasmorefamousthanBreakfastatTiffany's.WhyAudreyHepburnhadmorefemalefansthanmaleones.WhythewomanwantedtobelikeAudreyHepburn.Whysomanygirlsadored崇拜AudreyHepburn奥黛丽赫本.A)Heruniquepersonality.Herphysicalcondition.Hershiftofinteresttoperformingarts.Herfamily'ssuspensionoffinancialaid.A)Shewasnotanoutgoing夕卜向的、活泼的person.Shewasmodestandhardworking.Shewaseasy-goingonthewhole.Shewasusuallynotveryoptimistic.A)Shewasinfluencedbytherolessheplayedinthefilms.Herparentstaughthertosympathizewiththeneedy.Shelearnedtovolunteerwhenshewasachild.Herfamilybenefitedfromotherpeople'shelp.Questions5to8arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.A)Giveapresentation.Raisesomequestions.Startanewcompany.Attendaboardmeeting.A)Itwillcutproductioncosts.Itwillraiseproductivity.Nostaffwillbedismissed解雇、开除、解散.Nonewstaffwillbehired.A)Thetimelineofrestructuring.Thereasonsforrestructuring重组、改制、调整.Thecommunicationchannels.Thecompany'snewmissions.A)Byconsultingtheirowndepartmentmanagers.Byemailingquestionstothemanorthewoman.Byexploringvariouschannelsofcommunication.Byvisitingthecompany'sowncomputernetwork.SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwopassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearthreeorfourquestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions9to11arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A)Ithelpspassengerstotakecareoftheirpetanimals.Ithasanimalstohelppassengerscarrytheirluggage.Itusestherapy治疗、疗法animalstosoothe安慰、安抚nervouspassengers.Itallowspassengerstohaveanimalstravelwiththem.A)Avoidingpossibledangers.Findingtheirwayaround.Identifyingdrugsmugglers.Lookingaftersickpassengers.A)Scheduletheirflightsaroundtheanimalvisits.Photographthetherapyanimalsattheairport.Keepsomeanimalsfortherapeuticpurposes.Bringtheirpetanimalsonboardtheirplane.Questions12to15arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A)BesideabeautifullypaintedwallinArles.BesidethegateofanancientRomancity.AtthesiteofanancientRomanmansion.AttheentrancetoareceptionhallinRome.A)Anumberofdifferentimages.Anumberofmythologicalheroes.Variousmusicalinstruments.PaintingsbyfamousFrenchartists.A)Theoriginalityandexpertiseshown.Thestunningimagesvividlydepicted.Theworldlysophisticationdisplayed.Theimpressiveskillsandcostlydyes.A)Hisartistictasteissuperb.HisidentityremainsunclearHewasacollectorofantiques.HewasarichItalianmerchant.SectionCDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreerecordingsoflecturesortalksfollowedbythreeorfourquestions.Therecordingswillbeplayedonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions16to18arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.A)Theyencourageinternationalcooperation.Theylaystressonbasicscientificresearch.Theyplacegreatemphasisonempiricalstudies.Theyfavourscientistsfromitsmembercountries.A)Manyofthemwishtowininternationalrecognition.Theybelievethatmorehandswillmakelightwork.Theywanttofollowcloselytheinternationaltrend.Manyoftheirprojectshavebecomecomplicated.A)Itrequiresmathematicianstoworkindependently.Itisfacedwithmanyunprecedentedchallenges.Itlagsbehindotherdisciplinesincollaboration.Itcallsformoreresearchfundingtocatchup.Questions19to21arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.A)ScientiststriedtosendaballoontoVenus.ScientistsdiscoveredwateronVenus金星、维纳斯.ScientistsfoundVenushadatmosphere.ScientistsobservedVenusfromaspacevehicle.20A)Itresembles相似、类似于Earthinmanyaspects.Itisthesameasfictionhasportrayed.Itisaparadiseofromanceforalienlife.ItundergoesgeologicalchangeslikeEarth.A)Itmighthavebeenhotterthanitistoday.Itmighthavebeenacozyhabitatforlife.ItusedtohavemorewaterthanEarth.Itusedtobecoveredwithrainforests.Questions22to25arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.A)Causesofsleeplessness.Cross-culturalcommunication.Culturalpsychology人文心理，文化心理学.Motivationandpositivefeelings.A)Theyattachgreatimportancetosleep.Theyoftenhavetroublefallingasleep.Theypaymoreattentiontosleepefficiency.TheygenerallysleeplongerthanEastAsians.A)Byaskingpeopletoreporttheirsleephabits.Byobservingpeople'ssleeppatternsinlabs.Byhavingpeoplewearmotion意向、动作、打手势-detecting发现、调查、察觉watches.Byvideotapingpeople'sdailysleepingprocesses.A)Ithasmaderemarkableprogressinthepastfewdecades.Ithasnotyetexploredthecross-culturalaspectofsleep.Ithasnotyetproducedanythingconclusive.Ithasattractedattentionallovertheworld.PartIIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Thedreamofpersonalised个人化的、个性化的fightisstillvivid生动的、鲜明的、形象的inthemindsofmanyinventors发明家、发明者,somedevelopingcycle-powered循环电力、电能循环craft工艺、手艺、太空船，others_I_26pouring倾注、倾泻—moneyintojetpacks(喷气飞行背包).However,theflyingcarhasalwaysremainedthe_O_27ultimate最后的、最终的、极限的、根本的—symbol象征、符号、标志ofpersonaltransportfreedom.Severalcompaniesaroundtheworldhaveproduced_J_28prototypes原型、雏形—thatcandriveonroadsandfly.Airbus空中巴士hasafuturistic未来主义的modular(组件式的)conceptinvolvingapassengercapsulethatcanbe_B_29detached单独的、拆卸的__fromtheroad-goingchassis(底盘)andpickedupbyahelicopter直升机-typemachine.Butalltheseconceptsaremassively大量的、沉重的expensive,requiresafetycertificationstandardsforroadandair,need_C_30dual双的、双重的__controls,involvecomplexfolding折叠wings翅膀、展翼andpropellers推进器、螺旋桨，andhavetobeflownfromair-strips.Sotheyarelikelytoremainrichpeople'splaythingsratherthanpracticaltransportsolutionsforthemasses群众、大众.“AcarthattakesofffromsomeLondonstreetandlandsinanother_K_31random任意的、随机的__streetisunlikelytohappen,”saysProf.Gray,aleadingaeronautical航空的engineer."Skytaxisaremuchmorelikely."Butthatwon'tstopinventorsfromdreamingupnewwaystoflyandtryingtopersuadeinvestorstobacktheirsometimes_H_32outrageous太离谱的、不可能的__schemes方案、设计.Civilian平民，百姓aviation飞行、航空isbeingdisrupted破坏、中断，notbytheage-old古老的、由来已久的desires欲望、心愿forspeed,romanticism浪漫主义的and_D_33glamour魅力、迷人的、魔力的__,butbythepressingneedtorespondtoachangingclimate.Newelectricenginescoupledwithartificialintelligenceand_A_34autonomous自发的、自主的、自治的—systemswillcontributetoamoreefficient,integratedtransportsystemthatislesspollutingandlessnoisy.Thatmaysoundsimple,butasProf.Graysays,"WhenItravelsomewhereIlikethisnotion意图、打算、见解、概念thatwhenIfinishmyjourneyIfeelbetterthanwhenIstartedit.That'scompletelyat_F_35_odds几率、胜算、赔率、不平等—withhowIfeeltoday."Nowthatwouldbeprogress.A)autonomousB)detachedC)dualD)glamourE)imminentF)oddsG)oppositesH)outrageousI)pouringJ)prototypesK)randomL)repressingM)segmentedN)spectrumO)ultimateSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.CompaniesAreWorkingwithConsumerstoReduceWasteAsconsumers,weareverywasteful.Annually,theworldgenerates1.3billiontonsofsolidwaste.Thisisexpectedtogoupto2.2billionby2025.Thedevelopedcountriesareresponsiblefor44%ofwaste,andintheU.S.alone,theaveragepersonthrowsawaytheirbodyweightinrubbisheverymonth.Conventionalwisdomwouldseemtosuggestthatcompanieshavenoincentivetolengthenthelifecycleoftheirproductsandreducetherevenuetheywouldgetfromsellingnewgoods.Yet,moreandmorebusinessesarethinkingabouthowtoreduceconsumerwaste.Thisispartlydrivenbytherisingpriceofrawmaterialsandmetals.Itisalsopartlyduetobothconsumersandcompaniesbecomingmoreawareoftheneedtoprotectourenvironment.Whenchoosingwhatproductstobuyandwhichbrandstobuyfrom,moreandmoreconsumersarelookingintosustainability.Thisisopposedtojustpriceandperformancetheywereconcernedaboutinthepast.Inasurveyof54oftheworld'sleadingbrands,almostallofthemreportedthatconsumersareshowingincreasingcareaboutsustainablelifestyles.Atthesametime,surveysonconsumersintheU.S.andtheU.K.showthattheyalsocareaboutminimizingenergyuseandreducingwaste.Forthemostpart,consumerscontrolwhathappenstoaproduct.Butsomecompaniesarerealizingthatplacingtheburdenofrecyclingentirelyontheconsumerisnotaneffectivestrategy,especiallywhentossingsomethingawayseemsliketheeasiestandmostconvenientoption.Someretailersandmanufacturersintheclothing,footwear,andelectronicsindustrieshavelaunchedenvironmentalprograms..Theywanttomaketheircustomersinterestedinpreservingtheirproductsandpreventingthingsthatstillhavevaluefromgoingtothegarbagedump.Byofferingservicestohelpexpandthelongevityoftheirproducts,they'repromisingqualityanddurabilitytoconsumers,andreceivingthereputationalgainsforbeingenvironmentallyfriendly.Forexample,theSwedishjeanscompanyNudieJeansoffersfreerepairattwentyoftheirshops.Insteadofdiscardingtheiroldworn-outjeans,customersbringthemintoberenewed.Thecompanyevenprovidesmail-orderrepairkitsandonlinevideos,sothatcustomerscanlearnhowtofixapairofjeansathome.Theirphilosophyisthatextendingthelifeofapairofjeansisnotonlygreatfortheenvironment,butallowstheconsumertogetmorevalueoutoftheirproduct.Whencustomersdowanttotosstheirpair,theycangivethembacktothestore，whichwillrepurposeandresellthem.Anotherclothingcompany,Patagonia,ahigh-endoutdoorclothingstore,followsthesameprinciple.IthaspartneredwithDIYwebsiteiFixittoteachconsumershowtorepairtheirclothing,suchaswaterproofouterwear,'athome.Thecompanyalsooffersarepairprogramfortheircustomersforamodestfee.Currently,Patagoniarepairsabout40,000garmentsayearintheirReno,Nevada,servicecenter.Accordingtothecompany'sCEO,RoseMarcario,thisisaboutbuildingacompanythatcaresabouttheenvironment.Atthesametime,offeringrepairsupportstheperceivedqualityofitsproducts.InBrazil,themultinationalcorporationAdidashasbeenrunningashoe-recyclingprogramcalled“SustainableFootprint”since2012.CustomerscanbringshoesofanybrandintoanAdidasstoretobeshreddedandturnedintoalternativefuelsforenergycreationinsteadofbeingburnedastrash,Theyareusedtofuelcementovens.Tomotivatevisitorstobringinmoreoldshoes,AdidasBrazilpromotestheprograminstoresbyshowingvideostoeducatecustomers,anditevenoffersadiscounteachtimeacustomerbringsinanoldpairofshoes.ThisbooststhereputationandimageofAdidasbymakingpeoplemoreawareofthecompany'svalues.Enormousopportunitiesalsoliewithe-waste.Itisestimatedthatin2014theworldproducedsome42millionmetrictonsofe-waste(discardedelectricalandelectronicequipmentanditsparts)withNorthAmericaandEuropeaccountingfor8and12millionmetrictonsrespectively.Thematerialsfrome-wasteincludeiron,copper,gold,silver,andaluminum-materialsthatcouldbereused,resold,salvaged,orrecycled.Together,thevalueofthesemetalsisestimatedtobeabout$52billion.ElectronicsgiantslikeBestBuyandSamsunghaveprovidede-wastetake-backprogramsoverthepastfewyears,whichaimtorefurbish(翻新)oldelectroniccomponentsandpartsintonewproducts.Forothercompaniesinterestedinreducingwaste,helpingtheenvironment,andprovidingthesustainablelifestylesthatconsumersseek,herearesomefirststepsforbuildingarelationshipwithcustomersthatfocusesonrecyclingandrestoringvaluetoproducts:Findpartners.Ifyouareamanufacturerwhoreliesonoutsidedistributors,thenretailersaretheidealpartnerforcollectingoldproducts.PowertoolmakerDeWaltpartnerswithcompanies,suchasLowesandNapaAutoParts,tocollectoldtoolsattheirstoresforrecycling.Thepartnershipbenefitsbothsidesbyallowingunconventionalpartners(forexample,twocompaniesfromtwodifferentindustries)toworktogetheronaspecificaspectofthevaluechain,like,inthisexample,anenginefirmwithanaccessoryone.Createincentives.Environmentalconscientiousnessisn'talwaysenoughtomakecustomersrecycleoldgoods.Forinstance,DeWaltdiscoveredthatmanycontractorswereholdingontotheiroldtools,evenftheynolongerworked,becausetheywereexpensivepurchasesanditwashardtojustifybringingthemintorecycle.Byofferinginstantdiscountsworthasmuchas$100,DeWaltlaunchedatrade-inprogramtoencouragepeopletobringbacktools.Asaresult,DeWaltnowreusesthosematerialstocreatenewproducts.Startwithatrialprogram,andexpecttochangethedetailsasyougo.Anytake-backprogramwilllikelychangeovertime,dependingonwhatworksforyourcustomersandcompanygoals.Maybeyouseelowcustomerparticipationatfirst,orconversely,somuchsuccessthatthecostofrecyclingbecomestoohigh.BestBuy,forinstance,hasbeenbearingthelion'sshareofe-wastevolumesincetwoofitslargestcompetitors,AmazonandWal-mart,donothavetheirownrecyclingprograms.Sincethelaunchofitsprogram,BestBuychangeditspolicytoadda$25feeforrecyclingoldtelevisionsinordertokeeptheprogramgoing.Buildacultureofcollectivevalueswithcustomers.Astrongerrelationshipbetweentheretailer/producerandtheconsumerisn'tjustaboutfinancialincentives.Bycreatingmoreawarenessaroundyoureffortstoreducewaste,andbydevelopingacultureofresponsibility,repair,andreuse,youcanbuildcustomerloyaltybasedonsharedvaluesandresponsibilities.Theseexamplesarejustthetipoftheiceberg,buttheydemonstratehowhelpingcustomersgetmoreuseoftheirmaterialscantransformvaluechainsandoperations.Reducingwastebyincorporatingusedmaterialsintoproductioncancutcostsanddecreasethepriceofprocurement(采购):lesstobeprocuredfromtheoutsideandmoretobere-utilizedfromtheinside.Companiesplayabigroleincreatingacirculareconomy,inwhichvalueisgeneratinglessfromextractingnewresourcesandmorefromgettingbetteruseoutoftheresourceswealreadyhave——buttheymustalsogetcustomersengagedintheprocess.Somecompaniesbelievethatproducts'prolongedlifespanbenefitsboththeenvironmentandcustomers.FAsurveyshowsshopperstodayaregettingmoreconcernedaboutenergyconservationandenvironmentalprotectionwhendecidingwhattobuy.C38.Companiescanbuildcustomerloyaltybycreatingapositivecultureofenvironmentalawareness.MWhencompanieslaunchenvironmentalprograms,theywillhavetheirbrandreputationenhanced.EOnemultinationalcompanyoffersdiscountstocustomerswhobringinoldfootweartobeusedasfuel.GRecyclingusedproductscanhelpmanufacturersreduceproductioncosts.NElectronicproductscontainvaluablemetalsthatcouldberecovered.HItseemscommonlybelievedthatcompaniesarenotmotivatedtoprolongtheirproducts'ifespan.BItisadvisableforcompaniestopartnerwitheachotherinproductrecycling.J45.Somebusinesseshavebeguntorealizeitmaynotbeeffectivetoletconsumerstakefullresponsibilityforrecycling.DSectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.EffectiveFriday,ScreenActorsGuild-AmericanFederationofTelevisionandRadioArtists(SAG-AFTRA)hasdeclaredastrikeagainst11videogamepublishersovergamesthatwentintoproductionafterFeb.17,2015.Thecompaniesincludesomeoftheheavyweightsoftheindustry,likeElectronicArtsProductions,InsomniacGames,ActivisionandDisney.Thestrikecomesinlightofanunsuccessful19monthsofnegotiationsaftertheexistinglaborcontractknownastheInteractiveMediaAgreementexpiredinlate2014.Overall,thestrikeisanefforttoprovidemoresecondarycompensationalongwithotherconcerns,suchastransparencyuponhiringtalentandon-set(制作中)safetyprecautions.Thevideogamingindustryhasballoonedinrecentyears.TheLosAngelesTimesreportsthattheindustryisinthemidstofanintenseincreaseincashflow.In2015,gamingproduced$23.5billionindomesticrevenue.ButSAG-AFTRAsaysvoiceactorsdon'treceiveresiduals(追加酬金)fortheirgamingwork.Instead,theyreceiveafixedrate,whichistypicallyabout$825forastandardfour-hourvocalsession.Sothevoiceactorsarepushingfortheideaofsecondarycompensation--aperformancebonuseverytimeagamesells2millioncopiesordownloads,orreaches2millionsubscribers,withacapat8million."It'saverysmallnumberofgamesthatwouldtriggerthissecondarycompensationissue,"saidvoiceactorCrispinFreeman,who'samemberoftheunion'snegotiatingcommittee."Thisisanimportantaspectofwhatitmeanstobeafreelance(从事自由职业的)performer,whoisn'tregularlyemployedeverysingledayworkingonprojects."Anothermajorcomplaintfromtheactorsisthesecrecyoftheindustry."Ican'timagineifthere'sanyotheractingjobintheworldwhereyoudon'tknowwhatshowyou'rein,whenyou'rehired,"saysvoiceactorKeytheFarley,whochairstheSAG-AFTRAnegotiatingcommittee."Andyetthathappenseverydayinthevideogameworld,"FarleytoldreportersduringapressconferenceFriday."IwasamaincharacterinFallout4,acharacterbythenameofKellogg,andIneverknewthatIwasdoingvocalrecordingforthatgamethroughouttheyearandahalf.ScottWitlin,thelawyerrepresentingthevideogamecompanies,saysvoiceactors"representlessthanonetenthof1percentoftheworkthatgoesintomakingavideogame."So"eventhoughthey'rethetopcraftsmenintheirfield,"Witlinsays,"ifwepaythemunderavastlydifferentsystemthanthepeoplewhodothe99.9percentofthework,that'sgoingtocreatefarmoreproblemsforthevideogamecompanies."WhydidSAG-AFTRAdeclareastrikeagainst为反对而罢工somevideogamepublishers?Thelaborcontractbetweenthemhadbeenviolated.Itsappealtorenegotiatethecontracthadbeenrejected.Ithadbeencheatedrepeatedlyinthe19monthsoftalks.Thenegotiations谈判、协商、磋商betweenthemhadbrokendown.Whatdowelearnfromthepassageaboutthevideogamingindustry?Ithasreaped收获、收割hugeprofitsinrecentyears.Ithasbecomemoreopenandtransparent.Ithasattractedmanyfamousvoiceactors.Ithasinvestedalotinitsdomesticmarket.Whatarethevoiceactorsdemanding?Moreregularemployment.Anon-discriminatorycontract.Extrapay额外的费用、额外的报酬basedonsalesrevenues.Alimitonthemaximumworkhours.WhatdoesKeytheFarleysayaboutvoiceactors?Theyarekeptinthedarkaboutmanydetailsoftheirjob.Theyarediscriminatedagainstinthegamingindustry.Theyarenotpaidonaregularbasis.Theyarenotemployedfull-time.WhatistheargumentoflawyerScottWitlin?Voiceactorsshouldhaveapayraiseiftheyprovetobetopcraftsmen.Changingthepaysystemwouldcausetheindustrymoreproblems.Voiceactorsaremerecraftsmen,notprofessionalperformers.Payingvoiceactorsonanhourlybasisisinlinewiththelaw.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.OfficialsattheWhiteHouseannouncedanewspacepolicyfocusedonmanagingtheincreasingnumberofsatellitesthatcompaniesandgovernmentsarelaunchingintospace.SpacePolicyDirective-3laysoutgeneralguidelinesfortheUnitedStatestomitigate(缓解)theeffectsofspacedebrisandtrackandmanagetrafficinspace.ThispolicysetsthestagefortheDepartmentofCommercetotakeoverthemanagementoftrafficinspace.Thedepartmentwillmakesurethatnewlylaunchedsatellitesdon'tuseradiofrequenciesthatwouldinterferewithexistingsatellites,andschedulewhensuchnewsatellitescanbelaunched.ThisonlyappliestoAmericanspaceactivities,butthehopeisthatitwillhelpstandardizeasetofnormsinthedawningcommercialspaceflightindustrythroughouttheworld.Space,especiallythespacedirectlyaroundourplanet,isgettingmorecrowdedasmoregovernmentsandcompanieslaunchsatellites.Oneimpetusforthepolicyisthatcompaniesarealreadystartingtobuildmassiveconstellations(星座)，comprisinghundredsorthousandsofsatelliteswithmanymovingpartsamongthem.Withsomuchstuffinspace,andalimitedareaaroundourplanet,thegovernmentwantstoreducethechancesofacollision.Twoormoresatellitesslammingintoeachothercouldcreatemanymoreout-of-controlbitsthatwouldposeevenmorehazardstothegrowingcollectionofsatellitesinspace.Andit'snotlikethishasn'thappenedbefore.In2009anoldRussiancraftslammedintoacommunicationssatellite,creatingacloudofhundredsofpiecesofdebrisandputtingotherhardwareatrisk.JournalistSarahScolesreportsthatNASAcurrentlytracksabout24,000objectsinspace,andin2016theAirForcehadtoissue3,995,874warningstosatelliteownersalertingthemtoapotentialnearbythreatfromanothersatelliteorbitofdebris.That'swhythisnewpolicyalsoincludesdirectionstoupdatethecurrentU.S.GovernmentOrbitalDebrisMitigationStandardPractices,whichalreadyrequireanyentitythatlaunchesasatelliteorspacecrafttovigorouslyanalyzethelikelihoodthatanyoftheiractions,fromanunexpectedfailureornormaloperations,willcreatemorespacedebris.Itincludesaccountingforanypieceofdebristheyplantoreleaseover5mmthatmightstayinorbitfor25yearsormore.Itmightseemsurprisingtothinkaboutanitemstayinginspaceforthatlong,buttheoldestsatellitestillinorbit-Vanguard1-turned60in2018.Agenciesandcompaniesthroughouttheworldareworkin