美国文学名词解释

1TheEnlightenment（启蒙运动）:TheEnlightenmentwasanintellectualmovementoriginatinginFrance,whichattractedwidespreadsupportamongtherulingandintellectualclassesofEuropeandNorthAmericainthesecondhalfofthe18thcentury.ItcharacterizestheeffortsbycertainEuropeanwriterstousecriticalreasontofreemindsfromprejudice,unexaminedauthorityandoppressionbyChurchorState.Therefore,theEnlightenmentissometimescalledtheAgeofReason2AmericanDream( 美国梦):ItisthefaithheldbymanyintheUnitedStatesofAmericathatthroughhardwork,courage,anddeterminationonecanachieveabetterlifeforoneself,usuallythroughfinancialprosperity.ThesewerevaluesheldbymanyearlyEuropeansettlers,andhavebeenpassedontosubsequentgenerations.NowadaystheAmericanDreamhasledtoanemphasisonmaterialwealthasmeasureofsuccessorhappiness3.Transcendentalism(超验主义、先验主义):Itwasagroupofnewideasinliterature,religion,cultureandphilosophythatemergedinNewEnglandinthemiddle19thcentury.Itbeganasaprotestagainstthegeneralstateofcultureandsociety.Amongtranscendentalist’scorebeliefswasanidealspiritualstatethat“transcends”thephysicalandempirical(以观察或实验为依据的)andisonlyrealizedthroughtheindividual’sintuition,ratherthanthroughthedoctrinesofestablishedreligions.ProminenttranscendentalistsincludedRalphWaldoEmerson（爱默生）,HenryDavidThoreau（梭罗）,WaltWhitman（惠特曼）,etc.Itisakindofphilosophythatstressesbeliefintranscendentalthingsandtheimportanceofspiritualratherthanmaterialexistence.（相信超凡的事物，认为精神存在比物质存在更重要).4.AmericanPuritanism:ItisthepracticesandbeliefsofthePuritans.ThePuritanswereoriginallymembersofadivisionofthePuritanChurch.ThefirstsettlerswhobecamethefoundingfathersoftheAmericannationwerequiteafewofthem.Theywereagroupofserious,religiouspeople,advocatinghighlyreligiousandmoralprinciples.Astheworditselfhints,Puritanswantedtopuritytheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices.Theyacceptedthedoctrineofpredestination宿命论,originalsinandtotaldepravity性恶说,andlimitedatonement有限的救赎throughaspecialinfusion浸渍ofgracefromGod.Asacultureheritage,PuritanismdidhaveaprofoundinfluenceontheearlyAmericanmind.5.Symbolism：Itisthewritingtechniqueofusingsymbols.It’saliterarymovementthataroseinFranceinthelasthalfofthe19thcenturyandthatgreatlyinfluencedmanyEnglishwriter,particularlypoets,ofthe20thcentury.Itenablespoetstocompressaverycomplexideaorsetofideasintooneimageorevenoneword.It’soneofthemostpowerfuldevicesthatpoetsemployincreation.7.Gothicnovelisatypeofromanceverypopularlateinthe18thcenturyandatthebeginningofthe19thcentury.Gothicnovelemphasizesthingswhicharegrotesque怪异的，violent，mysterious，supernatural，desolate 荒凉andhorrifying.Gothic ，originallyinthesenseof“medic医学，notclassical”，withitsdescriptionsofthedark，irrationalsideofhumannature，GothicnovelhasexertedagreatinfluenceoverthewritersoftheRomanticperiod.8Imagism:it’sapoeticmovementofEnglandandtheU.Sflourishedfrom1909to1917.Themovementinsistsonthecreationofimagesinpoetryby“thedirecttreatmentofthething”andtheeconomyofwording.TheleadersofthismovementwereEzraPoundandAmyLowell艾米?洛威尔.8.Imagism:ItcameintobeinginBritainandU.Saround1910asareactiontothetraditionalEnglishpoetrytoexpressthesenseoffragmentationanddislocation.Theimagists,withEzraPoundleadingtheway,holdthatthemosteffectivemeanstoexpressthesemomentaryimpressionsisthroughtheuseofonedominantimage.Imagismischaracterizedbythefollowingthreepoeticprinciples:directtreatmentofsubjectmatter;economyofexpression;asregardsrhythm,tocomposeinthesequenceofthemusicalphrase,notinthesequenceofmetronome节拍器.Pound’s“InaStationoftheMetro”isawell-knownimagistpoem.9.StreamofConsciousness(意识流):Itisastyleusedinthepresentationofthecharacter’sinnerworkingofmind.Theassumptionisthatanindividual’spsychologicalprocessesareacontinuousflowlikeashifting,uninterruptedstream,highlychangeableandconfusing,oftenappearingillogicalandcontrarytoreason.Intracingthestreamofconsciousnessofanindividualthewritermaypresentinteriormonologue(内心独白)byhischaracter,hintwithsymbols,reverse(颠倒)theorderoftime,andalternate（轮流的／交替的）recollections（回忆）withthepresentorsometimeillusions（幻想）withgivenfacts.10.Pointofview(视角)：Itisatermreferringtothevantagepoint(能观察某事物的有利位置)orpositionfromwhichastoryistold.Toidentify（识别）thenarratorofastoryistoidentifythestory’spointofview.Basicallytherearetwonarrativeways:first-personpointofviewandthethird-personpointofview.TheHarlemRenaissance:itwasthefirstimportantmovementinblackAmericanliterature.ImmediatelyaftertheFirstWorldWar,asaresultofamassiveblackmigrationtoNortherncities,agroupofyoung,talented blackartists congregatedinHarlem,apredominantly blacksectionofNewYorkCity,andmadeitthecultural,andintellectualcapitalofblackAmerica.Theycarried forwardthecultural traditions oftheir peopleanddemonstratedtheirachievementstothewhitesocietythathabituallyignoredthem.Expressionism表现主义:itarouseinGermantheaterafterWorldWarI.Delightinginbizarre(奇异的)stagedesignandexaggeratedmakeupandcostuming(服装),expressionistssoughttoreflectintensestatesofemotion.Itsmodeis “theexternalization( 外表性)oft heinner. ”14.Blackhumor:Itisacombinationofhumorwithresentment( 怨恨),gloom,an