机械精度设计与检测基础

COMPREHENSIVECHINESE-ENGLISHDICTIONARYForMechanicalPrecisionDesignandVerificationBasic机械精度设计与检测根底汉英综合词汇杨青编著西北农林科技大学机械与电子工程学院2007年3月专业英语是高等院校学生必须掌握的根本知识和技能。为了适应双语教学的需要，使学生在学习专业知识的同时，熟悉和掌握相关专业的英语词汇，培养学生较熟练地应用英语的能力，提高专业英语的水平，为今后从事相关专业的工作奠定一定根底，特编撰本“汉英综合词汇〞辅助教材。本教材根据“机械精度设计与检测根底〞课程的主要章节及内容，选编、翻译了700多条专业英语词汇。其中包括了互换性原理、测量技术根底、机械零件几何参数的精度设计与检测、典型零件的精度设计与检测，以及尺寸链设计、统计检验与质量控制等内容。在教材选编过程中，作者尽量选用了国家标准中定义术语的专业英语词汇，并参考了国外同类学科教科书中相应的专业术语。本教材不仅可作为高等院校机械工程类各专业的教学参考书，对从事机械设计制造、几何精度检测及质量控制等方面的工程技术人员也有一定参考应用价值。由于编者水平有限，书中难免存在疏漏和不当之处，敬请读者批评指正。编者2007年3月

第一章绪论1第二章圆柱结合的精度设计与检测3第三章测量技术根底5第四章形状和位置精度设计与检测8第五章外表粗糙度与检测10第六章滚动轴承与孔、轴结合的精度设计10第七章圆锥结合的精度设计与检测11第八章键和花键结合的精度设计与检测12第九章螺纹结合的精度设计与检测13第十章圆柱齿轮精度设计与检测14第十一章尺寸链17第十二章统计检测与质量控制18第一章绪论Chapter1Introduction机械精度设计mechanicalprecisiondesign检测根底verificationbasic测量技术measurementtechniques互换性interchangeability互换性原那么principleofinterchangeability互换性种类typesofinterchangeability外互换externalinterchange内互换internalinterchange完全互换completeinterchange不完全互换limitedinterchange公差tolerance几何量公差toleranceofgeometricalquantity几何量检测verificationofgeometricalquantity标准standard技术标准technicalstandard国家标准〔GB〕nationalstandard标准化standardization系列化seriation通用化generalization实际几何参数actualgeometricalparameters理论几何参数theoreticalgeometricalparameters产品product组件groupware部件component零件part批量产品mass-products规格相同samestandard辅助加工修配装配生产原那么assistantmachiningrepairingassemblingproductionprinciple满足技术要求和使用性能meettotechnicalrequirementsanduseperformances简化设计自动化生产缩短维修周期降低本钱产品质量标准化品种规格系列零部件通用化几何参数使用功能相同规格国军标〔GJB〕simplifydesignautomatedmanufacturingshortenthemaintaincyclereducethecoststandardizationofproductqualityseriationofvarietyspecificgeneralizationofcomponentsgeometricalparametersfunctionofusagesamespecificationnationalmilitarystandard推荐执行标准〔GB／T〕nationalstandard／recommendation优先数优先数系十进等比数列根本系列补充系列变形系列派生系列位移系列复合系列项数选用规那么十进段常数优先数值preferrednumberseriesofpreferrednumbersdecimalgeometricproportionnumbersbasicseriescomplementaryseriesdeformationseriesderiveseriesdisplacementseriescomplexseriesnumbersoftermselectingprincipledecimalrangeconstantpreferrednumericalvalue理论值计算值常用值化整值theoryvaluecalculatingvaluecommonvaluemodifyingvalue第二章圆柱结合的精度设计与检测Chapter2PrecisionDesignandVerification定义forCylindricalPartsConnectiondefinitions术语terms，nomenclature孔hole轴shaft尺寸size根本尺寸basicsize实际尺寸actualsize极限尺寸limitsofsize最大极限尺寸maximumlimitsofsize最小极限尺寸minimumlimitsofsize偏差deviation实际偏差actualdeviation极限偏差limitdeviation上偏差upperdeviation下偏差lowerdeviation公差带tolerancezone公差带大小dimensionoftolerancezone公差带位置positionoftolerancezone零线zeroline配合fit间隙clearance过盈interference间隙配合clearancefit过盈配合过渡配合最小间隙最大间隙平均间隙最小过盈最大过盈平均过盈配合公差基准制基孔制基轴制基准孔基准轴标准公差公差单位公差等级尺寸分段过盈配合过渡配合最小间隙最大间隙平均间隙最小过盈最大过盈平均过盈配合公差基准制基孔制基轴制基准孔基准轴标准公差公差单位公差等级尺寸分段根本偏差标准公差系列根本偏差系列轴的根本偏差孔的根本偏差通用规那么特殊规那么常用公差带优先公差带一般公差带常用配合优先配合代号interferencefittransitionfitminimumclearancemaximumclearanceaverageclearanceminimuminterferencemaximuminterferenceaverageinterferencevariationoffitbasictolerancingsystemholebasicsystemshaftbasicsystembasicholebasicshaftstandardtolerancetoleranceunitgradesoftolerancesizestepsfundamentaldeviationseriesofstandardtoleranceseriesoffundamentaldeviationfundamentaldeviationforshaftfundamentaldeviationforholegeneralrulespecialrulecommonrecommendationfortolerancezonepreferredselectionfortolerancezonegeneralrecommendationfortolerancezonecommonrecommendationforfitpreferredselectionforfitsymbol

公差带代号配合代号标注计算公式公差与配合的选择配合的计算与选择工作量规校对量规不确定性平安公差带代号配合代号标注计算公式公差与配合的选择配合的计算与选择工作量规校对量规不确定性平安裕度验收极限通规至规塞规卡规环规板规可调节量规量规公差带量规公差磨损公差磨损极限不确定度的允许值泰勒原那么评定参数光滑极限量规notationcalculationformulateselectionoftoleranceandfitcalculationandselectionoffitworkshopgaugecheckinggaugeuncertaintysafetymarginlimitsofacceptancegogaugenotgogaugepluggauge，pingaugesnaporgapringgaugecalipergaugeadjustablecalipergaugetolerancezoneofgaugegaugetolerancewearallowancewearlimitsallowanceofuncertaintyTaylorprincipleevaluationparametersplainlimitgauge第三章测量技术根底Chapter3MeasurementTechnologyBasic测量 measurement被测几何量 measuredgeometricalquantity测量单位测量方法测量方程测量温度测量条件测量范围测量基准计量器具直接测量间接测量绝对测量相对测量接触测量非接触测量测量误差系统误差随机误差粗大误差测量单位测量方法测量方程测量温度测量条件测量范围测量基准计量器具直接测量间接测量绝对测量相对测量接触测量非接触测量测量误差系统误差随机误差粗大误差unitofmeasurementmethodofmeasurementfunctionofmeasurementmeasuringtemperaturemeasuringconditionmeasuringrangemeasuringdatummeasuringinstrumentdirectmeasurementindirectmeasurementabsolutemeasurementrelativemeasurementcontactmeasurementnon-contactmeasurementerrorofmeasurementsystematicerrorrandomerrorparasiticerror剩余误差〔剩余误差〕residualerror准确度精密度灵敏度重复精度分度值correctnessaccuracysensitivityrepeatabilityvalueofascaledivision精密度precision修正量量值长度基准尺寸传递激光光波correctionvalueofaquantitylengthstandarddimensiontransferlatherlightwave波长wavelength米制metricsystem米meter毫米micrometer微米micron英制Englishsystem英尺foot英寸inch量块gaugeblockV-形块V-block平板planetable坐标工作台coordinatetable旋转工作台rotarytable水平仪level准式水平仪framespiritlevel倾斜式水平仪tiltinglevel光学平行平晶parallelopticalflat光学平面平晶planeopticalflat游标尺venirescale游标卡尺venirecaliper游标千分尺veniremicrometer游标深度尺venire-depthgage游标高度尺venire-heightgage内径千分尺insidemicrometer外径千分尺outsidemicrometer指示表dialindicator比拟仪comparator机械比拟仪mechanicalcomparator光学比拟仪opticalcomparator电感比拟仪electroniccomparator干预仪interferometer工具显微镜toolmaker'smicroscope大型工具显微镜large-toolmaker'smicroscope万能工具显微镜universal-toolmaker'smicroscope光切显微镜lightsectionmicroscope外表粗糙显微镜surfaceroughnessmicroscope测量机measuringmachine坐标测量机coordinatemeasuringmachine万能测量机universalmeasuringmachine万能轮廓投影仪universalprofileprojector目镜eyepieceocular物镜objectgrass放大倍数magnification第四章形状和位置精度设计与检测Chapter4PrecisionDesignandVerificationforGeometricalTolerances形位公差geometricaltolerances形状公差fromtolerances定向公差orientationtolerances定位公差locationtolerances跳动公差run-outtolerances直线度公差straightnesstolerance平面度公差flatnesstolerance圆度公差circularity(roundness)tolerance圆柱度公差cylindricitytolerance线轮廓度公差profiletoleranceofanyline面轮廓度公差profiletoleranceofanysurface平行度公差parallelismtolerance垂直度公差perpendicularitytolerance倾斜度公差angularitytolerance同轴度公差coaxialitytolerance对称度公差位置度公差圆跳动公差全跳动公差被测要素理想要素实际要素基准要素单一要素关联要素单一基准基准体系最大实体状态最小实体状态实效状态最大实体边界实效边界最大实体尺寸最小实体尺寸实效尺寸作用尺寸理论正确尺寸公差原对称度公差位置度公差圆跳动公差全跳动公差被测要素理想要素实际要素基准要素单一要素关联要素单一基准基准体系最大实体状态最小实体状态实效状态最大实体边界实效边界最大实体尺寸最小实体尺寸实效尺寸作用尺寸理论正确尺寸公差原那么相关原那么独立原那么最大实体原那么包容原那么最小条件最小区域检测原理综合量规symmetrytolerancepositiontolerancecircularrun-outtolerancetotalrun-outtolerancetolerancedfeaturetruefeaturereal(actual)featuredatumfeaturesinglefeaturerelatedfeaturesingledatumdatumsystemmaximummaterialconditionleastmaterialconditionvirtualconditionboundaryofmaximummaterialconditionboundaryvirtualconditionmaximummaterialsizeleastmaterialsizevirtualsizematingsizetheoreticallyexactdimensiontolerancingprinciplesprincipleofcorrelationprincipleofindependencemaximummaterialprincipleenvelopeprincipleminimumconditionminimumzoneprincipleofverificationfunctionalgauge

第五章外表粗糙度与检测Chapter5外表粗糙度取样长度SurfaceroughnessandVerificationsurfaceroughnesssamplinglength评定长度evaluationlength轮廓最小二乘中线leastsquaremeanlineoftheprofile轮廓算术平均中线arithmeticalmeanlineoftheprofile外表加工纹理surfacelay轮廓峰顶线lineofprofilepeaks轮廓谷底线lineofprofilevalleys轮廓最大峰高maximumheightofprofilepeak轮廓最大谷深maximumdepthofprofilevalleys峰顶至峰谷高peaktovalleyheight轮廓算术平均偏差arithmeticalmeandeviationoftheprofile微观不平度的十点高度tenpointheightofirregulation轮廓不平度最大高度maximumpeak-to-valleyheightoftheprofile轮廓不平度的平均间距 meanspacingofhighspots轮廓单峰的平均间距meanspacingoftwoconjunctivepeaks轮廓支撑长度率bearingareaoftheprofile第六章滚动轴承与孔、轴结合的精度设计Chapter6PrecisionDesignforConnectionofRollingBearingwithHoleandShaft滚动轴承rollingbearing外圈outsidering内圈internalring滚动体rollingbodies保持架bearingspacer轴承内径bearingborediameter轴承外径bearingoutsidediameter轴向间隙axialinternalclearance径向间隙radialinternalclearance几何精度geometricalaccuracy旋转精度rotationalaccuracy外壳孔holeofhousing外壳孔肩shoulderofhousing轴径neckofshaft轴肩shoulderofshaft轴承支架bearingbridge轴承箱bearingbox向心轴承centripetalbearing止推轴承thrustbearing滚珠轴承ballbearing滚柱轴承rollerbearing滚针轴承needlebearing圆锥辊子轴承cone-rollerbearing滚柱止推轴承ballthrustbearing滑动轴承plainbearing对开轴承twopartbearing负荷〔重、一般、轻〕load〔heavy，normal，light〕当量径向负荷dynamicequivalentradialload额定动负荷ratingdynamicload减速器decelerator,retarder第七章圆锥结合的精度设计与检测Chapter7PrecisionDesignandVerificationforConnectionofCone根本圆锥实际圆锥实际圆锥直径实际圆锥角basicconeactualconeactualconediameteractualconeangle极限圆锥limitcone极限圆锥直径limitconediameter极限圆锥角limitconeangle圆锥直径公差conediametertolerance圆锥直径公差带conediametertolerancezone圆锥角公差coneangletolerance圆锥角公差带tolerancezonefortheconeangle给定截面圆锥直径公差conesectiondiametertolerance给定截面圆锥直径公差带conesectiondiametertolerancezone锥度taper配合长度lengthoffit基面矩distancebetweendatumsurfaces未注公差角度的极限偏差limitdeviationofanglewithouttoleranceindication圆锥公差conetolerance第八章键和花键结合的精度设计与检测Chapter8PrecisionDesignandVerificationforConnectionofKeyandSpline键key平键flatkey花键spline键槽keyway，keyslot键长keylength键宽keywide键侧keyside键槽深depthofkeyway轴槽shaftkeyway轮槽bosskeyway轴槽公差带tolerancezoneforshaftkeyway轮槽公差带tolerancezoneforbosskeyway键宽公差带tolerancezoneforkeywide矩形花键rectangularspline渐开线花键involutespline内花键internalspline外花键externalspline花键轴splineshaft花键孔splinehole定心直径diameterfordeterminingcentre定心外表surfacefordeterminingcentre较松联结looserconnection一般联结ordinaryconnection较紧联结closerconnection累积误差cumulativeerror多参数配合multipleparameterfit综合公差compositetolerance补偿公差compensativetolerance单项测量monomialmeasurement综合检测comprehensiveverification第九章螺纹结合的精度设计与检测Chapter9PrecisionDesignandVerificationforConnectionofScrewThread螺纹直径threaddiameter大径majordiameter小径minordiameter顶径crestdiameter底径rootdiameter中径pitchdiameter单一中径singlepitchdiameter作用中径mediumeffectivediameter螺距pitch牙型丰角flankangle旋合长度lengthofengagement内螺纹femalethreads外螺纹malethreads普通螺纹ordinarythread粗牙螺纹coarsethread细牙螺纹finethread螺纹公差screwtolerance螺母公差nuttolerance丝杆公差leadscrewtolerance外螺纹公差带tolerancezoneofmalethreads内螺纹公差带tolerancezoneoffemalethreads螺纹公差等级tolerancegradeofscrewthread精密级finegrade中等级mediumgrade粗糙级coarsegrade螺纹副screwthreadpart螺纹量规screwthreadgauge螺纹塞规screwpluggauge螺纹量规公差带tolerancezoneofscrewgauge第十章圆柱齿轮精度设计与检测Chapter10PrecisionDesignandVerificationforCylindricalgear齿轮gearwheel齿坯blank齿tooth齿顶addendum齿根dedendum齿高toothdepth齿厚toothwidth(thickness)齿间spacewidth齿数toothnumbers齿轮副gearpair啮合matewith共轭conjugate节圆pitchcircle齿轮速比gearratio导角leadangle渐开线involute节线速度pitch-linevelocity线接触linecontact直齿轮spurgear伞齿轮bevelgear直伞齿轮straightbevel螺旋伞齿轮spiralbevel偏轴伞齿轮hypoidgear斜齿轮helicalgear人字齿轮double-helicalgear平行轴齿轮parallel-shaftgear交叉轴齿轮crossed—xis仪表齿轮instrumentgear蜗轮蜗杆wormgears单头蜗杆single-threadworms多头蜗杆multiple-threadworms滚锥rollingcones齿轮箱gearbox壳体housing油封oilseal润滑剂lubrication热膨胀thermalexpansion传递效率transmittingratio承载能力load-carryingcapacity齿轮偏差gear'sdeviation运动精度motionprecision平稳性精度smoothnessprecision接触精度contactingprecision齿侧间隙backlash切向综合误差tangentialcompositeerror切向-齿综合误差tangentialtooth-to-toothcompositeerror径向综合误差radialcompositeerror径向-齿综合误差radialtooth-to-toothcompositeerror周节累积误差totalcumulativepitcherrorK个周节累积误差cumulativecircularpitcherroroverasectorofkpitches齿圈径向跳动radialrun-outofgear公法线长度变动variationofbasetangentlength齿形误差totalprofileerror周节误差circularpitchindividuallength基节误差basepitcherror齿向误差totalalignmenterror接触线误差contactlineerror轴向齿距偏差axialpitcherror螺旋线波度误差helixwavinesserror齿厚偏差deviationofwidthofteeth公法线平均长度偏差deviationofmeanlinetangentlengthoveragivennumberofteeth齿轮副的切向综合误差tangentialcompositeerrorofgearpair齿轮的切向-齿综合误差tangentialtooth-to-toothcompositeerrorofgearpair圆周侧隙circularbacklash法向侧隙normalbacklash齿轮副的接触斑点contacttracksofgearpair齿轮副的中心矩偏差centerdistanceerrorofgearpairX方向轴线的平行度误差inclinationerrorofaxesY方向轴线的平行度误差deviationerrorofaxes第十一章尺寸链Chapter11Dimensionalchain尺寸链dimensionalchain环link封闭环closinglink组成环componentlink增环increasinglink减环decreasinglink补偿环compensatinglink传递系数scalingfactor，transformationratio长度尺寸链length-dimensionalchain角度尺寸链angulardimensionalchain装配尺寸链assembledimensionalchain零件尺寸链partdimensionalchain工艺尺寸链technologicaldimensionalchain根本尺寸链basicdimensionalchain派生尺寸链deriveddimensionalchain标量尺寸链scalardimensionalchain直线尺寸链lineardimensionalchain平面尺寸链planardimensionalchain空间尺寸链space-wisedimensionalchain尺寸链图dimensionalchaindiagram长度环lengthlink角度环angularlink环的特征characteristicsoflink计算参数parametersofcalculation计算方法methodsofcalculation互换法interchangemethod完全互换法completeinterchangemethod大数互换法large-numberinterchangemethod分组法groupingmethod调整法adjustingmethod修配法modifiedmethod平均偏差meandeviation中间偏差mediandeviation相对分布系数relativedistributioncoefficient相对不对称系数relativenon-symmetricalcoefficient平均公差meantolerance极值公差extremetolerance统计公差statisticaltolerance平方公差squaretolerance当量公差equivalenttolerance封闭环的分布与系数distributionandcoefficientofclosinglink组成环的分布与系数distributionandcoefficientofcomponentlink第十二章统计检测与质量控制Chapter12Statisticaltestandqualitycontrol事件随机事件概率随机变量随机变量的概率分布分布函数连续随机变量的概率密度函数eventrandomeventprobabilityrandomvariableprobabilitydistributionofarandomvariabledistributionfunctionprobabilitydensityfunctionforrandomvariableacontinuousrandomvariable离散随机变量的概率二维分布多维分布边缘分布条件分布概率分布的分位数probabilityforadiscreterandomvariablebivariatedistributionmultivariatedistributionmarginaldistributionconditionaldistributionfractileofaprobabilitydistribution中位数众数随机变量的期望〔均值〕中心随机变量medianmodeexpectation〔mean〕ofarandomvariablecentredrandomvariable方差〔随机变量的或概率分布的〕 variance〔ofarandomvariableorofaprobabilitydistribution标准差〔标准偏差〕变异系数，变差系数标准化随机变量q阶原点矩关于点a的q阶矩q阶中心矩相关〔q,s〕阶联合原点矩关于点〔a,b〕的〔q,s〕standarddeviationcoefficientofvariationstandardizedvariatemomentoforderqabouttheoriginmomentoforderqabouttheoriginacentredmomentoforderqcorrelationjointmomentofordersqandsabouttheorigin阶联合原点矩jointmomentofordersqandsabouttheorigin〔a,b〕〔q,s〕阶联合中心矩协方差相关系数回归曲线回归曲面均匀分布正态分布、高斯分布标准正态分布X2分布t分布,学生分布F分布对数正态分布指数分布丫分布jointcentredmomentofordersqandscovariancecoefficientofcorrelationregressioncurveregressionsurfaceuniformdistributionnormaldistributionGaussdistributionstandardizednormaldistributionchi-squareddistributiont-distribution,studentdistributionFdistributionlog-normaldistributionexponententaildistributiongamma-distribution贡贝尔分布〔?型极值分布〕Gambeldistribution〔type?extremevalues

distribution)佛莱契分布(n型极值分布) Frechetdistributen(typenextremevaluesdistribution)威布尔分布(山型极值分布)Weibulldistribution(type山extremevalues二项分布负二项分布泊松分布二项分布负二项分布泊松分布超几何分布二维正态分布二维高斯分布标准二维正态分布标准二维高斯分布多项分布个体总体特性，特征观测值绝对值极差极差中值组组限组中值组矩频数，绝对频数累积频数，绝对累积频数频率，相对频率累积频率频率分布binomialdistributionnegativebinomialdistributionpsissondistributionhypergeometricdistributionbivariatenormaldistributionbivariateGaussdistributionstandardizedbivariatenormaldistributionstandardizedbivariateGaussdistributionmultinomialdistributionitem，individual，unitpopulationcharacteristicobservedvalueabsolutedifferencerangemidrangeclassclasslimitsmid-pointofclassclassintervalabsolutefrequencycumulativeabsolutefrequencyrelativefrequencycumulativerelativefrequencyfrequencydistribution

一维分布直方图条形图折线两种方式表联列表算术平均加数算术平均偏差平均偏差总体参数统计量次序统计量似然估计，估计值估计量总估计误差抽样误差估计量的偏倚无偏估计量标准误差总体均值〔或概率分布期望〕univariatedistributionhistogrambardiagrampolygontwo-waytablecontingencytablearithmeticmeanweightedarithmeticaveragedeviationmeandeviationpopulationparameterstatisticorderstatisticlikelihoodestimation(ofparameter)estimate(ofparameter)estimatortotalestimationerrorsamplingerrorbiasofestimatorunbiasedestimatorstandarderror的估计estimationofthemeanofapopulation(oroftheexpectationofaprobabilitydistribution)总体(或概率分布)方差的估计 estimationofthevarianceofapopulatio(nor双侧置信区间单侧置信区间置信水平，置信系数置信限统计容许区间统计容许限aprobabilitydistribution)two-sidedconfidenceintervalone-sidedconfidenceintervalconfidencelevel，confidencecoefficientconfidencelimitstatisticaltoleranceintervalstatisticaltolerancelimits分布的拟合优度goodnessoffitofadistribution统计检验tatisticaltest原假设〔零假设〕nullhypothesis备择假设alternativehypothesis简单假设simplehypothesis复合假设compositehypothesis参数检验parametrictest-distribution非参数检验freetest-non-parametrictest检验的操作特性曲线operatingcharacteristiccurveofatest〔检验的OC曲线〕(OCcurveofatest)显著性结果significantresultX2检验chi-squaredtestT检验t-test，studenttestF检验F-test重复repetition随机化randomization真值truevalue均值的准确度accuracyofthemean精密度precision重复性repeatability再现性reproductability抽样sampling样本〔子样〕sample抽样单位samplingunit样本大小samplesize有放回抽样samplingwithreplacement无放回抽样samplingwithoutreplacement简单随机抽样simplerandomsampling子样本subsample对分样本duplicatedsample分层抽样stratifiedsampl