英国文学史刘炳善版重点整理

Part1.EarlyandMedievalEnglishLiteratureEpicBeowulf贝奥成甫(thenationalepicoftheEnglishpeople)strikingfeature:alliteration头韵，metaphors暗喻andunderstatements低调陈述.BalladFolkliteratureGeoffreyChaucer杰弗里・乔叟1340-1400TheMessengerofHumanism,thefirstRealisticwriter,thefounderofEnglishpoetryandmasterofEnglishLanguage他是最早有人文主义思想的作家，现实主义文学的奠基人IheRobinHoodBallads罗宾汉民谣投尿翻译法语TheRomaunloftheRose攻瑰;传,自；改编意大利TioilusandCiiseyde特罗勒斯与兄丽西德小说：TheCanterburyTales坎特伯雷故事集(英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作)oneofthemonumentalworksinELTCTismorethanamerecollectionoftrue-to-lifepictures.Takingthestandsofrisingbourgeoisie,Chauceraffirmsmenandwomen'srighttopursuetheirhappinessonearthandopposesthedogmaofasceticismpreachedbythechurch.Asaforerunnerofhumanism,hepraisesman'senergy,intellect,quickofwitandloveoflife.Histalesexposeandsatirizetheevilsofthetime,asthedegenerationofthenoble,theheartlessnessofthejudgeandsoon.WithespeciallyformidableforceChaucerattacksthecorruptionofthechurch.Chaucer'sEnglish,nowcalledMiddleEnglish,isvividandexact.Heisamasterofword-pictures.Chaucer'scontributiontoEnglishpoetry:roducedfromFrancetherhymedcoupletof5accentsiniambicmeter(theheroiccouplet).2.isthefirstgreatpoetwhowroteintheEnglishlanguage.3.hemakethedialectofLondonthestandardforthemodernEnglishspeech.Part2.TheEnglishRenaissanceThomasMore托马斯・莫尔ThegreatestoftheEnglishhumanistsandtheoneoftheforerunnerofmodernsocialistthoughtEdmondSpenser埃德蒙・斯宾塞ThePoet'sPoetFrancisBacon培根1561-1626ThefounderofEnglishmaterialistphilosophyChristopherMarlowe克里斯托夫・马洛Themostgiftedoftheuniversitywits”ThegreatestofthepioneersofEnglishdramaUtopia乌托帮Greekwordsnoplace"idealcommonwealthconversationbetweenMoreandvoyagerHythlodayBookone:contemporaryEnglandlabouringclasspoor,therichgreedandluxury,rulereagerforwarBooktwo:idealcommonwealthinsomeunknownoceanpropertyinheldincommon,thereisnopovertyFromeveryoneaccordingtohiscapacities,toeveryoneaccordingtohisneed;separationoftownandcountry;theimportanceoflabourforeverymember.TheFaerieQueene仙后dedicatedtoQueenElizabethTheShepherd'sCalead牧羊人日t己markthebuddingoftheRenaissanceflowerinthenorthernislandofEnglandMordenEnglish.Spencerwasthefirstmastertomakethelanguagethenaturalmusicofhispoeticeffusions.FounderofmodernscienceinEngland:AdvancementofLearning学术的进展;NewInstrument新工具InductiveMethodofreasoningFirstEnglishessayist:Essaysubjects:love,truth,friendship,parents&children,beauty,studies,riches,youth&age,garden,deathPrecision准确,clearness清晰,brevity简洁,force力度Tamburlaine帖木耳(ambition);TheJewofMalta马耳他的犹太人(wealth);DoctorFaustus浮士德博士(knowledge)humanistcolourinsatiablethirstforknowledge居I作意义：l.showthespiritoftherisingbourgeoisie,itseagercuriosityforknowledge,itstoweringpride,itsinsatiableappetiteforpower.2.theme:praiseindividualityfreedfromtherestraintsofmedievaldogmasandlaw,andtheconvictionsoftheboundlesspossibilityofhumaneffortsinconqueringtheuniverse.3.theheroesaremerelyindividualists.theirindividualisticambitionoftenbringsruintotheworldandsometimestothemselves.HereformedtheEnglishdramaandperfectedthelanguageandverseofdramaticworks.HefirstmadeblankversetheprincipleinstrumentofEnglishdrama.HisworkpavedthewayfortheplaysofShakespeareWilliamShakespeare莎士比亚1564-1616.heisoneofthefoundersofrealisminworldliterature..hisdramaticcreationoftenusedthemethodofadaptation..hislongexperiencewiththestageandhisintimateknowledgeofdramaticartthusacquiredmakehimamasterhandforplaywriting..hewasskilledinmanypoeticforms:thesong,thesonnet,thecouplet,andthedramaticblankverse..hewasagreatmasteroftheEL.ShakespeareandtheAuthorizedVersionoftheEnglishBiblearethetwogreattreasuriesoftheEL.TheComedyofErrors错误的喜剧；Hamlet哈姆雷特/王子复仇记；TheTamingoftheShrew驯悍记MeasureforMeasure一报还一报/请君入瓮Love'sLabour'sLost爱的徒劳；Othello奥塞罗；RomeoandJuliet罗密欧与朱丽叶tragi-comedyKingLear李尔王；Macbeth麦克白；AMidsummerNight'sDream仲夏夜之梦；AntonyandCleopatra安东尼与克利欧佩特拉；TheMerchantofVenice威尼斯商人TimonofAthens雅典的泰门；MuchAdoaboutNothing无事生非；TheMercyWivesofWindsor温莎山风流娘们儿；Pericles佩里克尔斯JuliusCaesar朱利亚斯•凯撒；Cymbeline辛白林；AsYouLikeIt皆大欢喜；TheWinter'sTale冬天的故事；TwelfthNight第十二夜；TheTempest暴风雨；TheSonnets十四行诗Hisdramareliesnotsomuchoncharactersasonwittyspeechandsituation.Hisplaysarepoeticaldramas.Agreatnumberofimportantdialoguesandsoliloquiesinhisplaysassumetheformofpoetry.ThisperiodisS'ssweetandjoyfultime,inwhichhesucceedsinportrayingamagnificentpanoramaofthemanifoldpursuitofpeopleinreallife.Thereisagreatliftincharacterization.HeroinesThethirdperiodismainlytheperiodofgreattragedies"anddarkcomediesw(givesomberpicturesoftheworld).Thetragicnoteisaggravated.⑷Thefourthperiodistheperiodofromanticdrama.HenryvmGlobalTheatreTheGreatComedies:AMidsummerNight'sDredm夏夜之梦；TheMerchantofVenice威尼斯商人；AsYouLikeIt皆大欢喜;TwelfthNight第十二夜Thegeneralspiritisoptimism.Youngpeoplejustfreedfromfeudalfetters/youthloveandidealofhappiness/humanistideal/fightagainstdestiny/mouldtheirownfate.TheGreatTragedies:Hamlet哈姆雷特amangenius,highlyaccomplishedandeducated,amanoffar-reachingperceptionandsparkingwit.I.humanist/freefrommedievalprejudicesandsuperstitions/cherishaprofoundreverenceforman/firmbeliefinman'ellectualgeniusisoutstanding/acloseobserverofmanandmanners.Melancholy:character/penetratinghabitofmind/impossibleideal/personalwrong&fateofthecountry/activeenergyThepopularityofSisaworldwidephenomenonOthello奥塞罗newmanoftheR/integrity,sincerity,loftinessofmind/falsehoodtruth/evilgood/tragedyofhumanismKingLear李尔王nationalunityandroyalresponsibility,divideup/insincereflattery/genuinelove/betraytrust/condemnMacbeth麦克白complicatedcontradictory/courageousclever/prayofambition/tyrantsoppressors/doomtodefeat

Part3.TheEnglishBourgeoisRevolutionPeriodJohnMilton约翰・弥尔顿1608-1674ParadiseLost天下四(greatestepicinEnglishLiterature);ParadiseRegained复了吗;SamsonAgonistes刀士参孙表面:tojustifythewayGodtoman/toadvocatesubmissiontotheAlmighty实际：arevoltagainstGod'sauthorityAdam&Eve:Milton'sbeliefinthepowerofman/cravingforknowledgeSatan:realheroofthepoem/aconqueredandbanishedgiant/obeyedandadmiredbythosewhofollowhimdowntohellPoliticalinlifeandart;wrotegreatestepic/influenceisomnipresent;masterofblankverse;stylist/grandstyle;sublimityofthoughtandmajestyofexpressionJohnBunyan班扬1628-1688ThePilgrim'sProgress大路历程(religiousallegory)1678出板后VanityFair名利场Bunyancherishdeephatredofboththekingandhisgovernment.Hesawanddetestedtheinjusticeoflaws,trialsandjudges.Hisproseisadmirable.ItispopularspeechennobledbythesolemndignityandsimplicityofthelanguageofBible.JohnDonne约翰・多恩SongsandSonnetsDevotionsuponemergentOccasions(ThefounderoftheMetaphysicalschoolofpoetry)JohnDryden约翰・德莱顿FatherofEcriticismAllforLove——切为J爱AnEssayofDramaticPoesy论戏居U诗(mostfamousprosecomposition)Restorationperiod/ModelonliteratureofFrance/classicismprevailing/reason,lawandorderHewastheforerunneroftheEnglishclassicschoolofliteratureinthenextcentury.Heroiccouplet/principleverseformPart4.TheEighteenthCenturyJosephAddison约瑟夫•艾迪生RichardSteele理查德・斯梯尔TheTatler闲话者报TheSpectator旁观者报贡献：I.Theirwritingaffordanewcodeofsocialmoralityfortherisingbourgeoisie..TheygiveatruepictureofthesociallifeofEnglandinthe18thcentury..TheEnglisheasyhadcompletelyestablisheditselfasaliterarygenre.AlexanderPope蒲柏Satire!!AnEssayonCriticism论批评;TheRapeoftheLock卷发遇劫记;TheDunciad愚人记Popewasanoutstandingenlightenerandthegreatestpoetoftheclassicalschoolinthefirsthalfthe18thcentury.Popewasadiligentreader.Hisstyledependsuponhisgreatpatienceinelaboratinghisart.MostimportantrepresentativeJonathanSwift斯威夫特1667-1745Gulliver'sTravels格歹U佛防^己givesanunparalleledsatiricaldepictionofthevicesofhisage.Hehatedallkindsofoppression-political,economicalandreligious.Buthecherishedagreatloveforthepeople.SwiftisoneofthegreatestmastersofEnglishprose.Hislanguageissimple,clearandvigorous./heseemstohavenodifficultyinfindingwordstoexpressexactlytheimpressionhewishtoconvey.Insimple,directandpreciseprose,heisalmostunsurpassedinEL./heisamastersatirist,andhisironyisdeadly.DannielDefoe丹尼尔・迪福1660-1731RobinsonCrusoe鲁宾利'飘流t己oneoftheforerunnersoftheEnglishrealisticnovelsAttachgreatimportancetothemouldingofcharacterandtoeducationthroughtheinfluenceofvariedenvironment/isrepresentativeoftheEnglishbourgeoisieattheearlierstageofdevelopment/doesnotcondemnNegro-slaveryDefoewasakindofjack-of-trades.Journalism&authorship/purenakedEnglish:smooth,easy,colloquial,nevercoarse.SamuelRichardson理查逊Pamela帕米拉(VirtueRewarded贞洁回才艮)firstEnglishpsycho-analyticalnovel心理分析小说1.itdiscardedtheimpossibleandmarvellous"accomplishmentoftheformerheroicromances,andpicturedthelifeandloveofordinarypeople.2.itsintentionwastoaffordnotmerelyentertainmentbutalsomoralinstruction道德说教.3.itdescribednotonlythesayingsanddoingsofthecharactersbutalsotheirsecretthoughtsandfeelings.Richardsonhadenlargedtheknowledgeofhumannature"/histechniquetoshowcharacteraspersonalitiesHenryFielding亨利・菲尔丁1707-1754FounderoftheEnglishrealisticnovelFatheroftheEnglishnovel(establishedonceforalltheformsofthemodernnovel)JosephAndrew约瑟•安德鲁disgustedwiththeexcessivesentimentalityandpoorethicsofPamelaJonathanWild大伟人江奈生•魏尔德传satiricalnovel/exposestheEnglishbourgeoissocietyandmockpoliticalsystTheHistoryofTomJones,aFoundling汤姆•琼斯portraysthereallifeofmenwithoutdisguise/exposethehypocrisyanddepravityoftherulingclass,andpicturesthepovertyoftheworkingmasseswhoaredrivenbywanttocrime.现实主义小说:ThebasisofFielding'sworkistheexactobservationandstudyofreallife.ThecentreofFielding'sworkphilosophyisMAN,commonearthlymanwithhisearthlyinterests,needsandpassions.小说的转点：1.展开方式tolddirectlybytheauthor/full,free,clearandstraightforward,givepersonalexplanation2.Satire无处不在，两种：humoroussatirewhichismeantobeinstructiveandcorrective/grimsatirewhichisusedtolashthecardinalevilsofthecorruptrulingclasses.3.hebelievedintheeducationalfunctionofthenovel(moralteaching).4.heisamasterofstyle/easyunlabouredandfamiliar/sentencelogicalandmusicalrhythm.TobiasSmollett斯摩莱特UsetheformofPicaresquenovels流浪汉小说,thenoveloftravelsandadventures被Dickens效仿PickwickPapers匹克威克外彳专RichardBrinsleySheridan理查德•谢立丹TheSchoolforScandal造谣学校agreatcomedyofmanners/givesabrilliantportrayalandbitingsatireofEhighsocietyTheRivals对手HewasthemostimportantEnglishplaywrightofthe18century.WilliamBlake布莱克1757-1827SongsofInnocence天真之歌;SongsofExperience经验之歌;TheMarriageofHeavenandHell天堂与地狱的婚姻1.thewholetemperofhisgeniuswasessentiallyopposedtotheclassical(=formalism)traditionofthatage.2.hisrevolutionarypassioncameneartothatofShelley.thBlakeiscalledaPre-RomanticoraforerunneroftheRomanticpoetryofthe19century.RobertBurns彭斯1759-1796NationalpoetofScotlandPoemsChieflyintheScottishDialect苏格兰方言诗集名诗:ARed,RedRose一朵红红的玫瑰；AuldLangSyne他的诗歌：1.BurnsisrememberedmainlyforhissongswrittenintheScottishdialectonavariousofsubjects.2.NumerousareBurn'ssongsofloveandfriendship,whichdescribesthepoet'sownemotionswithsuchvividnessandsimplicitythattheyappealdirectlytothereader'sheart.3.patriotism4.wasanoutspokensupporteroftheFrenchRevolution5.sympathyforthemiseriesoftheNegroslavestransportedfromtheirAfricanmotherlandtoAmerica.6.achievedsuccessinthefieldofsatire.7.characterizedbyhumourandlightheartedness/optimismHisgreatsuccesswasalsolargelyduetohiscomprehensiveknowledgeandexcellentmasteryoftheoldsongtradition.Hispeasantoriginandenvironmentespeciallyaidedhiminmasteringthehappysimplicity,humour,directnessandoptimism.

Part5.RomanticisminEnglandWilliamWordsworth威廉・华兹华斯1770-1850LyricalBallads仃if歌造果(与不可勒律冶自编)markedthebreakwithclassicismandthebeginningofRomanticrevivalTheSolitaryReaper孤独的刈麦女;AboveTinternAbbey丁登寺旁(lyricalhymnofthankstonature)Hebasedhispoeticalprincipleonthepremisethatallgoodpoetryisthespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings"/individualsensations,forexample,pleasure,excitementandenjoymentasthefoundationinthecreationandappreciationofpoetry.Wordsworth'spoetryiddistinguishedbythesimplicityandpurityofhislanguage.Itwashistheorythatthelanguagespokenbythepeasantwasthebestofall.GeorgeGordonByron乔治・戈登・拜伦1788-1824拜伦的诗在清末传入中国ChildeHarold'sPilgrimage恰尔德•哈罗德游记;DonJuan唐•璜(16000lineslong,in16cantos,writteninottavarima,eachstanzacontaining8iambicpentameterlinesrhymeda^ababcc)ItisByronsmasterpiece,writtenintheprimeofhiscreativepower.Hisaiminwritingitwastoremovethecloakwhichthemannersandthemaximsofhighsocietythrowovertheirsecretsins,andshowthemtotheworldastheyreallyare"(揭去上流社会以冠冕堂皇的方式掩盖下的罪恶面纱，.让人们看到真实世界)Hecallthispoemanepicsatire",asatireonabuseofthepresentstateofsociety.⑪史讽刺诗/对现今社会恶习弊端的绝佳讽刺)PercyByssheShelley波西・比希・雪莱1792-1822QueenMab麦布女王arevolutionarypoemcondemningtyrannyandexploitationandtheunjustwarwagedbytherichtoplunderwealthTheRevoltofIslam伊斯兰的起义；TheMasqueofAnarchy女王的假面舞会；OdetotheWestWind西风/云雀颂PrometheusUnbound解放了的普罗米修斯symbolizedthevictoryforman'sstruggleagainsttyrannyandoppressions.ThefigureofPrometheushasbeensymbolicofthosenoble-heartedrevolutionaries,whodevotethemselvestothejustcauseofthepeopleandsuffergreatpainsatthehandsoftyrants.小的时候：displayedainclinationforindependentthinkingandastrongloveofliterature/glorifiedfreedom,exposedtyrannyandexpressedhissympathyfortheoppressed.ByroncalledShelleythebestandleastselfishmanIeverknew.'Mrs.Shelleywrote:"Shelleylovedthepeople;andrespectedthemasoftenmorevirtuous,asalwaysmoresuffering,andthereforemoredeservingofsympathy.wJohnKeats约翰・济兹1795-1821Endymion恩底弥翁;Isabella伊莎贝拉;TheEveofSanitAgnes圣爱尼节前夜；Hyperion赫披里昂(未完成)OdeonaGrecianUrn希腊古瓮颂;OdetoaNightingale夜莺颂;OdeToAutumn秋颂;OdeonMelancholy忧郁颂OfthenumerousshortpoemsbyKeats,themostimportantarehissonnetsandodes.ItissaidthatallKeats'spersonalityseemstobebreathedontohisodes,Poor,obscureandbrutallyattackedduringhisshortlifetime,Keatsbecamewell-knownafterdeath.Part6.EnglishCriticalRealismCharlesDickens狄更斯1812-1870ThePickwickPapers匹克威克外传(thesupremeepicofEnglishlife/na?veyouthfuloptimism);OliverTwist雾都孤儿(improbability/unconvincingness/sympathizemiseries/notknowresponsible);TheOldCuriosityShop老古玩店DombeyandSon董贝父子(open&ruthlessattack/moneypower);DavidCopperfield大卫•科波菲尔(favorite);BleakHouse荒凉山庄;HardTimes艰难时世(frontalattackuponthewholemoralandethicalsystem);LittleDorrit小杜丽(imprisonment);ATaleofTwoCities双城记(FrenchRevolution/wherethereisoppression,thereisrevolution/againstprivilegedclasses)GreatExpectation远大前程；OurMutualFriend我们共同的朋友Politicallyandideologically,hewasaRadical.Heshowedgreatconcernaboutsocialproblems,supportedallproposalsforsocialreform,advocatedanincreaseofdemocracyinallspheresoflife,andchampionedthecauseoftheoppressed.Hislovefortheworkingpeopleisdeepandsincere.Asanovelist,heisrememberedfirstofallforcharacter-portrayal.Upperclassoutcastsofhumanity”;lowerclass—hisenthusiasticreadersWilliamMakepeaceThackeray萨克雷1811-1863VanityFair名利1场(aclassicalexampleofsocialsatireuptothepresentday)BunyanPilgrim'sProgressInthisnovelThackeraydescribesthelifeoftherulingclassesofEnglandintheearlydecadesofthe19tcentury,andattacksthesocialrelationshipofthebourgeoisworldbysatirizingtheindividualsinthedifferentstrataoftheuppersociety.Rebecca/BeckySharp:money-grubbinginstinct/gifted/keensenseofhumouranddeepunderstandingofhumanAmeliaSedley:atame,sentimentalbutuselesswomanJaneAustin简・奥斯丁1775-1817PrideandPrejudice蔽慢与偏见；SenseandSensibility理智与情感；Emma爱玛；MansfieldPark曼斯菲尔德公园persuasion劝诫;NorthangerAbbey诺桑觉寺Sheisatherbestinwritingaboutyounggirls,becausesheunderstoodthemastonishinglywell.BronteSisters夏洛蒂/爱米丽/安妮・勃朗特1816-1855CharlotteBronte:JaneEyre简爱criticismofthebourgeoissystemofeducation(Lowoodobedientslavesfortherich)Inhernovels,Charlotteattackedthegreed,prettytyrannyandlackofcultureamongthebourgeoisieandsympathizedwiththesufferingsofthepoorpeople.EmilyBronte:WutheringHeight呼啸山庄hierarchy等级制度Heathcliffisarebelagainstthebourgeoismatrimonialsystem/lovecrushedbytheclassprejudice/theoppressedbecomestheoppressor/theme:afullhumanlifeinacapitalistsocietywasimpossibleofattainment.AnneBronte:AgnesGrey艾格尼斯•格雷Gaskell盖斯凯尔MaryBarton玛丽•巴顿GeorgeEliot艾略特(MaryAnnEvans)AdamBede亚当•贝德；TheMillontheFloss弗洛斯河上的磨坊；SilasMarner织工马南Part7.Prose-writers&PoetsoftheMid&Late19thcenturyThomasCarlyle卡莱尔1795-1881SartorResartus旧衣新裁;TheFrenchRevolution法国大革命;HeroesandHero-worship论英雄与英雄崇拜(thehistoryoftheworldisthebiographyofgreatmen)AlfredTennyson丁尼生1809-1892ThePrincess公主;Maud默德;名诗：Ulysses尤利西斯;Break,Break,Break;CrossingtheBar过沙洲InMemoriam悼念集inmemoryofA.H.Hallam,hisclosefriendandthefiancofhissistereThepoettriedtofindsomeconsolationforhimselfandforthepiousVictorianswhowerethrownintoacrisisinfaithbythenewdiscoveryinscienceIdyllsoftheKing国王之歌basedonthestoriesofKingArthurandhisKnightsofRoundTable“灵与肉的永恒冲突”RobertBrowning罗伯特・布朗宁1812-1889MenandWomen男人和女人；TheRingandtheBook指环与书；MyLastDuchess我的前公爵夫人HisprincipleachievementiesinhisintroducingtoEnglishpoetryanewform,thedramaticmonologue戏居U独白./thoughformostpartLyricinexpression,Dramaticinprinciple,andsomanyutteranceofsomanyimaginarypersons,notmine./adramaticstoryinhisworkisnottoldthroughactionbutbythemonologueofthecharactersconcerned.ElizabethBrowningSonnetsfromthePortuguese葡萄牙十四行诗;TheCryoftheChildren孩子们的哭泣

GeorgeGissing吉辛1857-1903NewCrubSrreet新格鲁勃街ThemostsignificantfigureintheperiodoftransitionfromVictoriantothemodernnovel.RobertLouisStevenson史蒂文森1850-1894TreasureIsland金银岛OscarWilde王尔德1856-1900Spokesmanoftheaestheticmovement长篇小说：ihePictureofDorianGray道林•格雷的画像童话：TheHappyPrinceandOtherTales快乐王子居［I作：LadyWindermere'sFan温德米尔夫人的扁子；AWomanofNoImportance一个无足轻重的女人;AnIdealHusband理想丈夫；TheImportanceofBeingEarnest埃耐斯特的重要性；悲剧:Salome莎乐美Bothofthemaretypicalunwholesomeproductsofthedecadentliterarytrend.颓废文学倾向的不健康产物Part8.20thcenturyEnglishliteratureSamuelButler勃特勒1835-1902TheWayofAllFlesh众生之路；Erewhon埃瑞洪；ErewhonRevisited重游埃瑞洪Erewhon=nowhereSatirizetheshammoralityoftheBritishBourgeoisieJosephConrad康拉德1859-1924LordJim吉姆老爷；Nostromo诺斯特罗莫；AnOutpostofProgress文明的前哨后殖民主义HenryJames亨利・詹姆士DaisyMiller黛西米勒(internationaltheme)；TheWingsoftheDove鸽翼；Theambassadors使节；TheGoldenBowl金碗Forerunnerofthestreamoftheconsciousness,literatureHisfundamentalthemeistheinnocenceoftheNewWorldandthecorruption(andwisdom)oftheOld.ThomasHardy哈代1840-1928RepresentativeofEcriticalrealist^attheturnofthe19centuryUndertheGreenwoodTree绿荫下；FarfromtheMaddingCrowd远离尘嚣；TheReturnoftheNative还乡；TheMayorofCasterbridge卡斯特桥；TessoftheD'Urbervilles德伯家白勺苔丝：filledwithafeelingofdismalforebodinganddoom/FatalcircumstanceandtragiccoincidenceJudetheObscure无名的裘德：thethemeisadeadlywarwagedbetweenfleshandspirit“andthecontrastbetweentheideallifeamanwishtoleadandthesqualidreallifehewasfatedtolead'/epitomizesHardy'slongingforspiritualvaluesandhisdespa