初中英语介词用法详解与练习-共17

词类、句子成分和构词法：1、词类：英语词类分十种：名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。1、名词（n.）：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy,morning,bag,ball,class,orange.2、代词（pron.）：主要用来代替名词。如：who,she,you,it.3、形容词（adj..）:表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good,right,white,orange.4、数词（num.）：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one,two,three,first,second,third,fourth.5、动词（v.）：表示动作或状态。如：am,is,are,have,see.6、副词（adv.）：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now,very,here,often,quietly,slowly.7、冠词（art..）:用在名词前，帮助说明名词。如：a,an,the.8、介词（prep.）:表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in,on,from,above,behind.9、连词（conj.）：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and,but,before.10、感叹词（interj..）表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh,well,hi,hello.2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物，回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I'mMissGreen.（我是格林小姐）2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态，回答“做（什么）”。主要由动词担任。如：Jackcleanstheroomeveryday.杰克每天打扫房间）3、表语在系动词之后，说明主语的身份或特征，回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：MynameisPingping.我的名字叫萍萍）4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果，回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：Hecanspelltheword.他能拼这个词）有些及物动词带有两个宾语，一个指物，一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语，指人的叫间接宾语。问接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：Hewrotemealetter.（他给我写了一封信）有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语，放在直接宾语后面，来强调间接宾语。如：Hewrotealettertome.他给我写了一封信）5、定语修饰名词或代词，通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如：Shanghaiisabigcity.（h海是个大城市）6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词，通常由副词担任。如：Heworkshard.他工作努力）7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么，通常由形容词或动词充当。如：Theyusuallykeeptheirclassroomclean他们通常让教室保持清洁）/Heoftenhelpsmedomylessons.他常常帮我做功课）/TheteacherwantedmetolearnFrenchallbymyself.（老师要我自学法语）☆同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面，进一步说明它的情况。如：WhereisyourclassmateTom的的同学汤姆在哪里？）3、构词法：英语构词法主要有：合成法、派生法和转换法。1、合成法：如：spaceship,headache,basketball,playground等。2、派生法：（1）派生名词：①动词+er/or②动词+ing③动词+⑴ion④形容词+ness⑤具他，如：inventor,learner,swimming,congratulation,kindness,carelessness,knowledge（2）派生形容词：①名词+y②名词+ful③动词+ing/ed④friendly⑤dangerous⑥Chinese;Japanese®English⑧French®German⑩国名+（i）an如：snowy,sunny,hopeful,beautiful,interesting,follwing,daily（每日的）,nervous,delicious（3）派生副词：①形容词+ly②其它，如：slowly,angrily,full-fully,good-well,possible-^possibly等等。3、转换法：（1）形容词—动词，如：dry（干燥的）-dry（弄干），clean（干净的）fclean（打扫，弄干净），等等。（2）动词—名词，如：look,walk,rest,work,study,swim,go,talk等等。（3）名词-动词，如：handb）-（传递）,faced^）f（面对）等等。（4）形容词-副词，如：early-early,fasCfast等等。（5）副词—连词，如：when（什么时候）—（当时候），等等。（6）介词-副词，如：in（到……里）-（在里面；在家）,on（在•…上尸（进行，继续），笺笺专专初中英语介词定义：介词是一种用来表示词与词，词与句之间的关系的词。在句中不能单独作句字成分。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作状语，表语，补语或介词宾语。※一、表示时间的介词：1、in,on,at在时in表示较长时间，如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般（非特指）的早、中、晚等。如inthe20thcentury,inthe1950s,in1989,insummer,inJanuary,inthemorning,inthenight,inone'slife,inone等。'sthirtieson表示具体某一天及其早、中、晚。如onMay1st,onMonday,onNewYear'sDay,onacoldnightinJanuary,onafinemorning,onSundayafternoon等。at表示某一时刻或较短暂的时间，或泛指圣诞节，复活节等。如at3:20,atthistimeofyear,atthebeginningof,attheendof…，attheageof…，atChristmas,atnight,atnoon,atthismoment^。注意：在last,next,this,that,some,every等词之前一律不用介词。如：Wemeeteveryday.“at时间点，有on必有天，in指月季年，也和色相连”就是说，有具体的时间点的时候用at,具体那一天用on,说到月份，季节，年份，就用in；而且说谁穿了什么颜色的衣服的时候，也是用in……（color）at用于某一具体时刻或重大节日之前

在初中阶段常见的固定短语inEnglish用英语在初中阶段常见的固定短语inEnglish用英语儿、不久inahurry匆匆忙忙细地inaword一句话怎样intheend最后infact事实上面insomeways在某些方面inaminute一会儿、立亥Uindanger在危险中inall总共inspiteof尽管ingoodhealth身体健康的incommon共同的inashortwhile一会infull全部地、详ineverycase不管inperson亲自infrontof在前inpublic当众2、before、afterbefore表示“在某时刻或某件事之前"，after用在时刻或某件事之后3、by、until>tillby表示“在……之前，到……为止”till与until都有“直到……”或"直到……为止”之意，till多用于口语，且不能放在旬首，till和until用于肯定何时，主句中动词的动作一致延续到till或until后的时间为止；till和until用于否定何时，主句中的动词是瞬间动作，它的动作要到till或until后的时间才发生。①HecannotbebackJanuary.到一月份他才回来。(till/until)②Wewaited10oclocklastnight.昨晚我们一直等至U10点钟。(till/until)4.in,after两者都有“在一段时间之后”之意，但“in+时间段”表示时间从现在算起，常用语将来时态；而“after+时间段/时间点”表示的时间从过去算起，多用于过去式。Eg：Iwillfinishtheworktwohours.两个小时后我将完成这项工作。Hereturnedhishometownhalfanyear).年后他返回了他的故乡。【考题再现】Nohurry.Thebuswillarrivetenminutes.A.atB.forC.inD.by【解析】在将来时中，in用在一段时间之前，表示在一段时间之后。故选C※二、表示地点的介词：表示方位的介词：in、on、to1In表小“在…内”，on表小“与…相邻”，to表小“在…之外，又不相邻”①AisinthenortheastofB②AisonthewestofB③BistotheeastofA.2、表示“在•…之上或之下”的介词above,over,on在上above指在上方，不强调是否垂直，与below相对；over指垂直的上方，与under相对，但over与物体有一定的空间，不直接接触。on表示某物体上面并与之接触。Thebirdisflyingabovemyhead.Thereisabridgeovertheriver.Heputhiswatchonthedesk.below,under在下面under表示在•…正下方below表示在下，不一定在正下方3、表示在某地的介词：at、in、onat-表示较小的地点，in一表示较大的地方，on—表示在一个平面上。4、表示“前、后”的介词⑴infrontof,inthefrontof,before表示“在…之前”infrontof=before表示“在某一范围之外的前面”inthefrontof表示“在某一范围之内的前部”⑵atthebackof,behind,after三者均有“在…之后”之意，atthebackof是inthefrontof的反义词，表示“在某一范围之内的后部"，behind是infrontof的反义词，表示“在某一范围之外的后面”，After可与behind互换，也可以用于表示运动的词词后面。5、表示“里外”的介词⑴in表示“在…内”,有静止之意，inside表示“在•一里面”、“到•…里面”，强调“以•…为界”之意，into表示动作的方向,意为“到…内”。⑵outside是inside的反义词，表示“在…外面”，outof是into的反义词，表示“到•…外”。6.from,to,for,into,outof1）from从•••..ThetrainstartedfromParis.ShewillflyfromBeijingtoHK.2）to至卜•.（目的地）去，向…..HewenttoGuangzhoulastyear.Theygottothetownverylate.3）for向•・•..,表目的方向HeleftforTianjinonbusinessyesterday.ThetrainforShanghaihasbeenaway.Towards,to和for都可表示方向，其区别如下：Towards仅指朝向某个方向，不一定是目的地，而to和for都是“向目的地”。For作“向（目的地）时，常用于固定搭配中，如：leavefor,startfor4)into进入Pleaseputthewaterintothebottle.Theteachercameintotheclassroom.5)outof从•••..出来Agirlinredwentoutoftheshop.Theypulledhimoutofthewater.※三、其他介词1、表示材料与手段的介词：with,by,in⑴with表示“用某种工具"。如：Hebrokethewindowwithastone.他用石头把玻璃砸坏了。注意：with表示用某种工具时，必须用冠词或物主代词。⑵by指“靠•一手段”，“用•一方法”，“凭借•…动作”，所表示的方法、手段、途径比较抽象，后接名词、代词或动名词，也可和bus、plane、bike等表示交通手段的名词连用。⑶in表示“所用材料以及所用的语言、声音、衣饰等”2、of,from,aboutOf表示“属于•…的”，表示数量或种类；from表示“是哪里人”以及时间或时间的起点来自；about”关于•••”、”大约、左右”等。X四、几个已混介词的用法辨析1)表示“在……之间”的介词：between,amongbetween指在两个人或两个事物之间；among指在三个或三个以上的人或事物之间。2)by,with,in表示方法、手段、工具by以……方法、手段或泛指某种交通工具；with表示用…工具、手段，一般接具体的工具和手段；in表示用•…方式，用•…语言(语调、笔墨、颜色)等；Hemakesalivingbysellingnewspapers.Hebrokethewindowwithastone.TheforeignerspoketousinEnglish.※五、含有介词的固定搭配1、介词与动词dowellin在某方回做的好dowith处置agreewithsb.同意杲人beginwith以•一开始laughat嘲笑helpwith在•一方面帮助leavefor动身去某地catchupwith赶上geton/alongwith与…相处arrivein/at到达makefriendwith与…交朋友takecareof照顾、照料

lookat看listento听hearfrom听说lookfor寻找turnon/off打开/关上sendfor派人去请lookafter照看、照料puton穿上payfor为•一付钱Lookover检查dependon枷靠依依waitfor等候fillwith充满askfor要，要求2、介词和形容词的固定搭配besatisfiedwithsb.begood/badfor对某人感到满意对…启益/有害beweakinbelatefor在某方面差迟到bepleasedwithsb.对某人感到满意bebusywith忙于beangryatsth.因•一而生气bemadeof由…制成beangryatsb.生某人的气begoodat在…方面做的好befullof充满bedifferentfrom与•一不同bestrictwithsb.对某人要求严格bestrictinsth.对某事要求严格beproudof以•一为荣3、介词与名词搭配intime及时atwork在工作ontime［按时infact事实上athome;在家atonce马上atnight晚上introuble处于困境onfoot步行onduty值日「inahurry匆忙inthesun在阳光下1()1ChildrengetgiftsChristmasandtheirbirthdays.A.on;onB.at;onC.in;inD.in;on()2-Thereisnothingtomorrowafternoon,isthere?-No.Wecanhaveagameoftabletennis.A.onB.inC.outD.up()3AlotofstudentsinourschoolwerebornMarch,1981.A.inB.atC.onD.since()4Timsuddenlyreturnedarainynight.A.onB.atC.inD.during()5MygrandfatherwasbornOct.10,1935.A.onB.inC.atD.of()6Thetrainisstartingfiveminutes.A.inB.atC.forD.still()7Mikedoeshisexercisesseventheevening.A.on;toB.at;inC.by;ofD.at;on()1Thepopulationoftheworldhasgrownveryfastfourhundredyears.A.forpasttheB.inthepassC.inthepastD.forpast()2Wereturnedtoourhometown.A.nextweekB.inthelastweekC.lastweekD.foraweek()3Greatchangeshavetakenplace.A.inthelastfewyearB.inthelastfewyearsC.lastyearD.onthelastyear3()1ChildrenwakeupveryearlythemorningofChristmasDay.A.inB.onC.forD.at()2acoldwintermorning,Imetheratthebusstop.A.InB.OnC.AtDFor()3Ithappenedtobeverycoldthemorningofoursportsmeet.A.atB.onC.withD.of()4Whydidyougetupsoearlythismorning.A.onB./C.atD.in4—()1HewenttoShanghaiSeptember3,1991andcamebackacoldmorninglastyear.A.in;onB.on;inC.on;onD.in;in()2LucywasbornthenightofMay12,1984A.onB.inC.atD.to()3MrsBrowncametoChina2019.A.onB.ofC.to,D.in()4themorningofNovember20,1915,theworkerscametoChicagotoshowtheirmourningJoeHill.A.On;toB.In;of.C.On;for,D.At;for()5AnnmovedHangzhouSeptember,1992./;iniB.to;inC.to;onD,in;in()6Theystartedoffanautumnafternoon.A.duringB.atC.inD.on5-()1Heoftengoesschoolsixthirtythemorning.A.for;to;inB.to;atinC.to;for;atD,for;at;to()2HearrivedShanghai9:30March5.fA.at;in;atB.to;on;atC.in;on;atD.in;at;on()3TheEnglishteachertoldmetogettherehalfpastten.A:inB.atC.onD.Of()4Thechildrengetup6o'clock.A.atB.onC.duringD.in6-()1Thedoctorworkedfivehoursarest.A.for;withB.on;withoutC.about;havingD.for;without()2IworkedontheproblemalongtimeandIworkeditoutmyselflast.A.for;by;atB.in;with;onC.on;by;inD.for;for;atthe()3Anewfactorywillbesetup:ayear.A.forB.inC.afterD.on()4Twoyearshebegantowriteanotherstory-book.A.afterB.later;C.inD.late()5Wewillfinishthepictureaday.A.inB.onC.afterD.on()6Theworkershadbeenstrikealmostamonth.A.on;inB.at;inC.on;forD.on;during()7MrBrownhadlainthegroundfourhoursbeforetheyfinallyfoundhim.A.on;forB.at;inC.on;afterD.in;during7()1Theteacheriscomingbackanhour.A.afterB.forC.inD.before()2Shelivedinthemountainvillagetheyears1940-1950.A.betweenB.duringC.inD.since()3MissWangwillcometoBeijingtwodays.A.afterB.inC.onD.before()4TheAmericanCivilWarlastedfouryearsbeforetheNorthwontheend.A.byB.atC.inD.on8()7MaryhadfinishedherhomeworkthetimeIgothome.A.untilB.byC.atD.when()2Westayedatthelabourteacherreturned.A.tillB.byC.duringD.while()3Theydidn'tleavethestationtheygetonthetrain.A.untilB.byC.afteryD.at9Don'tworry.Hewillreturn.A.beforelongB.longbeforeC.longlongagoD.longagoTherelivedanoldman,fishingatsea.A.longbeforeB.beforelongC.longtimeagoD.soonItwasnottheycameback.A.longbeforeB.beforelongC.longtimebeforeD.longafterIwastoldthathisunclehadgonetoFrance.longbefore-B.shortlyafterC.beforelongD.longago10()1Tomgetsupatfiveinthemorning.A.SometimeB.SometimesC.SometimeD.Sometimes()2Irememberwemeteachotherlastyear.A.Sometime'B.sometimesC.sometimeD.sometimes()3MaryandIhavebeentotheGreatWall,.A.sometimeB.sometimeC.sometimesD.sometimes()4HestudiedEnglishforinLondon,andthenhewenttoAmerica.A.sometimesB.sometimenewsometimeB.sometimes11()1Idon'tliketositTom'sright.Iwouldliketositthebackrow.A.on;inB.in;onC.on;atD.at;on()2Thereisabrookredflowersandgreengrassbothsides.A.ofwithB.with;onC.of;atD.with;in()3Therearemanytreesoftheroad!AndofthetreesisgrowinglargerandlargerA.onbothside;anumberB.oneachsides;anumberonbothsides;thenumberD.oneveryside;thenumber12()1Theplaneisflying.A.intheskyB.in.theairC.inspaceD.insky()2Thereisasweetsmell.A.intheairB.intheopenairC.intheskyD.inthespace()3Weheldaninterestingparty.A.intheairB.intheskyC.intheopenairD.inspace()4Seenfrom,theearthappearstobeabigblueball.A.thespaceB.spaceC.aspaceD.thisspace13()1TomsitstheclassroomwhileJohnsitstheroom.A.infrontof;atbackofB.inthefrontof;atthebackofC.infrontof;atthebackofD.inthefrontof;atbackof()2Lucysitsthethirdrow,Jim'sleft.A.on;onB.in;atC.at;inD.in;on()3JiangsuistheeastofChina,butJapanistheeastofChina.A.to;inB.in;to.C.on;toD.to;on14()1.-CanIlookupawordyourdictionary?」haven'tgotme.A.into;aboutB.in;withC.at;inD.on;on()21likemooncakesmeatthem.A.in;onB.with;onC.in;theD.with;in()3Whenyouaretroublepleaseaskhelpus.A.in;fromB.in;forC.on;fromD.on;of()4Theshopkeepersaidtheyhadsoldouttheshoesyoursize.A.aboutB.inC.toD.of()5Isawhimhurryatthemoment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;over,aboveIgotoschool7:30everymorning.(in,on,at)Hewouldliketomeether8:00and9:00tomorrowmorning.(between,among)TheGreenshavelivedinChinathreeyears(in,for,after)WegotoschooleverydaySaturdayandSundayexcept,besidesHewrotetheletterink.(by,with,in)Shereturnedtohercountryfiveyears.(in,after,for)Thereisabigtreeourclassroom(after,behind)Iusuallygotoworkbike.(by,on,with)1.1-7BAAAAAB2.1-3CCB3.1-4BBBB4.1-6CADBAD5.1-4BDBA6.1-7BABBACA7.1-4CBBC8.1-3BAA9.1-4AAAA10.1-4BADC11.1-3ABC12.1-4AACB13.1-3BDB14.1-5BDABA15.1-4CDAB16.1-4AAAB17.1-4CBBD18.1-4BBBB19.1-4ABBB20.1-5AADCD21.1-5DCCA22.1-7BADBCAA23.1-3DCC24.1-6CABCAD25.1-6DCAAAB26.1-6AADBBD27.1-3CAA28.1-4BCCB29.1-6BCACAC强化复习ChildrengetgiftsChristmasandtheirbirthdays.A.on;onB.at;onC.in;inD.in;on-Thereisnothingtomorrowafternoon,isthere?-No.Wecanhaveagameoftabletennis.A.onB.inC.outD.upAlotofstudentsinourschoolwerebornMarch,1981.A.inB.atC.onD.sincetiesuddenlyreturnedarainynight.A.onB.atC.inD.duringMygrandfatherwasbornOct.10,1935.A.onB.inC.atD.ofThetrainisstartingfiveminutes.A.inB.atC.forD.stillMikedoeshisexercisesseventheevening.A.on;toB.at;inC.by;ofD.at;on2Thepopulationoftheworldhasgrownveryfastfourhundredyears.A.forpasttheB.inthepassC.inthepastD.forpast2Wereturnedtoourhometown.A.nextweekB.inthelastweekC.lastweekD.foraweek3Greatchangeshavetakenplace.A.inthelastfewyearB.inthelastfewyearsC.lastyearD.onthelastyear3ChildrenwakeupveryearlythemorningofChristmasDay.A.inB.onC.forD.atacoldwintermorning,Imetherinthestreet.A.InB.OnC.AtD.ForIthappenedtobeverycoldthemorningofoursportsmeet.A.atB.onC.withD.ofWhydidyougetupsoearlythismorning.A.onB./C.atD.in4HewenttoShanghaiSeptember3,1991andcamebackacoldmorninglastyear.A.in;onB.on;inC.on;onD.in;inLucywasbornthenightofMay12,1984.A.onB.inC.atD.toMrs.BrowncametoChina2019.A.onB.ofC.to,D.inthemorningo