高考英语二轮专题复习ChineseHistory（中国历史）课件

HowmanyfamouscharactersfromChinesehistorycanyouthinkof?

KongZiQinShihuang（秦始皇）

BriefHistoryOfChinaRemoteAntiquitytoSlaveSociety

(1.7millionyearsago-476B.C.)

recordedhistoryofnearly4,000years.

asleepinglionQin[Ch’in]Dynasty,221-206B.CShiHuangdi(221-206B.C.)China’sfirstempiretheGreatWall(15/09/2012)FACTSLastedonly15yearsQinwasafeudalstatethatgainedpowerandoverthrewtheZhouDynastyQinShiHuangdi(means“firstemperor”)wasoneofthemostpowerfulrulersinChinesehistory

FACTS

firstrulertounifyallofChina builttheGreatWallofChinatoprotectitsborders title“emperor”useduntil1912GoalsforQinDynastyUnitethewarringstates(unity=power)Dividedthecountryinto36province(territories)(thesearesimilartothestatesintheU.S.)DividedtheprovincesintodistrictsPeopleareencouragedtospyonneighborsGoalsforQinDynastyCreatedstrongcentralgovernmentwithstrictlawsandharshpunishments(legalism)QinendedfeudalsystemtoincreasepowerAnymancouldownlandAstrictsystemofrewardsandpunishmentsCENSORSHIPIncreasedpowerbyburningbooksAbookwasconsidered“useless”unlessitwasaboutfarming,medicine,orpredictingthefutureScholarswhorefusedtoturnintheirbookswerekilled(460scholars)BUREAUCRACYAnetworkofappointedgovernmentofficialsAsystemwhereeachpersonisappointed(given)ajobandthentrainedforthatjobUseofbureaucracyandstrictfollowingoflawsislegalismNEWSTANDARDSStandardization–makingallthingsofacertaintypealikeStandardizedmoneyandmeasurementforallofChinaStandardizedwrittenlanguagerequiredalltowriteusingthesamesetofsymbolsStandardizationmadetradeandcommunicationeasierQin[Ch’in]Dynasty,221-206B.CtheGreatWallstretchesfor5,000kminnorthernChina.

ThelegacyofQindynastytheChina'sfirstunified,centralized,multi-ethnicfeudalstate—Qin.Qin[Ch’in]Dynasty,221-206B.Cunificationoftext,weightsandmeasures,andcurrencyThefollowingdynastieshavecontinuedtousethisfeudalnationalframeworkinnext2000years.Qin[Ch’in]Dynasty,221-206B.CTheDetailsofanIndividualSoldierTheGreatWallwithTowersHoweffectivedoyouthinkthiskindofWallwouldhavebeenindefenseinancienttimes?

TheHanRestoreUnityinChinaLiuBangFoundstheHanDynastyLiuBangdefeatsXiangYu,arivalforpower,andfoundstheHanDynastyTheHanDynastybeginsabout202B.C.andlastsabout400years.TheHanRestoreUnityinChinaHanDynastyhasgreatinfluenceonChinesepeopleandcultureLiuBangestablishescentralizedgovernment—acentralauthorityrules.LiuBanglowerstaxesandreducespunishmentstokeeppeoplehappyTheHanRestoreUnityinChinaTheEmpressLüLiuBangdiesin195B.C.;wifeLüseizescontrolofempireEmpressLürulesforheryoungsonandoutliveshim.TherearepalaceplotsandpowerplaysoccurthroughoutHanDynastyTheHanRestoreUnityinChinaTheMartialEmperorLiuBang’sgreat-grandsonWudirulesfrom141to87B.C.“MartialEmperor”WudidefeatsXiongnu(nomads)andmountaintribesColonizesManchuria,Korea,andasfarsouthaswhatisnowVietnamAHighlyStructuredSocietyEmperor’sRoleChinesebelievetheiremperorhasauthoritytorulefromgod.Believeprosperityistherewardofgoodrule,andtroublesrevealpoorrule.AHighlyStructuredSocietyStructuresofHanGovernmentComplexbureaucracyrunsHangovernmentPeoplepaytaxesandsupplylaborandmilitaryserviceGovernmentusespeasantlabortocarryoutpublicprojectsAHighlyStructuredSocietyConfucianism,theRoadtoSuccessWudi’sgovernmentemploys130,000;bureaucracyof18ranksofjobsCivilservicejobs—governmentjobsobtainedthroughexaminations.AHighlyStructuredSocietyJobapplicantsbegintobetestedonknowledgeofConfucianismWudifavorsConfucianscholars,buildsschoolstotrainthemOnlysonsofwealthycanaffordexpensiveschoolingCivilservicesystemworkswell,continuesunil1912HanTechnology,Commerce,andCultureTechnologyRevolutionizesChineseLifeInventionofpaperinA.D.105helpsspreadeducationCollarharness,plow,andwheelbarrowimprovefarmingHanTechnology,Commerce,andCultureAgricultureVersusCommerceAspopulationgrows,farmingregardedasimportantactivityGovernmentallowsmonopolies—controlbyonegroupoverkeyindustriesTechniquesforproducingsilkbecomestatesecretasprofitsincreaseHanUnifiesChineseCultureBringingDifferentPeoplesUnderChineseRuleTounifyempire,ChinesegovernmentencouragesassimilationAssimilationWritersencourageunitybyrecordingChinesehistoryTheFalloftheHanTheRichTakeAdvantageofthePoorLargelandownersgaincontrolofmoreandmorelandGapbetweenrichandpoorincreasesHanDynasty,206B.C.-220A.D.TheHandynastythe"Hanpeople""Hancharacters"HanDynasty,206B.C.-220A.D.

TheHandynastyandConfucius’steachingsAbigemphasisonthefamily.

TheSilkRoadtotheMediterraneanworldChang’anTheHanCapital

Chang’anLargestcityintheworldGreattradecenteronSilkRoadwealthyandbeautifulcityEmperorWudi,141-87B.C.Startedpublicschools.

CivilservicesystemRevivalofChinese

landscapepainting.HanGreatWallTheEmperorofHanextendedtheQ’in’sGreatWall1500bymilesRuinsofJiaohe.

HandynastyoutpostinCentralAsia

AcomparisonofTheRomanEmpireandHanChinaImperialRomeandHanChinaBothlastedapproximately400yearsBothhadpopulationofabout50millionOriginsofempireHanChinaimperialtraditionsstartedbytheQinandZhouDynastyRomecontrollingaristocraticlandlordsTerritorialexpansionHanChinaPushedboundariesfarbeyondMiddleKingdomImperialRomeRome’sappetiteforexpansionRomansneededadditionalterritorytorewardsoldiersSuiDynasty,581-618A.D.“LandEqualization”Systemlandredistribution.GrandCanal

constructed.Establishedanarmyofprofessionalsoldiers.GeneralLiShiminfoundedTangdynastyNamedTaizong–“GreatAncestor”MixedChineseand“barbarian”bloodFirsthadhisfatheronthethrone,whoabdicatedTangDynasty,618-907A.D.Taizong–“GreatAncestor”TangDynasty,618-907A.D.(15/09/2012)TangDynasty,618-907A.D.Imperialexaminationsystemperfected.Liberalattitudetowardsallreligions.SpreadofBuddhisminChinaGoldenAgeofforeignrelationswithothercountries.

TangDynasty,618-907A.D.Newtechnologies:PrintingmoveableprintPorcelainGunpowderMechanicalclocks

TangDynasty,618-907A.D.Reestablishedthesafetyofthe

SilkRoad.

TeacomesintoChinafromSoutheastAsia.

EmpressWuZetian,624-705A.D.TheonlyfemaleEmpressinChina’s

historywhoruledalone.Buddhismwasthefavoredstate

religion.Financedthebuildingofmany

Buddhisttemples.BUT…Sheappointedcruelandsadistic

ministerstoseekoutherenemies.Scholar-OfficialsTangrulersrevivecivilserviceexaminationsystem.Theoretically,examsareopentoallmen,evencommoners.Practically,onlyrichcanaffordnecessaryeducationtotakeexam.Growthofbureaucracycutspowerofnobles.TangDynasty,618-907A.D.SongDynasty966-1279A.D.SongDynastyRestoresChinaTurmoilFollowedbyStrongRuleIn960,TaizureunitesChina,andproclaimsSongDynasty(960-1279).Songrulersunabletorecapturelandslostinthewestandnorth.In1100s,JurchenpeopleariseinManchuriaandsetuptheirownempire.SongDynastyRestoresChinaIn1127,Songrulersareforcedsouth;buildnewcapitalatHangzhou.SouthernSongempirelastsfrom1127to1279.AnEraofProsperityandInnovationGrowthPopulationdoublesduringTangandSongDynastiesto100million.Chinabecomesthemostpopulouscountryintheworld.ScienceandtechnologyChineseinventgunpowder,porcelain,mechanicalclock,papermoney.Movavabletype—blocksofindividualcharacters—makesprintingeasier.Inmathematics,Chinesedeveloptheuseofrnegativenumbers.CultureSongPoetryWángĀnshíZengGongPaintingsfocusingonlandscapesHarmonybetweenhumansandnatureCreationofanurban,merchant,middleclass.

Magneticcompass

makesChinaagreatseapower!

Yuan(Mongol)Dynasty,1279-1368A.D.

KublaiKhan[1260-1294]ToleratedChineseculture

butlivedapartfromthem.

Yuan(Mongol)Dynasty,1279-1368A.D.ToleratedChineseculture

butlivedapartfromthem.Encouragedforeigntrade&foreignmerchantswelcomedtoliveandworkinChina.Yuan(Mongol)Dynasty,1279-1368A.D.

TheMONGOLSGenghisKhan[“UniversalRuler”]1162-1227fromthesteppe[dry,grass-coveredplainsofCentralAsia]TheMONGOLS(15/09/2012)YuanDynasty,1279-1368A.D.TheBlackPlaguewasspreadbytheMongolsinthemid-14c.

SentfleetsagainstJapan.1281A.D.150,000warriorsDefeatedbyahurricaneontheseaAdmiralZhengHe(ChengHo)Ming“TreasureFleet”Eachship400’long&160’wideAdmiralZhengHe’sVoyagesFirstVoyage:1405-1407[62ships;27,800men].SecondVoyage:1407-1409[Hodidn’tgoonthistrip].ThirdVoyage:1409-1411[48ships;30,000men].FourthVoyage:1413-1415[63ships;28,500men].AdmiralZhengHe’sVoyagesFifthVoyage:1417-1419SixthVoyage:1421-1422EmperorZhuGaozhicancelledfuturetripsandorderedshipbuildersandsailorstostopwork.SeventhVoyage:1431-1433ChengHodiedonthereturntrip.TheQingdynastyoriginatedfromthenorthernpartofChinaknownasManchuriaFormanyyearstheywereseparatedfromthemainpartofChinaTheGreatWallwasusedagainsttheManchuaswellastheMongolsQing(Manchu)Dynasty1644-1910TribalPoliticalSystemTheearlyManchuwereawarlikecivilizationsimilartotheMongolsandHunsTheConquestoftheMingTheconquestoftheMingwasanongoingcampaignthatlastedforthirtyyearsItbeganwhenaMingofficialWuSanguiinvitedtheManchuintoChinatohelpthefailingMingcrusharebellionAfterdefeatingtherebelstheManchutookoverandestablishedtheQingDynastyTheQing’sGreatestEmperorTheGreatestoftheMing’srulerswasthesecond,amannamedK’ang-hsi.HecompletedtheconquestoftheMingbydefeatingthethreerebelliousfeudatoriesin1669ledbyWuSanguiTheSuccessionCrisisK’ang-hsiruledfor60yearsandtookalongtimetodeclareanheirHisoriginalheirapparentYin-jenglostfavorforvariouscrimesagainsthumanityTheSuccessionCrisisK’ang-hsineverpubliclynamedanewheirbutonedayhebecameillandhisonlyvisitor,hissonYung-chenexitedhisfatherschamberwithnewsthathehadbeennamedsuccessorandhisfatherhadpassedonLifeUnderYung-ChenHeexpandedtheamountofhigherofficialsinthegovernmentwhichmaderulingeasierHecensoredthehistoricaldocumentstoridtherecordsofhisstruggleswithhisbrothersHedestroyedmanyencyclopediasaftersuspectingthemofcontaininganti-ManchupropagandaYungChengasanEmperormanychangestothepoliticalsystemHeinstitutedameritocracyandputthosehefavoredinhigherpositionsinthegovernmentHetestedhisofficialsbyturningthemagainsteachotherandhavingthemreportoneachothersbehaviorHeformedanetworkofsecretpoliceTheGrandCouncilYung-Cheng’sReigncont.Yung-ChengshowedhighfavoritismtohardnosedadministratorsinthegovernmentbecauseofthewaytheyconductedthemselveswithoutfearHewantedtocreatearegimewithstrictpoliciesandinstitutionssimilartothemilitaryandalsotopurgetheQingdynastyofanyconnectiontotheMing’soldwaysUniquemethodofnamingasuccessorMoreReformsEndoftaxexemptionsforthelowergentryandothernoblesAssaultoninformalsalaries-wantedtoplaceeverythingundergovernmentregulationBegintoseesimilaritiestowardCommunismPoliticsManchusrule-notHanChinesestronglyresistedbynativeHanChineseManchusruledusingChinesesystembutChinesewereforbiddentoholdhighnationaloffices.

ManchuQingexpansionconqueredOuterMongoliaandintocentralAsia,TaiwanandTibet.FirstdynastytoeliminatealldangertoChinafromacrossitslandborders.LargestlandareaofanyChineses