英语写作基础教程(effective-Sentences-1)课件

ABasicCourseinWriting(020925)Course:EnglishWriting

Credits:2(withatotalof80classsessions)

Textbook:

ABasicCourseinWritingInstructor:JINLIANG-CHEN

Class:2ND-M-01/FSize:33Classroom:136(northwingofthemainbuilding)Time:14:00–15:50pm,Sept.25,02(Wed.)

Goontop13(afterbreak)

ABasicCourseinWriting(020EffectiveSentencesAim:

Qualitiesofaneffectivesentenceandwaystoachieveeffectiveness.Correctnessalonecannotmakeagoodsentencebecauseitmaynotexpresstheideaitintendstoexpressveryclearlyorforcefully.Ithastobeeffectiveatthesametime.Qualitiesofaneffectivesentence:UnityCoherenceConcisenessEmphasisVarietyEffectiveSentencesAim:QualitUnityUnitymeansthatthereisonlyonemainideainasentence;andthatthatideaiscomplete.(Unitydoesnotmeanawritercanwriteonlysimplesentences.)Alongsentenceexpressesideasthatarecloselyconnected.TheyareeitherAcentralideasupportedormodifiedbyvarioussubordinateideas,orTwoormorerelatedparallelideas.e.g.TheexplorerwhohasjustreturnedfromtheAntarcticisbusywritingreportsonhisadventuresonthatice-coveredcontinent,wherehedidnotseeanyanimalsexceptpenguins.(Thecentralidea:TheexploreriswritingreportsonhisadventuresintheAntarctic.)UnityUnitymeansthatunityBorninasmalltowninSouthChinaintheearly50s,hegrewuptobeafamousmusician.(Thetwopartsoftheoriginalsentencearenotlogicallyconnected,becauseamanborninasmalltowninSouthChinaintheearly50swouldnotnecessarilybecomeafamousmusician.)HewasborninasmalltowninSouthChinaintheearly50s.Inhischildhoodhelikedtosingsongs.Laterheenteredaconservatory.Inthe70shebecameafamousmusician.DreamoftheRedMansionsisthebest-knownnovel.(Thisseemstobeacorrectsentence,butitsmeaningisnotcomplete.“Thebest-knownnovel”shouldhavebeenmodified.)DreamoftheRedMansionsisoneofthebest-knownclassicalChinesenovel.Ofallwrittenbeforethe20thcenturyDreamoftheRedMansionsisperhapsthemostpopular.

#unityBorninasmalltowninSCoherenceClearandcorrectarrangementofthepartsofasentence(连贯，尤指各部分间逻辑的、有序的、完美的一致关系)Donotseparatewordsthatarecloselyrelatedunlessitisnecessary.E.g.Donotuseadanglingmodifierorputamodifierfarfromtheworditmodifies.Donotusedifferentformstoexpressparallelideas.E.g.Donotmakeunnecessaryshiftsinpersonandnumber,andthevoice,tenseormoodofverbs.E.g.Donotmakeunnecessaryorconfusingshiftsinpersonornumber.Donotuseapronounwithambiguousreference.Goon.CoherenceClearandcorrectarrDonotputamodifier

farfromtheworditmodifies.

Ireadaninterestingstoryinamagazineaboutsportsmen.Ireadinamagazineaninterestingstoryaboutsportsmen.InamagazineIreadaninterestingstoryaboutsportsmen.Theideahementionedatfirstsoundedgood.Theideahefirstmentionedsoundedgood.Theideahementionedsoundedgoodatfirst.Hegaveareasonfornotattendingthemeeting,whichnobodybelieved.Hegaveareason,whichnobodybelieved,fornotattendingthemeeting.Hegaveareasonfornotattendingthemeeting,areasonwhichnobodybelieved.BackDonotputamodifier

farfroDonotusedifferentforms

toexpressparallelideas.

Amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaysbutalsobyhisdeeds.Amanisjudgednotonlybyhiswordsbutalsobyhisdeeds.(?1)Wethoughtshewascharming,intelligent,andaverycapableyoungwoman.Wethoughtshewascharming,intelligent,andverycapable.(?2)Wehavegreatfaithandhighhopesforher.Wehavegreatfaithinandhighhopesforher.Thiscompositionisquitegoodasfarastheuseoflanguageisconcerned,butitscontentispoor.Thelanguageofthiscompositionisquitegoodbutitscontentisratherpoor.(?3)BackDonotusedifferentforms

toDonotmakeunnecessaryorconfusingshifts

inperson,number,tense,mood,andvoice.

Studentsshouldlearntoanalyzeandsolveproblemsindependently.Don’trelyonyourteachers’help.Theyshouldnotrelyontheirteachers’help.(mood)Thosewhowanttojointhechorusshouldsignyournameonthissheetorpaper.theirnames(personandnumber)Helooksupdifficultwordsinhisdictionaries,anditisveryhelpful.whichis(person:wrongmodifier/antecedent)Shereviewedthelessontaughtlastweekandalltheexercisesassignedbytheteacherweredone.didalltheexercisesassignedbytheteacher.(person)DonotmakeunnecessaryorconDonotmakeunnecessaryorconfusingshifts

inperson,number,tense,mood,andvoice.Theexplosiondestroyedthebuildingandanumberofpeoplewereinjured.Theexplosiondestroyedthebuildingandinjuredanumberofpeople.(person)(?1:voiceagreement)Intheexplosionthebuildingwasdestroyedandanumberofpeopleinjured.(voice)Alotofhigherhouseswerebuiltaroundhersinthepastfewyearsandshegetsnomoresunlight.Alotofhigherbuildingshavebeenbuiltaroundhersinrecentyearsandasaresultshegetsnomoresunlight.(tense)(?2:inanyotherway?)Alotofhigherbuildingswerebuiltaroundhersandasaresultshegotnomoresunlight.(tense)#BackDonotmakeunnecessaryorconConcisenessUseonlythenecessarywords,orasfewwordsaspossiblesolongasthemeaningisfullyexpressed.Useapronouninsteadofrepeatinganoun.Useawordinsteadofaphrasewiththesamemeaning,anduseaphraseinsteadofaclausewiththesamemeaning.Donotrepeatwordsorphrases,ifpossible,inasentenceorinonethatfollows.Donotusedifferentwordsorphraseswithsimilarmeaningsinthesamesentence.Donotrepeatthesameideaindifferentsentencesexceptforemphasis.ConcisenessUseonlythenecesConcisenessHegavemanyreasonsforthefailure,butthereasonshegavewerenotconvincing.Hegavemanyreasonsforthefailure,butnoneofthemwasconvincing.Inmyopinion,Ithinkyourplanisfeasible.Inmyopinion/Ithink,yourplanisfeasible.Thismachinewasjointlydesignedbytheoldengineerincollaborationwithsomeofhisyoungercolleagues.Thismachinewasjointlydesignedbytheoldengineerandsomeofhisyoungercolleagues.Mr.SmithusuallylikestodrinkallkindsofwinesthatareproducedinFrance.Mr.SmithpreferswinesproducedinFrance.Mr.SmithprefersFrenchwines.ConcisenessHegavemanyreasonConcisenessLiQing,whowasafirst-yearstudentofthecollege,wouldgotoaparknearherschooleverydayinthemorning.Shewouldbringasmallrecorderwithher.IntheparkshewouldfindaquietcornerandlistentoatapeofEnglishstories.Everymorning,LiQing,afirst-yearstudentofthecollege,wouldgotoanearbypark,bringingasmallrecorderwithher.ThereshewouldlistentoatapeofEnglishstoriesinaquietcorner.#(break)ConcisenessLiQing,whowasaEmphasisWaysofemphasis(tolayemphasisoncertainwordsorphrases)Placinge.g.Climaticsequencee.g.Theverbandtheactivevoicee.g.Subordinatione.g.Repeatingimportantwordse.g.Shortsentencese.g.Balancedsentencese.g.Periodicsentencese.g.Negative-positivestatementse.g.Rhetoricalquestionse.g.Emphaticexpressionse.g.

GoonEmphasisWaysofemphasis(toEmphasisPlacing(I):Theendandthebeginningofasentenceusuallyattractthereader’sattention,soimportantelementsofasentenceshouldbeputatthesetwoplaces,especiallytheend.Compare:SpainismoreinterestingthanFranceinmanyways,someforeigntouristssay.SomeforeigntouristssaythatSpainismoreinterestingthanFranceinmanyways.Spain,someforeigntouristssay,isinmanywaysmoreinterestingthanFrance.EmphasisPlacing(I):TheendaEmphasisPlacing(II)OnlyQianWencouldhavewrittensuchaniceessay,thoughtherearefiftystudentsintheclass.Ofthefiftystudentsintheclass,noonecouldhavewrittensuchaniceessaybutQianWen.Whatwascommontoalltheseheroeswasthattheydidnotfeardeath,dangerandhardships.Whatwascommontoalltheseheroeswasthattheydidnotfearhardships,dangeranddeath.

BackEmphasisPlacing(II)EmphasisClimaticsequenceInenumeratingthingsorideas,weshouldstartfromtheleastimportantandendwiththemostimportant,orintheclimaticsequence.Abiologistoncesaidtheantisasymbolofwisdom,industryandefficiency.(?1)Hesaidhehadlostinterestinlife,fame,positionandmoneyafterthattragedy.(?2)(1)Abiologistoncesaidtheantisasymbolofindustry,efficiencyandwisdom.(2)Hesaidafterthattragedyhehadlostinterestinmoney,position,fameandevenlife.EmphasisClimaticsequenceEmphasis:theverbandtheactivevoiceVerbsvsNounsShemadeadecisionthatshewouldnottakethejob.Shedecidednottotakethejob.(shorter,clearerandmoreemphatic.)ActivevoicevspassivevoiceTelevisionwaswatchedbythewholefamilyintheevenings.Thewholefamilywatchedtelevisionintheevenings.(morenaturalandemphatic)butwithimportantreceiverofanaction,PVisused:Alltheoldbuildingsinthisblockhavebeenpulleddownandnewhouseswillbebuiltnextyear.BackEmphasis:theverbandtheactEmphasis:subordination

Itmeansputtingaminorideainadependentelementofthesentencesoastogivethemainideaaprominentposition.

Compare：Theprofessorwalkedintotheclassroomandhecarriedabagofbookswithhim.Theprofessorwalkedintotheclassroom,carryingabagofbookswithhim.Theprofessorwalkedintotheclassroomwithabagofbooksunderhisarm.Theprofessorwalkedintotheclassroom,abagofbooksunderhisarm.Emphasis:subordinationIEmphasis:subordinationTheywerewaitingforthemeetingtobegin.Theytalkedwitheachother.Theytalkedaboutthewomen’sfootballteam.TheteamhadwonvictoriesinGuangzhou.Whilewaitingforthemeetingtobegin,theytalkedaboutthevictorieswonbythewomen’sfootballteaminGuangzhou.GeneralGrantwasanoutstandingcommander,buthewasnotawisepresident.Thisiswhatourhistoryprofessorsaid.Accordingtoourhistoryprofessor,GeneralGrant,whowasanoutstandingcommander,wasnotawisepresident.BackEmphasis:subordinationTheyweRepetition:Unnecessaryrepetitionaddsnothingnewtothemeaningofasentence;thereforeitshouldbeavoided.Butsometimes,inapropercontextrepeatingawordoranideaindifferentwordsmaybeameansofemphasis.Bright,verybright,werethestarsoverthewild,darkYenanhills.(AnnaLouiseStrong)Simplicity,simplicity,simplicity!Isay,letyouraffairsbeastwoorthree,andnotahundredorathousand…Simplify,simplify.Insteadofthreemealsaday,ifitbenecessary,eatbutone;insteadofhundreddishes,five;andreduceotherthingsinproportion.(HenryDavidThoreau)Thegoodolddaysweregoneforever,couldneverbegotbackagain.Shelookedatthestrangerwithtimidsuspicionanduneasydoubt.BackRepetition:UnnecessaryrepetiShortsentencesThespeakeraskedtheaudiencewhattheythoughtwerethemainproblemsthecitygovernmentwasfacing,andhowtheseproblemsshouldorcouldbesolved,andheeagerlywaitedforanswers.Noanswercame.Theplotisconfusing,thecharactersareveryqueerpeople,andthedialogueishardtounderstand.Astrangefilm.Aseriesofshortsentencesusedtogetherexpressrapidmovementsortension,andtheyareemphatic,too.Hewettedhisclothes.Withawettoweloverhishead,hedashedintotheburninghouse.Thesmokechokedhim.Heranintoaroomonthesecondfloor.Themostimportantpaperswerethere.Hegraspedthemandjumpedoutofawindow.BackShortsentencesThespeakeraskBalancedsentencesAbalancedsentenceisonethatconsistsoftwopartsofthesamestructureandroughlythesamelength,andwithcontrasted(orsimilar)ideas.Thegentlemanvaluesharmony,notuniformity;thesmallmanvaluesuniformity,notharmony.Helikessmoking;hiswifehatesit.Itisnoteasytobelikeeveryoneelse;itishardertobedifferentfromeveryoneelse.Youcanfoolallofthepeoplesomeofthetime,someofthepeopleallofthetime,butyoucan’tfoolallofthepeopleallofthetime.BackBalancedsentencesAbalancedsPeriodicsentencesAperiodicsentenceisonethatisnotcompleteinstructureormeaninguntilitreachesthelastword,whichisthemostimportantwordofthesentence.Sheoftensaidtoherparentsandfriendsthathergreatestwishwastobeanartist.Itisgenerallyacknowledgedthatthesolecriterionoftruthispractice.AccordingtoTaoismtheuniversewascreatedbyamysteriousforcecalledTao.Hesaidforbuyingahousehehadpreparedeverythingbutmoney.Back

Compare:(a’)Tobeanartistwashergreatestwishandsheoftentalkedaboutthiswithherparentsandfriends.PeriodicsentencesAperiodicsNegative-positivestatementsWhenanegativestatementisfollowedbyapositiveone,themeaningisemphasizedbythecontrast:Ratherthanlove,thanmoney,thanfame,givemetruth.Thepoordesignofthebuildingshowsthatheisnotanarchitect---heisonlyabuilder.Heisnotanordinaryscholarinthisfield;heisanauthority.BackNegative-positivestatementsWhRhetoricalquestionsTheyarequestionsinformbutemphaticstatementsinmeaning.Theyarenotaskedtobeanswered,forexample:Didn’tItellyounottocomelate?(Ididtellyounotbe/comelateandyouforgotit.)What’stheuseoffeelingsorryaboutthemistake?Correctit.(Itisnousefeelingsorryaboutthemistake.)Isn’titbeautifulweather?(Itisindeedbeautifulweather.)BackRhetoricalquestionsTheyareqTheuseofemphaticexpressionsThisistheverydictionaryIhavebeenlookingfor.Thedirectorhimselftoldmethenews.DotellusaboutyourrecentAntarcticexpedition.Hislatestnovelisbyfarthebesthehaseverwritten.I’msohungrythatI’lleatwhateverfoodIcanfind.Whatoneartharethechildrendoinginthenextroom?Idon’tliketheplayatall.Manypeasantshavemotorcycles,nottomentionTVsetsandrecorders.(letalone)Youcanbuyeverythingunderthesuninthisdepartmentstore.ItwasJosephinewhotoldMrs.Mallardthesadmessage.Thistheatreisfarbetterthantheonewewenttolasttime.#TheuseofemphaticexpressionVarietyVarietyisachievedwhenShortsentencesareusedinbetweenlongones,Simplesentencesinbetweencompoundandcomplexones.Periodicsentencesinbetweenlooseones.Anoccasionalquestion,command,orexclamationamongstatements.#

VarietyVarietyisachievedwheIhavetodeclarethedecisionofHisMajesty’sGovernment---andIfeelsureitisadecisioninwhichthegreatDominions(英联邦自治领)willinduecourseconcur(赞同)---forwemustspeakoutnowatonce,withoutaday’sdelay.Ihavetomakethedeclaration,butcanyoudoubtwhatourpolicywillbe?Wehavebutoneaimandonesingleirrevocablepurpose.WeareresolvedtodestroyHitlerandeveryvestige(残余)oftheNaziregime.Fromthisnothingwillturnus.Nothing.Wewillneverparley(谈判);wewillnevernegotiatewithHitleroranyofhisgang.Weshallfighthimbyland;weshallfighthimbysea;weshallfighthimintheair,until,withGod’shelp,wehaveridtheearthofhisshadowandliberateditspeoplefromhisyoke(束缚).AnymanorstatewhofightsonagainstNazidomwillhaveouraid.AnymanorstatewhomarcheswithHitlerisourfoe…Thatisourpolicyandthatisourdeclaration.ItfollowsthereforethatweshallgivewhateverhelpwecantoRussiaandtheRussianpeople.Weshallappealtoallourfriendsandalliesineverypartoftheworldtotakethesamecourseandpursueit,asweshallfaithfullyandsteadfastlytotheend.IhavetodeclarethedeVarietyVarioussentencesareobservedintheexample:Longsentencesv.sshortonesStatementsv.squestionsandexclamationsNaturalorderv.sinvertedstructureParallelstructureVarietyVarioussentencesareAssignmentsReading:pp25–36Sentenceimproving:Exercise3(pp37,38)Exercise4(pp38,39)AssignmentsReading:知识回顾KnowledgeReview知识回顾KnowledgeReviewABasicCourseinWriting(020925)Course:EnglishWriting

Credits:2(withatotalof80classsessions)

Textbook:

ABasicCourseinWritingInstructor:JINLIANG-CHEN

Class:2ND-M-01/FSize:33Classroom:136(northwingofthemainbuilding)Time:14:00–15:50pm,Sept.25,02(Wed.)

Goontop13(afterbreak)

ABasicCourseinWriting(020EffectiveSentencesAim:

Qualitiesofaneffectivesentenceandwaystoachieveeffectiveness.Correctnessalonecannotmakeagoodsentencebecauseitmaynotexpresstheideaitintendstoexpressveryclearlyorforcefully.Ithastobeeffectiveatthesametime.Qualitiesofaneffectivesentence:UnityCoherenceConcisenessEmphasisVarietyEffectiveSentencesAim:QualitUnityUnitymeansthatthereisonlyonemainideainasentence;andthatthatideaiscomplete.(Unitydoesnotmeanawritercanwriteonlysimplesentences.)Alongsentenceexpressesideasthatarecloselyconnected.TheyareeitherAcentralideasupportedormodifiedbyvarioussubordinateideas,orTwoormorerelatedparallelideas.e.g.TheexplorerwhohasjustreturnedfromtheAntarcticisbusywritingreportsonhisadventuresonthatice-coveredcontinent,wherehedidnotseeanyanimalsexceptpenguins.(Thecentralidea:TheexploreriswritingreportsonhisadventuresintheAntarctic.)UnityUnitymeansthatunityBorninasmalltowninSouthChinaintheearly50s,hegrewuptobeafamousmusician.(Thetwopartsoftheoriginalsentencearenotlogicallyconnected,becauseamanborninasmalltowninSouthChinaintheearly50swouldnotnecessarilybecomeafamousmusician.)HewasborninasmalltowninSouthChinaintheearly50s.Inhischildhoodhelikedtosingsongs.Laterheenteredaconservatory.Inthe70shebecameafamousmusician.DreamoftheRedMansionsisthebest-knownnovel.(Thisseemstobeacorrectsentence,butitsmeaningisnotcomplete.“Thebest-knownnovel”shouldhavebeenmodified.)DreamoftheRedMansionsisoneofthebest-knownclassicalChinesenovel.Ofallwrittenbeforethe20thcenturyDreamoftheRedMansionsisperhapsthemostpopular.

#unityBorninasmalltowninSCoherenceClearandcorrectarrangementofthepartsofasentence(连贯，尤指各部分间逻辑的、有序的、完美的一致关系)Donotseparatewordsthatarecloselyrelatedunlessitisnecessary.E.g.Donotuseadanglingmodifierorputamodifierfarfromtheworditmodifies.Donotusedifferentformstoexpressparallelideas.E.g.Donotmakeunnecessaryshiftsinpersonandnumber,andthevoice,tenseormoodofverbs.E.g.Donotmakeunnecessaryorconfusingshiftsinpersonornumber.Donotuseapronounwithambiguousreference.Goon.CoherenceClearandcorrectarrDonotputamodifier

farfromtheworditmodifies.

Ireadaninterestingstoryinamagazineaboutsportsmen.Ireadinamagazineaninterestingstoryaboutsportsmen.InamagazineIreadaninterestingstoryaboutsportsmen.Theideahementionedatfirstsoundedgood.Theideahefirstmentionedsoundedgood.Theideahementionedsoundedgoodatfirst.Hegaveareasonfornotattendingthemeeting,whichnobodybelieved.Hegaveareason,whichnobodybelieved,fornotattendingthemeeting.Hegaveareasonfornotattendingthemeeting,areasonwhichnobodybelieved.BackDonotputamodifier

farfroDonotusedifferentforms

toexpressparallelideas.

Amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaysbutalsobyhisdeeds.Amanisjudgednotonlybyhiswordsbutalsobyhisdeeds.(?1)Wethoughtshewascharming,intelligent,andaverycapableyoungwoman.Wethoughtshewascharming,intelligent,andverycapable.(?2)Wehavegreatfaithandhighhopesforher.Wehavegreatfaithinandhighhopesforher.Thiscompositionisquitegoodasfarastheuseoflanguageisconcerned,butitscontentispoor.Thelanguageofthiscompositionisquitegoodbutitscontentisratherpoor.(?3)BackDonotusedifferentforms

toDonotmakeunnecessaryorconfusingshifts

inperson,number,tense,mood,andvoice.

Studentsshouldlearntoanalyzeandsolveproblemsindependently.Don’trelyonyourteachers’help.Theyshouldnotrelyontheirteachers’help.(mood)Thosewhowanttojointhechorusshouldsignyournameonthissheetorpaper.theirnames(personandnumber)Helooksupdifficultwordsinhisdictionaries,anditisveryhelpful.whichis(person:wrongmodifier/antecedent)Shereviewedthelessontaughtlastweekandalltheexercisesassignedbytheteacherweredone.didalltheexercisesassignedbytheteacher.(person)DonotmakeunnecessaryorconDonotmakeunnecessaryorconfusingshifts

inperson,number,tense,mood,andvoice.Theexplosiondestroyedthebuildingandanumberofpeoplewereinjured.Theexplosiondestroyedthebuildingandinjuredanumberofpeople.(person)(?1:voiceagreement)Intheexplosionthebuildingwasdestroyedandanumberofpeopleinjured.(voice)Alotofhigherhouseswerebuiltaroundhersinthepastfewyearsandshegetsnomoresunlight.Alotofhigherbuildingshavebeenbuiltaroundhersinrecentyearsandasaresultshegetsnomoresunlight.(tense)(?2:inanyotherway?)Alotofhigherbuildingswerebuiltaroundhersandasaresultshegotnomoresunlight.(tense)#BackDonotmakeunnecessaryorconConcisenessUseonlythenecessarywords,orasfewwordsaspossiblesolongasthemeaningisfullyexpressed.Useapronouninsteadofrepeatinganoun.Useawordinsteadofaphrasewiththesamemeaning,anduseaphraseinsteadofaclausewiththesamemeaning.Donotrepeatwordsorphrases,ifpossible,inasentenceorinonethatfollows.Donotusedifferentwordsorphraseswithsimilarmeaningsinthesamesentence.Donotrepeatthesameideaindifferentsentencesexceptforemphasis.ConcisenessUseonlythenecesConcisenessHegavemanyreasonsforthefailure,butthereasonshegavewerenotconvincing.Hegavemanyreasonsforthefailure,butnoneofthemwasconvincing.Inmyopinion,Ithinkyourplanisfeasible.Inmyopinion/Ithink,yourplanisfeasible.Thismachinewasjointlydesignedbytheoldengineerincollaborationwithsomeofhisyoungercolleagues.Thismachinewasjointlydesignedbytheoldengineerandsomeofhisyoungercolleagues.Mr.SmithusuallylikestodrinkallkindsofwinesthatareproducedinFrance.Mr.SmithpreferswinesproducedinFrance.Mr.SmithprefersFrenchwines.ConcisenessHegavemanyreasonConcisenessLiQing,whowasafirst-yearstudentofthecollege,wouldgotoaparknearherschooleverydayinthemorning.Shewouldbringasmallrecorderwithher.IntheparkshewouldfindaquietcornerandlistentoatapeofEnglishstories.Everymorning,LiQing,afirst-yearstudentofthecollege,wouldgotoanearbypark,bringingasmallrecorderwithher.ThereshewouldlistentoatapeofEnglishstoriesinaquietcorner.#(break)ConcisenessLiQing,whowasaEmphasisWaysofemphasis(tolayemphasisoncertainwordsorphrases)Placinge.g.Climaticsequencee.g.Theverbandtheactivevoicee.g.Subordinatione.g.Repeatingimportantwordse.g.Shortsentencese.g.Balancedsentencese.g.Periodicsentencese.g.Negative-positivestatementse.g.Rhetoricalquestionse.g.Emphaticexpressionse.g.

GoonEmphasisWaysofemphasis(toEmphasisPlacing(I):Theendandthebeginningofasentenceusuallyattractthereader’sattention,soimportantelementsofasentenceshouldbeputatthesetwoplaces,especiallytheend.Compare:SpainismoreinterestingthanFranceinmanyways,someforeigntouristssay.SomeforeigntouristssaythatSpainismoreinterestingthanFranceinmanyways.Spain,someforeigntouristssay,isinmanywaysmoreinterestingthanFrance.EmphasisPlacing(I):TheendaEmphasisPlacing(II)OnlyQianWencouldhavewrittensuchaniceessay,thoughtherearefiftystudentsintheclass.Ofthefiftystudentsintheclass,noonecouldhavewrittensuchaniceessaybutQianWen.Whatwascommontoalltheseheroeswasthattheydidnotfeardeath,dangerandhardships.Whatwascommontoalltheseheroeswasthattheydidnotfearhardships,dangeranddeath.

BackEmphasisPlacing(II)EmphasisClimaticsequenceInenumeratingthingsorideas,weshouldstartfromtheleastimportantandendwiththemostimportant,orintheclimaticsequence.Abiologistoncesaidtheantisasymbolofwisdom,industryandefficiency.(?1)Hesaidhehadlostinterestinlife,fame,positionandmoneyafterthattragedy.(?2)(1)Abiologistoncesaidtheantisasymbolofindustry,efficiencyandwisdom.(2)Hesaidafterthattragedyhehadlostinterestinmoney,position,fameandevenlife.EmphasisClimaticsequenceEmphasis:theverbandtheactivevoiceVerbsvsNounsShemadeadecisionthatshewouldnottakethejob.Shedecidednottotakethejob.(shorter,clearerandmoreemphatic.)ActivevoicevspassivevoiceTelevisionwaswatchedbythewholefamilyintheevenings.Thewholefamilywatchedtelevisionintheevenings.(morenaturalandemphatic)butwithimportantreceiverofanaction,PVisused:Alltheoldbuildingsinthisblockhavebeenpulleddownandnewhouseswillbebuiltnextyear.BackEmphasis:theverbandtheactEmphasis:subordination

Itmeansputtingaminorideainadependentelementofthesentencesoastogivethemainideaaprominentposition.

Compare：Theprofessorwalkedintotheclassroomandhecarriedabagofbookswithhim.Theprofessorwalkedintotheclassroom,carryingabagofbookswithhim.Theprofessorwalkedintotheclassroomwithabagofbooksunderhisarm.Theprofessorwalkedintotheclassroom,abagofbooksunderhisarm.Emphasis:subordinationIEmphasis:subordinationTheywerewaitingforthemeetingtobegin.