(完整版)TEM8英语专八英美文学

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Z38kZ9ZL単釜里）θ>∣e∣gUJe!∣∣!∕Wθ6uμdsθi∣lUOθpo•《邂瞬国髯》PJEAiPJnι∣0MUnOoBUjUθμjj∕∖ΛX6jθ∣3c.MaryShelly（雪莉）：Frankenstein六、TheVictorianPeriod维多利亚时期（1832-1901）19世纪中后期CriticalRealism批判现实主义-novelpoetry/proseFullanddetailedrepresentationofsocialandpoliticalevents,andthefateofcommonpeopleandofwholesocialclass1）小说CharlesDickens（狄更斯1812-1870）:小资产阶级知识分子humoritst,satiristWithstrikingforceandtruthfulness,hepicturedbourgeoiscivilization,showingthemiseryofcommonpeople.BleakHous《荒凉山庄》；HardTimes《艰难时世》；AChristmasCarol《圣诞颂歌》~1stPeriod（1836-1841）:youthfuloptimismTheOldCuriosityShop《老古玩店》;OliverTwist《雾都孤儿》；ThePickwickPapers《匹克威克外传》~2ndPeriod（1842-）: excitementandirritationDavidCopperfield;DombeyandSon《董贝父子》~3rdPeriod:intensifyingpessimismGreatExpectations《远大前程》；ATaleofTwoCitiesb.TheBronteSistersCharlotteBronte（1816-1855）:JaneEyre（Mr.Rochester）;Shirley《雪莉》EmilyBronte（1818-1848）:WutheringHeights（Heathcliff&Catherine）–资本主义社会婚姻制度AnneBronte（1820-1849）:AgnesGreyMrs.Gaskell（盖斯凯尔夫人1810-1865）:LifeofCharlotteBronte–英国最佳传记MaryBarton《玛丽·巴顿》：theclassstrugglebetweentheworkersandthecapitalistsGeorgeElliot（艾略特1819-1880女作家）:田园生活，道德问题，心理描写SilasMarner《织工马南》文风：richhumorandkeenobservation,veryphilosophical AdamBede：Adam爱上变心女TheMillontheFloss《弗洛斯河上的磨房》：Tom&Maggie； Middlemarch,aStudyofProvincialLife《米德尔马契》e.WilliamMakepeaceThackeray（萨克雷1811-1863）:VanityFair/ANovelwithoutaHero《名利场》ThomasHardy（哈代1840-1928诗人&小说家）: 多以农村生活为背景；自然主义小说家。 theWessexnovels（虚构地点）UndertheGreenwoodTree《绿荫下》；TheMayorofCasterbridge《卡斯特桥市长》；TheReturnoftheNative《还乡》FarfromtheMaddingCrowd《远离尘嚣》；JudetheObscure《无名的裘德》TessoftheD'Urberv《ill德es伯家的苔丝》:Tess&AngelClare–人无法掌控自己的命运RobertStevenson（史蒂文森1850-1894）:TreasureIsland《金银岛》;KidnappedWilliamMorris（莫里斯）:TheEarthlyPradise;PilgrimsofHope《希望的探求者》2） 诗歌a.AlfredTennyson（丁尼生1809-1902）：维多利亚时代最具代表性的诗人PoemsbyTwoBrothers；ThePrincess;Maud;Break,Break,Break《拍岸曲》；TheIdyllsoftheKing《国王叙事诗》;Ulysses《尤利西斯》；InMemoriam《悼念》TheBrownings布朗宁夫妇 TheRingandtheBook;SonnetsfromthePortugueseMenandWomen（诗集）；MyLastDuchess《我的前公爵夫人》；MeetingatNight；HomeThoughts,fromAbroad3） 散文a.ThomasCarlyle（卡莱尔1795-1881讽刺作家，历史学家）:TheFrenchRevolution–起因（theworker'smiserablelivingcondition）TheFrenchRevolution;OnHeroesandHero-worship;PastandPresentb.JohnRuskin（作家&艺术评论家）:其社会和经济观念对WilliamMorris,OscarWilde,BernardShaw&D.H.Lawrence影响巨大ModernPainters;TheSevenLampsofArchitecture;UntothisLast;SesameandLiliesc.MatthewArnold（阿诺德1822-1888）:DoverBeach《多弗尔海滩》4） 无产阶级文学a.ErnestJones（琼斯1819-1869）:theChartistpoets（宪章派诗人）Freud'sAlterEgob.WilliamMorris（莫里斯1834-1896）:thefirstsocialistwriter画作LaBelleIseult建筑成就：TheRedHouse诗歌：TheDefenseofGuenevere;TheLifeandDeathofJason;TheEarthlyParadise;TheFalloftheNiblungs小说：LoveisEnough;HouseofWolfings;TheWoodBeyondtheWorld;TheWellattheWorld'sEnd5） 19世纪末期文学趋势a.Naturalism:19世纪后半期，从现实主义发展而来；subjectiveandsomber-达尔文 EmileZola&GeorgeGissingb.New-Romanticism:opposetheideathatartreflectslifereality–Stevenson（苏格兰小说家）Aestheticism（唯美主义）:artisself-sufficientandhasnoreferencetolife–在诗歌中倾向于withdrawaloraversionDescadence（颓废派文艺）:thecrisisofbourgeoisculture;opposesthedemocraticandsocialistideals; “artforart 'ss~OscarWilde（王尔德1854-1900）:AestheticismandDecadence-AnIdealHusband;AWomanofNoImportance;ThePictureofDorianGrey;TheHappyPrinceandOtherTales; Salome《莎乐美》LadyWindermeres'Fan《温德米尔夫人的扇子》；TheImportanceofBeingEarnest《认真的重要》七、TheModernPeriod现代时期（1914-）：symbolism;thestreamofconsciousness;naturalism;impressionismImpressionism–个人经历（低层中产阶级&工人阶级） Poetry–shortlyricsNovels（代表JamesJoyce）–心理活动；人性的深度及缺陷 anunendingstreamofimpression,feelingsandthoughtsa.JohnGalsworthy（高尔斯华绥1867-1933小说家&剧作家）:1932NobelPrize TheWhiteMonkey《白猿》TheForsyteSaga《福赛特家史》（小说集）：TheManofProperty《有产者》（批判现实主义顶峰SoamesForsyte&Irene）InChancery《骑虎难下》；ToLet《出让》;Interlude;TheIndianSummerofaForsyte;Awakeningb.GeorgeBernardShaw（萧伯纳1856-1950批判现实主义剧作家）：1925NobelPrizeSaintJoan《圣女贞德》批判资本主义的罪恶面；humoristdealswithcontemporarysocialproblemsHeartbreakHouse;Widowers'HouseM;rs.Warren'sProfesns;ioManandSuperman《人与超人》；Pygmalion《卖花女》；MajorBarbara《巴巴拉少校》；TheAppleCart《苹果车》WilliamButlerYeats（叶芝1865-1939爱尔兰诗人&剧作家）：1923NobelPrize；TheIrishnationalistSailingtoByzantine《驶向拜占庭》；TheSecondComing《基督再临》；LedaandtheSwan《丽达与天鹅》TheWindAmongtheReeds《芦苇中的风》；Responsibilities；TheWindingStair《盘旋的楼梯》；TheLakeIsleofInnisfree《茵尼斯弗里岛》；Easter,1916；TheTower；TheLandofHeart'sDesireT.S.Eliot（艾略特1888-1965诗人&剧作家&批评家）:1948NobelPrizeTheWasteLand《荒原》:alandmarkandamodelofthe20thCEnglishpoetryTheFourQuartets《四个四重奏》：anewserenityofoutlookAshWednesday;TheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrock;TheHollowMen《空心人》D.H.Lawrence（劳伦斯1885-1930诗人&小说家&散文家）：心理活动；资本主义工业化吞噬人性TheWhitePeacock《白孔雀》；TheRainbow；SonsandLovers（半自传体）；LadyChatterley'sL;oWveormeninLoveJamesJoyce（乔伊斯1882-1941爱尔兰小说家）：意识流奠基者 obsessedwithwordsTheDubliners《都柏林人》（短篇小说集）；Finnegan'sWak《e芬尼根守灵夜》APortraitofanArtistasaYoungMan《青年艺术家的肖像》:自传性–bitterexperiences;最终艺术和精神上的解放Ulysses《尤利西斯》（非传统小说）：modernism–nostory/plot/actionVirginiaWoolf（伍尔芙1882-1941）：现代主义&意识流代表;BloomsburyGroupTheCommonReader；OrlandoNovels:Mrs.Dalloway;TotheLighthouse;TheWavesEssays:ARoomofOne'sOwn;ThreeGuineas《三个基尼》-女权运动经典作品JosephConrad（康拉德1857-1924）:TheNiggeroftheNarcissus《白水仙号上的黑家伙》；LordJim；HeartofDarknessRobertTressell（屈赛尔1870-1911）：TheRaggedTrouseredPhilanthropists《穿破裤子的慈善家》EdwardMorganForster（E.M.福斯特）:HowardsEnd《霍华德庄园》;APassagetoIndia《印度之行》ARoomwithaView;WhereAngelsFeartoTread《天使不敢驻足的地方》WilliamSomersetMaugham（W.S.毛姆1874-1965）:TheMoonandSixPence;OfHumanBondage《人生的枷锁》GeorgeOrwell（奥威尔1903-1950）：政治讽刺小说AnimalFarm;1984*Post-modernism（二战后）:愤怒青年a.JohnJamesOsborne（奥斯本1929-1994剧作家）：LookBackinAngerb.SamuelBeckett（贝克特1906-1989爱尔兰剧作家&小说家）：1969NobelPrize荒诞派WaitingforGodot《等待戈多》WilliamGolding（戈尔丁1911-1993小说家）:1983NobelPrize寓言风TheLordofTheFlies《蝇王》DorisLessing（多丽丝·莱辛1919-小说家）：2007NobelPrizeTheGrassisSinging（1950）；TheGoldenNotebook（1962）V.S.Naipaul（奈保尔1932-印度裔小说家）:2001NobelPrize小说及非虚构文学AHouseforMr.Biswas;InaFreeState;ABendintheRiver《河湾》;TheEnigmaofArrival《抵达之谜》g.HaroldPinter（品特1930-2008剧作家）:2005NobelPrize萧伯纳之后英国最重要剧作家 -20世纪下半叶英国戏剧创作流派Pinteresque，早期作品常为荒诞派戏剧TheCaretaker《看房者》；TheBirthdayParty；TheHomecomingg.HerbertGeorgeWells（小说家-科幻）：TheTimeMachine;TheInvisibleMan美国文学、BeforetheRevolutionofIndependence（17世纪之前）1）NativeAmericanLiterature（AmericanIndians）印第安传统文学1.TraditionalLiterature:口头文学–祝词、部落神话、英雄传说、民歌2.TransitionalLiterature:19世纪白人侵占史；翻译作品3.ModernLiterature:19-20世纪，美国印第安人所著作品2）ColonialAmerica殖民时期（16世纪末-17世纪中）:narratives&journals-earliestsettlers/Puritans外来文学本土化1.CaptainJohnSmith:thefirstAmericanwriterAMapofVirginia:withaDescriptionoftheCountry（1612）ATrueRelationofSuchOccurrencesandAccidentsofNoteasHathHappenedinVirginiasincetheFirstPlantingofThatColony《关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述》（1608）-首部美国文学作品2.WilliamBradford:3.JohnWinthrop:4.RogerWilliams:TheHistoryofPlymouthplantation2.WilliamBradford:3.JohnWinthrop:4.RogerWilliams:TheHistoryofNewEnglandAKeyintotheLanguageofAmerica;AHelptotheLanguageoftheNativeinThatPartofAmericaCalledNewEngland、AroundtheRevolutionofIndependence独立革命时期（17世纪中-18世纪末）爱国主义&独立民主自由history/diary/politicalessay/religiousarticles 文风：plainandfirmstyle;apolishedandrhythmicalbalanceofphrases~Calvinist（加尔文主义）:originalsinandpredestination~Enlightenment:18thC,anintellectualmovementwhoserationalisticspiritinspiredAmericansDeism~Deism（自然神论）：Deist–一神论；人能通过自身道德感和智慧创造辉煌； lovetruthanddogood;科教=幸福1.BenjaminFranklin（1706-1790）:思想家;启蒙运动代表;《独立宣言》起草者之一TheWaytoWealth;PoorRichards'Almanac《穷查理历书》；TheAutobiography《自传》2.ThomasPaine（1737-1809政治宣传册）:CommonSense《常识》：独立革命时期最佳政治宣传册RightsofMan《人权》；TheAgeofReason《理性时代》；TheAmericanCrisis:16本系列宣传册；TheCaseoftheOfficersofExcise《税务员问题》；DownfallofDespotism《专制体制的崩溃》3.PhilipFreneau（弗伦诺1752-1832诗人）:FatherofAmericanPoetry;PoetoftheAmericanRevolution文风：satire;bitterpolemicist（辩论家）TheWildHoneysuckle《野金银花》；TheIndianBuryingGround（lyric）;TheRisingGloryofAmerica；TheBritishPrisonShip；TotheMemoryoftheBraveAmericans-同类诗中最佳；4.ThomasJefferson（杰斐逊1743-1826）:the3rdPresident TheDeclarationofIndependence起草者之一三、AmericanRomanticism/Renaissance浪漫主义文学（18世纪末-19世纪中后期）individualism1）Pre-Romanticism（1770-1830）:1.WashingtonIrving（欧文1783-1859）:美国首位国际闻名作家 &美国文学之父theauthorofthefirstAmericanshortstories;thefirstprosestylistofAmericanRomanticismTheLegendofSleepyHollow《睡谷传说》；TalesofaTraveler；BracebridgeHall《布雷斯布里奇田庄》；RipVanWinkle:Germanlegend；anescapefromsocietyandreturntonature； TheAlhambra《西班牙见闻札记》；AHistoryofNewYork:美国第一部诙谐文学杰作； Essay:TheSketchBook《见闻札记》:美国浪漫主义开端WilliamCullenBryant（布莱恩特1794-1878诗人）:thefirstAmericanlyricpoet；oneoftheearliestnaturalistpoets译作：Homer–Iliad;OdyssyToaWaterfowl《致水鸟》;TheYellowViolet《黄色堇香花》;TheFountain;TheWhite-FootedDeer《白蹄鹿》;AForestHymn《森林赋》;TheFloodofYears《似水流年》;Thanatopsis《死亡随想》（naturepoems）3.JamesFenimoreCooper（库珀1789-1851小说家）:发展了三类小说：therevolutionarypast-TheSpy;seanovels-ThePilot《领航者》;theAmericanfrontiernovelsLeatherStockingTales:frontiernovels-ThePioneer《拓荒者》（thefirsttrueromanceofAmericanfrontier）；ThePathfinder《探路者》;ThePrairie《大草原》;TheDeerslayer《杀鹿者》;TheLastofMohicans《最后的莫希干人》（成就最高）;TheLittlepageManuscripts《利特佩奇的手稿》;2）Post-Romanticism（1830-1860）*AmericanRenaissance（1836-1855）:首次美国知识分子运动-Transcendentalism（超验主义）markedthematurityofAmericanRomanticismandthefirstrenaissancespiritandindividualandnature；AmericanPuritanism+EuropeanRomanticismRalphWaldoEmerson（爱默生1803-1882思想家，散文家&诗人）：超验主义代表;主题-nature&meditationEssays:Nature《论自然》：超验主义圣经（manifesto）；Self-Reliance《论自立》；TheTranscendentalistTheAmericanScholar《论美国学者》：美国知识分子独立宣言 –文化独立&文学地位;DivinitySchoolAddress《神学院演说》Poetry:ConcordHymn《康考德颂》;TheRhodo《杜鹃花》;TheHumbleBee《野蜂》;Days:首开自由诗之先河2.HenryDavidThreau（梭罗1817-1862思想家）:Walden《瓦尔登湖》;AWeekontheConcordandMerrimackRiversResistancetoCivilGovernment《抵制公民政府》;CivilDisobedience《论市民之不服从》*ThePeakofRomanticismNathanielHawthorne（霍桑1804-1864小说家）:美国首位杰出小说家道德伦理问题;humansoulTheMarbleFaun《玉石雕像》;TheScarletLetter;TheBlithedaleRomance《福谷传奇》；TheHouseoftheSevenGables《有七个尖角阁的房子》;MossesfromanOldManse《古屋青苔》HenryWadsworthLongfellow（朗费罗1807-1882诗人）：首位葬入西敏寺美国诗人Thefirsttowritethenarrativepoems;VoicesoftheNight《夜吟》;译作：Dante–DivineComedy《神曲》SongofHiawatha《海华沙之歌》：美国第一部印第安人史诗;APsalmofLife《生命颂》;Evangeline《伊凡吉琳》EdgarAllanPoe（爱伦?坡1809-1849诗人,小说家&批评家）:首位美国职业作家；美国侦探小说之父TalesoftheGrotesqueandArabesque《怪诞奇异故事集》:firstcollectionofshortstoriesPoems:ToHelen;TheRaven;AnnabelLee（哥特风）Novels：TheFalloftheHouseofUsher《厄舍古屋的倒塌》;TheMurdersintheRueMorgue《莫格街谋杀案》4.WaltWhitman（惠特曼1819-1892诗人）：LeavesofGrass《草叶集》：DemocraticBible；thebirthoftrulyAmericanpoetry&theendoftheAmericanromanticismSongofMyself《自我之歌》;IhearAmericaSinging；WhenLilacsLostintheDooryardBloom《小院'丁d香花开时》5.EmilyDickinson（迪金森1830-1886女诗人）：BecauseICouldNotStopforDeath《因为我不能等待死神》；I'mNobody.WhoAreYou《?我是无名小卒！你是谁？》ThisisMyLettertotheWorld;IHeardaFlyBuzzWhenIDied《我死时听到一只苍蝇叫》6.HermanMelville（梅尔维尔1819-1891小说家）：Typee《泰比》：romanticizedstorywiththePolynesiansMobyDick《白鲸》:thefirstAmericanproseepic宇宙的神秘；自然的强大；世间的邪恶;Ishmaelasthenarrator;Thevoyage--thesearchforthetruth四、TheAgeofRealism现实主义（19世纪中期-20世纪初）南北战争–废奴小说-现实主义起点~温和现实主义：WilliamDeanHowells–大贵族大资产阶级 vs.乡土小说：MarkTwain–底层社会~TheGildedAge（镀金时代1865-1914）：MarkTwain–内战后的普遍disillusionment&frustration 工业化成果&GoldRush特点：1.Straightforward 2.Focusoncommonnessofcommonpeople'slives3.Objective 4.Presentmoralvisions 5.Usuallyopenending~Naturalism:atermcreatedbyEmileZola（法国女作家）；menareweak;philosophicalpessimists1.HarrietBeecherStowe（斯托1811-1896女作家）：thelittlewomanwhowrotethebookthatmadethisgreatwarUncleTom'sCa《bin汤姆叔叔的小屋》:南方种植园生活thefirstwell-knownsociologicalnovel2.WilliamDeanHowells（豪威尔斯1837-1920）:TheRiseofSilas《L赛a拉p斯ha拉m帕姆的发迹》;AModernInstance《现代例证》;AHazardofNewFortunes《新财富的危害》：三部曲3.StephenCrane（克莱恩1871-1900）:自然主义代表TheRedBadgeofCourage《红色英勇勋章》：美国内战HenryFlemmingMaggie:AGirloftheStreets《街头女郎梅姬》：美国文学史上首次同情地描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运；美国自然主义文学里程碑；4.O.Henry（欧亨利）:TheCopandtheAnthem《警察与赞美诗》5.MarkTwain（马克?吐温1835-1910）:美国文学里程碑 thetruefatherofournationalliteraturerealistsandhumorists；localcolorfiction:mixedwithplotswithrealisticdescriptionLifeontheMissippi;TheAdventuresofTomSawye《r汤姆?索耶历险记》;ThePrinceandthePauper《王子与贫儿》TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn《哈克贝利?费恩历险记》：westernliteratureandcivilization; 美国现代文学自此始TheInnocentsAbroad《傻瓜出国记》：newspaperarticlesabouthisEuropeantrip；TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty《卡拉韦拉斯县有名的跳蛙》;TheGildedAge《镀金时代》;6.TheodoreDreiser（德莱赛1871-1945小说家）:自然主义代表 JennieGerhardt《珍妮姑娘》; The“Genius”;SisterCarrie《嘉莉妹妹》：thepurposelessnessoflife; AnAmericanTragedy;TrilogyofDesire《欲望三部曲》:TheFinancier;TheTitan;TheStoicHenryJames（詹姆斯1843-1916小说家）: thefounderofpsychologicalrealism文风：highlyrefinedlanguageDaisyMiller:anoutragetoAmericangirlhood；theheroine=thefreespiritoftheNewWorldTheAmbassadors;TheBostonians《波士顿人》;TheAmerican;ThePortraitofaLady;TheWingsoftheDove;TheGoldenBowl；评论集：FrenchPoetsandNovelists;Hawthorne;PartialPortraits《不完整的画像》JackLondon（伦敦1876-1916作家）:工人阶级代表 TheSonoftheWolf:短篇小说集TheCalloftheWild《野性的呼唤》;LoveofLife;TheSeaWolf;WhiteFangMartinEden：thecontradictionbetweensocialismofMarxandthetriumphofindividualsEdwinArlingtonRobinson（罗宾逊1869-1935诗人）:TheTownDowntheRiver;TheManAgainsttheSkySherwoodAnderson（安德森1876-1941小说家）:DeathintheWoods;TheTriumphoftheEggWinesburg,Ohio《俄亥俄州的温斯堡》:23storiesaboutasmalltown;五、theAgeofModernism现代主义（一战后–至今）现代诗歌繁荣（1912-1922）1）诗歌：introspection（自省）andsocialcriticism1912-1922:繁荣期1.EzraPound（庞德1885-1972诗人&评论家）：thefatherofmodernAmericanpoetry Imagismself-consciousPisanCantos《比萨诗章》;InaMetroStation（theBollingerPrize）RobertLeeFrost（弗洛斯特1874-1963诗人）:focusonNewEngland诗集：ABoy'sWi《sh少年的意志》;NorthofBostonDesertPlaces;NewHampshire;TheRoadNottaken;MendingWall;StoppingbytheWoodsonaSnowyEvening;WallaceStevens:therationalisthumanisttradition代言人-TheAurorasofAutumn《秋天的晨曦》ThomasStearnsEliot（艾略特1888-1965诗人,剧作家&批评家）:leaderofthenewpoetryandcriticismAshWednesday;MurderintheCathedral;TheHollowMan《空心人》;TheSacredWood《圣林》;Gerontion《小老头》；TheWasteLand《荒原》:二战后的社会文化2）小说：LostGeneration-Hemingwayvs.南方文学-Faulkner~LostGeneration:Paris,atermcreatedbyGertrudeStein（美国女作家）Hemingway–代言人Youngwriterswhowerecutofffromoldvaluesandyetunabletohandlethenewera~JazzAge（1920s）/theRoaringTwenties:excitingacceleration;restlesspursuitofstimulusandpleasuredisillusionement（幻灭）withideasandcivilizationF.ScottFitzgerald1.ErnestHemingway（海明威1899-1961）:1953PulitzerPrize&1954NobelPrize theme–couragetotragedyTheOldManandtheSea;TheSunAlsoRises:迷惘一代的写照;AFarewelltoArms（LieutenantHenry）;ForWhomtheBellTolls;短篇小说：TheWinnersTakeNothing；DeathintheAfternoon:生死观政论：ToHaveandHaveNot《贫与富》2.F.ScottFitzgerald（菲茨杰拉德1896-1940）:leaderoftheJazzAge/LostGeneration；TalesoftheJazzAgeThisSideofParadise《人间天堂》;TenderIstheNight《夜色温柔》;TheLastTycoon《最后的巨头》TheGreatGatsby:ironyanddisillusionmentoftheAmericanDream;NickCarraway视角短篇小说：BabylonRevisted《重访巴比伦》 TheCrack-up《崩溃》（自传体文集）JohnSteinbeck（斯坦贝克1902-1968小说家）:theforemostwriteroftheGreatDepression（1930s）;被压迫者代言人TheGrapesofWrath《愤怒的葡萄》：PulitzerPrize-anangrycertaintyofinjusticesystemthathasimpoverishedthepeopleThePea