美国文学复习资料

EmilyDickinsonwasapessimisticpoet,verydifferentfromWaltWhitman.Nowbothofitwereromanticpoets,interestedinself-expression,lovingnatureandseeingnatureasasymbolwhatisgoingoninsidethehumanheart.BothofthemwereinfluencedbyEmerson'sidea.ButDickinsonwaspessimisticwhereasWhitmanwasoptimistic.DickinsonhadatragicmessageandwasclosertoEdgarAllanPoe,Hawthorne,Melville.LikePoe,sheexploresthedarkandhiddenpartofthemind,dramatizingdeathandthegrave.Yetshealsocelebratedsimpleobjects--aflower,abee.Herpoetryexhibitsgreatintelligenceandoftenevokestheagonizingparadox(自相矛盾的话）ofthelimitsofthehumanconsciousnesstrappedintime.Themes:Death.Immortality,herself,TheInnerWorld,Pain,Separation:LoveGodandReligion,Nature.Dickinson'sStyle:compressinglanguage:shedistilled蒸馏oreliminatedinessentiallanguageandpunctuationfromherpoems.;compressinglanguage.privatemeanings:Herseclusion,individualcreateprivatemeaningsforwordsandprivatesymbolschangetheformsofthewords:thedashtoemphasize,toindicatemissingwords,ortoreplaceacommaorperiod.Shechangesthefunctionorpartofspeechofaword;adjectivesandverbsmaybeusedasnouns;Successiscountedsweetest:thispoemisabout"appreciation"ofsuccesses.Themostsuccessfuldon'talways"appreciate"itasmuchasthosewhoarefailedeveryday.分析：Thespeakersaysthat"thosewhone'ersucceed"placethehighestvalueonsuccess.(They"count"it"sweetest".)Tounderstandthevalueofanectar,thespeakersays,onemustfeel"sorestneed."Shesaysthatthemembersofthevictoriousarmyarenotabletodefinevictoryaswellasthedefeated,dyingmanwhohearsfromadistancethemusicofthevictors.Apersonontheirdeathbedappreciateslifemuchmorethanapersoncelebrating(庆祝祝贺）.Allthingsthatmakelifeworthlivingisagift,andeveryoneshouldappreciatethesmallthings,eveniftheyarefewandfarbetween稀少.Themes:Onlyfailuresfullyunderstandthemeaningofsuccess.Thetone：isunemotionalandimpersonal;thepoetisreportingandinterpretingwhatsheseesbutrefrainsfromexpressingsympathyorcompassion.Meter：Iambictrimiter（三音部）iambictetrameter（四音部）,iambicpentameterUseofParadox(矛盾修饰法）:Morehaste,lessspeed；Themoreyougive,themoreyouhave；alliteration.Tomakeaprairie：ThislittlepoemexpressesDickinson’scontinuingloveaffairwiththespirituallevelofbeing.Shebeginsbyclaimingthattomakeaphysicallylargeitem,“aprairie,”alloneneedsistwosmallphysicalitems,“acloverandonebee.”Thenshequalifiesthatbysaying,“Oneclover,andabee/Andrevery”;thenshequalifiesthatclaimfurther,bysayingifyoudon’thaveoneofthosephysicalcomponents,“bees,”(andbyimplication,thecloveraswell),thenyoucanstillmaketheprairiebyreveryalone.“Thespeaker’spowerofreverydemonstratesanadvancedachievement,farbeyondordinaryday-dreamingormeditation.Ultimately,thisspeakerisclaimingthatwithoutanyphysicalobjectsatall,themindofoneadvancedintheartofreverycanproduceanyobjectthatminddesires.Iamnobody：Thepoem'sfirststanzatellshowthespeakermeetsafellow"nobody"—afriend.Together,thetwonobodiescanenjoyeachother'scompanyandtheirsharedanonymity.Asapair,theyaren'treallynobodiesanymore.That'swhythespeakersays,"Don'ttell!/They'dbanishus,youknow."Sheunderstandsthatonceyouhaveanother"nobody"atyourside,youaren'treallya"nobody"anymore.Andshedoesn'twanttobebanished放逐orkickedoutfromwhatsheseesasasocietyofnobodies.She'scomfortablethere.Inthesecondstanza,thetoneofthepoemchanges.Thespeakersoundsconfident.Perhapsitisherdiscoverythatthereareotherpeoplelikeher—other"nobodies"--thatmakesherfeelsstronglythatbeinga"somebody"isn'tsuchagreatidea.Sherealizesthathavingafriendwhounderstandsyouandacceptsyouasyouareismoreimportantthanbeingadmiredbyalotofpeopleorbeinginthe"in"crowd.Inthepoem'ssecondstanza,thespeakeralsomakesastrangecomparison.Shesaysthatbeingasomebodyislikebeingafrog.Whatdoesthissimilemean?.It'sbecausefrogsmakealotofnoise.Thepoemsaysthatfrogs,thoughtheycancroakandmakethemselvesheardandbenoticed,arenoticedonlyby"anadmiringbog沼泽."Thebogisthefrog'senvironment,notthefrog'sfriend.Sowhocareswhatthebogthinks?That'swhatthepoemsaysaboutbeinga"somebody"whogetsnoticedbyanadmiringpublic.Frequently,therelationshipisimpersonalanddistanced,notlikearealfriendship.Somebodiesmayhavemanyadmirers,buttheymightnotbeabletomakethosepersonalconnectionsthatrealfriendshipoffers.Writingdevices：Rhyme:aabc,defeLanguage:simple,concisebutmeaningfulTone:therefletionofawriter’sattitude,manner,moodandmoraloutlookinhiswork;even,perhaps,thewayhispersonalitypervadesthework.(Mannerofexpressioninspeechorwriting)RhymeoffogandfrogshowsthecongenialityofsomebodyandhisaudienceIrony:thepoet’suseofironyandcontrastbetweensomebodyandnobodyrevealsherstrongwillofbeingonlynobody.(Aliterarystyleemployingsuchcontrastsforhumorousorrhetoricaleffect)IHeardaFlyBuzz---WhenIDiedBecauseICouldNotStopforDeath（艾米丽.狄金森）WaltWhitmanTheme:extolstheidealsofequalityanddemocracyandcelebratesthedignity,theself-reliantspirit,andthejoyofthecommonmanone'SelfIsing：revealsaworldofequality,withoutrankandhierarchy.illustratingtheprincipleofdemocracy,equality,individualismandfreedomwritingprinciples：1.hisearlypoemswereinconventionalrimeandmeter;Hebeginstheexperimentabout1847inpoemsandbreakswithtraditionalpoetics.2.1parallelism平行结构的运用orarhythmofthoughtinwhichthelineistherhythmicalunit,asinthepoetryofEnglishBible.2.2Hisversificationisphoneticrecurrence,i.e.,thesystematicrepetitionofwordsandphrasesatthebeginningoftheline,inthemiddleorattheend.Alliteration(头韵)anaphora(首语重复)2.3freeverse(thelackofmeterandrhyme)分析：InthefirststanzaWhitmansayshepraisesofboththe“separateperson”and“thewordEn-Masse（mass集体),"The"l"isa"singleseparateperson"completelyunlikeanyother;yet,atthesametime,the"I"isthesameasorequaltoeveryoneelse,—thatis,partofthemass("Democratic,""EnMasse").Instanzatwo,thepoetmakesadistinctionbetween“physiology”and“physiognomyHethinksthe”physiology,thecomplicatedlivingorganism生命有机体isthepropersubjectforhispoetry.notjustanyonefeatureorcharacteristic；Instanzathree,"TheModernMan”Whitmanispraisinghis•"immense"in"passion""pulse"and"power"Theideaofcompletefreedomisoftheutmostimportanceforthishumanbeing.WritingDevices：1Freeverse2.Wordorwordsarerepeated"alone"(2timesinline4),"Ising"(4times),and"worthy"(line4)changedto"worthier"(line5).3.Alliteration：lines7and8(passion,pulse,power;cheerful,free,formed).4Mainwordssuggestingkeythemes,arecapitalizedwithinlines.5.Parallelism“OCaptain!MyCaptain：Thepoemisanelegy悲歌,挽歌asitwaswrittentohonorthedeathof.AbrahamLincolnThepoemisasymbolismpoemExtendedmetaphors：Throughoutthepoem,Whitmanusesaseriesofmetaphors.HecomparedtheUnitedStatestoaship,andLincolntoitscaptainwhosteereditthroughthestormyyearsoftheCivilWar,whilethejourneysymbolizedtheCivilWarinAmerica.The"ship"spokenofisintendedtorepresenttheAmericansinUnitedStates.its"fearfultrip"recallsthetroublesoftheAmericanCivilWar.Prize：ObjectwonRhymeScheme-aabbxcxc-theopeningcoupletsofthefirsttwostanzasestablishahappymood,whichjuxtaposedwiththeshortenedsucceedinglines,bringsoutthedisappointmentexperiencedbythepoetoverthecaptain'sdeath.MeterandRhythm-thereisnofixedmeter;apatternoffourlonglinesfollowedbyfourshortlinesineachstanza.Theshortenedlinesemphasizethepersonalgriefexperiencedbythepoetagainstthebackdropofabroadervictory.Thepoem'srhythmiscreatedbythevaryinglinelengths.linerepetitionremindthereaderthatthefocusremainsontheCaptainandnothingelse,whilethepurposeofplacing"fallencoldanddead"atfirst,toinformthereaderofwhatistocome,remindthereaderofthetragedy.linelengththelinelengthgoesfromlongtoshortrepresenting,atfirst,thefeelingofenthusiasm,butthengrowingshortertorepresentapanickedfeeling.Whitmanuseslinelengthandwordchoicetorepresentawiderangeofemotionfromjoytosorrow.Thepoembeginswiththenarratorfeelingoverjoyedbecausethe"fearfultripisdone,"themoodswings,Whitman'swordchoicechangesaccordingly.Hebeginsusingwordssuchaspale,nopulsenorwill,andfearfulwordsthatgenerallyhavethefeelingofsorrow.EdgarAllanPoe：作者简介：1.anAmericanpoet,short-storywriter,editorandliterarycritic,2.Gotheticstyle(mysteryandthemacabre恐怖的)3.theinventorofthedetective-fictiongenre.,contributingtotheemerginggenreofsciencefiction.4.trytoearnalivingthroughwritingalone,resultinginafinanciallydifficultlifeSignificance:fatherofmodernshortstory,fatherofdetectivestory,fatherofpsychoanalyticcriticismListofhisworks:TalesoftheGrotesqueandtheArabesque《奇异怪诞故事集》“TheMurdersintheRueMorgue”《毛格街杀人案》“TheFalloftheHouseofUsher”《厄舍古屋的倒塌》“TheMasqueoftheRedDeath”《红色死亡的化妆舞会》“TheCaskofAmontillado”《一桶酒的故事》TheRaven《乌鸦》Israfel《伊斯拉菲尔》AnnabelLee《安娜贝尔•李》ToHelen《致海伦》ThePoeticPrinciple《诗歌原理》ThePhilosophyofComposition《创作哲学》Achievements:(1)PoemsA.Theory(melancholybeauty孤寂之美）Conciseandreadableatonesitting;Theaimofpoemwritingisbeauty;thedesirabletoneofapoemismelancholy;B.Famouspoems:“TheRaven”,“AnnabelLee”,“ToHelen”etc.1.Stories:thepshycologicalthrillingstory(使人毛骨悚然的小说)thedetectivestory(侦探小说)2.Poetry:developingaesthetictheory(MelancholyBeauty)thebeautyaimsat“anelevatingexcitementofthesoul”3.Styles:gothic哥特式,grotesque(strange),mysterious,desolate.detective:4.Theme:horror,deathToHellenBeauty;nobleness,gentleness,dignityelegant;divine;maternalloveToHelenpresentsbeautyasnecessaryforapprehendingthedivine.Poecelebratesbeauty,specificallythebeautyofawomen,asrepresentedbytwowomenknownforbeautyinGreeklegend(HelenofTroyandPsyche).Helen'sbeautyescortshimtoHellenisticcultureandvalues,whichbringshimtoPsyche,whoilluminatesthedivinebutthealliterationof“weary,wayworn,wanderer”suggeststheendlessrockingofaboatasthehero/poetseekstomakehiswayhome.GreeceandRomewerethenostalgic(思乡的）destinationpointsofallPoe'sstudies.An"agatelamp"isalsoknownasasymbolofimmortality,agiftgiventoPyschebyJupiter,whogavehertoCupidtomarry.ThemeThethemeofthisshortpoemisthebeautyofawomanwithwhomPoebecameacquaintedwhenhewas14.Apparentlyshetreatedhimkindlyandmayhaveurgedhim–orperhapsinspiredhim–towritepoetry.Beauty,asPoeusesthewordinthepoem,appearstorefertothewoman'ssoulaswellasherbody.Writingdevices:rhymescheme,variedlinelengths,figures:simile;metaphorofatravelonthesea,alliteration（头韵）:therepetitionofabeginningsoundof"weary,wayworn,wanderer(odyssey)Allusion:神话典故skillfullyusesisPysche.classicalGreeceandRome,Imagery;theuseofwordstocreateamentalpictureSynesthesia(通感）HisPoeticprincipleThepoemshouldbeshort,readableatonesitting;itschiefaimisbeauty,namely,toproduceafeelingofbeautyinthereader.Beautyaimat“anelevatingexcitementofthesoul”theartistryofthepoemliesnotsomuchinwhatisbeingsaidasinthewayitsays.Hestressesrhythm,definestruepoetryastherhythmicalcreationofbeauty,musicistheperfectionofthesoulorideaofpoetry2.RomanticismCharacteristics:Subjectivevsobjective;intuition,emotionandimaginationvsreasonLivingbeingvstickingclockrunnedbylaw;nature;individualAPSALMOFLIFEstanzaone:1.Thespeaker:thefirstpersonperspective,2.Thetone:isneitherpositivenornegative,butisstrictlyhonest；Thetoneremainsthesame"encouraging"stylefrombeginningtoend,andthereisnochangeoftone.3.Therhythm(节奏韵律）:Therhythmschemeisaneightsyllablelinefollowedbyasevensyllableline.3.Figures:smiles，mataphor，personification，4.Imagery意象wordpictureinsomestanzasthatallowsthereadertoseemoreclearlywhatheisdescribing5.Theformofthepoemaquatrain(四行诗）,rhymeschemefollowsthepattern"ABAB,CDCD,EFEF;arecurrentrhythmpattern:8syllables,7syllables,Thepunctuationplaysanimportantrole，Exclamationpoints(感叹号）areusedtoestablishemphasisonaparticularline.“Art,”“Time,”“Trust,”“Future,”“Past,”and“Present.”.realism1.thesubjectsofrealism:thesurfacedetails,thecommonplaceactionsandthetragedyoftheordinarypeople2.thelanguagesofrealism:simple,clearanddirect,3.thetoneofrealism:comic（滑稽的）,satiric(讽刺的）,humor4.representativewritersMarkTwain;WilliamDeanHowells;HenryJames;Balzac巴尔扎克,TheHumanComedy,Flaubert福楼拜,MadameBovary包法利夫人;Zola左拉;Maupassant莫泊桑,theNecklace,Bouledesuif羊脂球.;EnglandCharlesDickens,WilliamMakepeaceThackeray,Tomashardy,BernardShaw,NorwayIbseMarkTwain:Localcolour(乡土文学）theuseofdetailpeculiartoaparticularregionandenvironmenttoaddinterestandauthenticity真实性toanarrative.Thiswillincludedescriptionoflocale(场所，地点,dress,customs,musicetc.RegionalismWhenitbecomesanessentialandintrinsic固有的,内在的partoftheworkthenitismoreproperlycalledregionalism.地方主义文学:MarkTwin，BretHarteInhislaterworksfromanoptimistandhumoristtoanalmostdespairingdeterministisunmistakable(pessimism).AConnecticutYankeeinKingArthur'sCourt(1889),TheManThatCorruptedHadleyburg(1900),TheMysteriousStranger(1916),andhisAutobiography(1924)allcontainbitterattacksonthehumanrace.Reason:tragiceventsofhislaterlife,thefailureofhisinvestments,hisfatiguingtravelsandlecturesinordertopayoffhisdebts,thedeathofhiswifeandtwodaughterswhichlefthimabsolutelyinconsolable.2.thedarkeningsociallifeFeaturesofhisnovel1.Localcolor.2.Colloquiallanguagecolloquialspeechanaccepted,respectableliterarymediumintheliteraryhistoryofthecountry.3.Humorous;MarkTwainlovedlifeandpeople,andfreedomandjustice,feltaprideinhumandignityandadvocatedbrotherhoodofman.Hehatedtyrannyandiniquity,despisedmeannessandcruelty,andtookhisroleasasocialcriticinaseriousandresponsiblemanner.Heusehumortosatirise(lash)thedarksocialreality.satiristThePlotHuckFinnThebookisthestoryofHuckFinn,aboywhofleeshisfatherbyrafting乘木筏downtheMississippiRiver.HeisaccompaniedonhisjourneybyarunawayslavenamedJim.Thebookportraysmanyoftheevilsthatarepresentinmenandwomen,aswellasintegralconflictandasenseofethicsasHuckbattlesbetweenbreakingthelawandhelpingJimescape.ThemeswithintheTextThroughtheuseofsatire,ormakingfunofsocietytobringaboutchange,Twaincriticizesfeuds不和orphans,parents,school,robbery,andreligion.；TwainbiggestcriticismisfortheinstitutionofslaverythroughHuck’sdecisionwhetherornottoreturnJimtohismaster.Throughalloftheadventuresdowntheriver,Hucklearnsavarietyoflifelessonsandimprovesasaperson.Hedevelopsaconscienceandtrulyfeelsforhumanity.Thecomplexityofhischaracterisenhancedbyhisabilitytorelatesoeasilywithnatureandtheriver。AllmodernAmericanliteraturecomesfromonebookbyMarkTwaincalled"HuckleberryFinn."allAmericanwritingcomesfromthat.transcendentalism超验主义：①asamoralphilosophy,transcendentalismwasneitherlogicalnorsystematized.Itexaltedfeelingoverreason,individualexpressionovertherestraintsoflawandcustom.不讲逻辑，不讲系统，只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达。②theyspokeforculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericansociety.呼吁文化复兴，反对美国社会的拜金主义③theybelievedinthetranscendenceof“Oversoul,”anall-pervadingpowerforgoodnessfromwhichallthingscomeandofwhichallthingsareapart.相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源。④itcouldexerciseahealthyandrestorativeinfluenceonthehumanmind.“Gobacktonature,sinkyourselfbackintoitsinfluenceandyou’llbecomespirituallywholeagain.”Thenaturalimplicationofallthiswas,ofcourse,thatthingsinnaturetendedtobecomesymbolic,andthephysicalworldwasasymbolofthespiritual.ThisinturnaddedtothetraditionofliterarysymbolisminAmericanliterature.⑤代表人物：Emerson爱默生，believedthatmanwasapartofabsolutegood。人性本善Thoreau，behelddivinityinthe“unspottedinnocence”ofnature.自然才是神圣的“洁白无暇RalphWaldoEmersion拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生①beresponsibleforbringingTranscendentalismtoNewEngland,是把超验主义引入新英格兰的先驱。②Emersonbelievedaboveallinindividualism个人主义,independenceofmind思想独立,andself-reliance自强.③作品：“Nature”《论自然》、“Essays”《随笔录》、“TheAmericanScholar”《美国学者》,ourintellectualDeclarationofIndependence.我们知识分子的独立宣言。④hismostimportantworksare“RepresentativeMen”《代表》and“EnglishTraits”《英国人》、“Poems”《诗集》⑤摘自《论自然》：Standingonthebareground,-myheadbathedbytheblitheair,andupliftedintoinfinitespace,-allmeanegotismvanishes.Ibecomeatransparenteye-ball.人形的约束没有了。HenryDavidThoreau亨利.戴维.梭罗①Emerson’struestdisciple.PutintopracticemanyofEmerson’stheories爱默生最忠实的信徒，把爱默生的许多理论付诸于实践。②“InWalden”《沃尔登》成名作。“CivilDisobedience”《平民反抗》essay随笔。非暴力不合作③教义：Iwouldnothaveanyoneadoptmymodeofliving,eachshouldfindouthisownway,nothisneighbor’sorhisparents.我不希望人们接受我的生活模式，每一个都应该发现自己的生活方式，不是邻居的，也不是他父母的。N