国际贸易实务英文版参考答案

Chapter1I.YES，Pleaserefertothe1stparagraphofthetext.II.流动性过剩自给自足经济资源直接投资国际收支易货交易出口退税倾销出口型经济增长东道国贸易差额贸易顺差／贸易逆差欧盟国际收支顺差／国际收支逆差有形贸易无形贸易货物贸易服务贸易excessliquidityself-sufficienteconomicresourcesdirectinvestmentbalanceofpaymentsexporttaxrebatedumpingexport-driveneconomicgrowthhostcountrybalanceoffavorable/unfavorablebalanceoftradeEuropeanUnionfavorable/unfavorablebalanceofpaymentsvisibletradeinvisibletradetradeingoodstradeinservicesIIIThechartaboveshowstheU.S.importsfromChina,U.S.exportstoChinaandthetradebalance.TheU.S.hasanegativetradebalancewithChina,andithasbeengrowing.Duringtheperiodfrom1997to2003,importsfromChinahavegrown244%whileexportstoChinahavegrown221%,indicatingthatthetradedeficitisincreasing.TherehadalreadybeenasizeabletradebalancedeficitwithChinain1996,totaling$39.5billionattheendoftheyear.IVExportgoodsaretangiblegoodssentoutofcountries.Tradeinservicesareinternationalearningsotherthanthosederivedfromtheexportingandimportingoftangiblegoods.Importgoodsaretangiblegoodsbroughtin.Internationaltradeisallbusinesstransactionsthatinvolvetwoormorecountries.5.FDIisonethatgivestheinvestoracontrollinginterestinaforeigncompany.6.Investmentisusedprimarilyasfinancialmeansforacompanytoearnmoremoneyonitsmoneywithrelativesafety.VInternationaltradeisthefairanddeliberateexchangeofgoodsand/orservicesacrossnationalboundaries.Itconcernstradeoperationsofbothimportandexportandincludesthepurchaseandsaleofbothvisibleandinvisiblegoods.Intoday'scomplexeconomicworld,neitherindividualsnornationsareself-sufficient. Nationsparticipateintheinternationaltradeformanyreasons.Astotheeconomicreasons,nonationhasalloftheeconomicresources(land,laborandcapital)thatitneedstodevelopitseconomyandculture,andnocountryenjoysaparticularitemsufficientenoughtomeetitsneeds.Asforthepreferencereasons,internationaltradetakesplacebecauseofinnovationofstyle.Besides,everynationcanspecializeinacertainfieldandenjoyacomparativeadvantageinsomeparticularareaintermsoftradesothattheyneedtodobusinesswitheachothertomakeuseofresourcesmoreefficientlyandeffectively.Inmeasuringtheeffectivenessofglobaltrade,nationscarefullyfollowtwokeyindicators, mely,balanceoftradeandbalanceofpayments.FDI,theabbreviationformForeignDirectInvestment,meansbuyingofpermanentpropertyandbusinessinforeignnations.Itoccurswhenacquisitionofequityinterestinaforeigncompanyistrade.ThegreatsignificanceofFDIforChinamightbethat:FDIsolvetheproblemofcapitalshortageforChinasothatChinamayspendthemoneyonimportingadvancedequipmentandtechnologiesforitsinfrastructure,nationalsupportingindustry,keyprojects,etc.Chapter2I关税壁垒非关税壁垒从量税配额限价本地采购规则增加内需DomesticcontentRed-tapebarriersExportsubsidiesBindingquotaAbsolutequotasTariff-ratequotasZeroquota"Buylocal"rulesTariffbarriersnon-tariffbarriersspecificdutiesquotaprotectivetariffmarketfailureinfantindustrylicensingsystemRevenuetariffgovernmentprocurementtradeprotectionismAdValoremDutiesfloorprice"buylocal"rulesraisedomesticdemand制关税配额零配额本地采购原则IIProtectionismmeansthedeliberateuseorencouragementofrestrictionsonimportstoenablerelativelyinefficientdomesticproducerstocompetesuccessfullywithforeignproducers.保护主义是指蓄意使用或鼓励进口限制，以此使本国相对效率低的产品能成功地和外国产品竞争。.IftheRussiansreleasetheirstocksoffinintotheworldmarket,thepriceofthemetalwillsinkthroughthefloor.一旦俄罗斯人将其持有的锡矿股票投放于国际市场之中，那么该市场中金属的价格会跌破最低限价。Protectivetariffmeansadutyortaximposedonimportedproductsforthepurposeofmakingthemmoreexpensiveincomparisontodomesticproducers,therebygivingthedomesticproductsapriceadvantage.保护性关税表示对进口产品征收的关税，旨在让它们相比起本国商品更贵，从向使得本国商品具有价格优势。Typesoftariffsincludeadvalorem,specific,variable,orcompound.IntheUnitedStates,theimpositionoftariffsismadeonimportedgoodsonly.Tariffsraisethepricesofimportedgoods,thusmakingthemlesscompetitivewithinthemarketoftheimportingcountry.Afterseven"Rounds”ofGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradetradenegotiationsthatfocusedheavilyontariffreductions,tariffsarelessimportantmeasuresofprotectionthantheyusedtobe.IIITariffisadutycollectedbycustomsofagovernmentonimportsand/orexports.Arevenuetariffcanbesomeoftheincomesofagovernment,butitmustbetakenundercontrol.Toexportgoodsatanunreasonablylowpriceistakenasdumpingwhichmightbefoughtagainstbygovernmentoftheimportingcountry.Atariffmaybeassessedonaperunitbasis,inwhichcaseitisknownasaspecificduty.Italsomaybeassessedasapercentageofthevalueoftheitem,inwhichcaseitisknownasanadvaloremduty.Importtariffsprimarilyserveasameansofraisingthepriceoftheimportgoodssothatcompetitivelyproduceddomesticgoodswillgainarelativepriceadvantage.Chapter3IAPECAsia-pacificEconomicCo-operationFTAAPFreeTradeAgreementofAsiaandthePacificEU EuropeanNAFTANorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreementMERCOSURMercadoComunDelConoSur/SouthernCommonMarketASEANAssociationofSoutheastAsianNationsEFTAEuropeanFreeTradeAreaAFTA ASEANFreeTradeAreaPTAs PreferentialTradeagreementsIITradebloc贸易集团Tradeblock贸易禁运/封锁Openregionalism开放式区域主义Freetradearea自由贸易区Customsunion关税联CommonmarketEconomicunionTradeembargoesBoycotts抵制discriminatorytariffseconomicsanctiontradeelasticitybilateraltradeagreement最惠国mostfavoredChapter4I.GATT GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradeHOD HeadsofDelegationsTRIPs Trade-relatedAspectsofIntellectualPropertyRightsGeneralAgreementonTradeinServicesTRIMs TradeRelatedInvestmentMeasuresMFNMostFavoredNationsII.施惠国 Patronagenations受惠国 Favorednations缔国 ContractingParties市场准入 marketaccess透度transparency紧急进口措施UrgentImportingMeasures争端解决机制disputesettlementmechanism可持续发展sustainabledevelopment特许经营franchiseIII.UntilnowWTOhasalreadyhad150membersanditstradevolumecovers90%ofthetotaltradevolumeinthewholeworld.TopmostofWTOistheMinisterialConferencewhichhastomeetatleastonceeverytwoyears.UndertheMinisterialConferenceistheGeneralCouncilthathastomeetatGenevaregularly.TheWTOSecretariat,whichofficesonlyinGeneva,Swizerland,hasaround550regularstuffandisheadedbyaDirector-General.SincedecisionsaremadebyMembersonly,theSecretariathasnodecision-makingpowersastheotherinternationalinstitutions.TheSecretariatprovidessomeformoflegalassistanceinthedisputesettlementprocessandadvisesgovernmentswishingtobecomeMembersoftheWTO.Chapter5IFOB班轮条件清关FOB吊钩下交货平舱多式联运船舷内陆水运理舱卸货费投保CFR卸至岸上(含着陆费)班轮单据买卖CFR舱底交货CFR班轮条件象征性交货FOBlinertermcustomsclearanceFOBUnderTacklemultimodaltransportshipboardmarinenavigationoninlandwaterwaystowdischargeexpensecoverinsuranceCFRLandeddocumentarysalesCFREx-ship'sHoldCFRlinertermssymbolicdeliveryIIUnderCFR,buyersshouldeffectinsurance.UnderCIFEx-Ship'sHold,sellershouldpaythedischargecharges.UnderCIF,theinsuredamountshouldbeUS$22000ifthecontractedpriceisUS$20000.4.UnderCIP,sellerhastoprocureinsuranceagainstthebuyer'sriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsduringthecarriage.TheFAStermrequiresthesellertoclearthegoodsforexportTheDEQtermrequiresthebuyertoproceedwiththecustomsclearanceforimportsandpaymentofallcustomsduty.UnderDDP,thesellermustpaythecostsofcustomsdutiesaswellasallduties,taxesandotherofficialchargespayableuponexportationandimportationofthegoods.UnderDDUthesellermustgivethebuyerinstantnoticeoftheshippingofthegoodsaswellasanyothernoticerequiredinordertoallowshebuyertotakemeasure.III1.该报价为FOB的价格并含5％的佣金。2.在CPCIP同中承诺通过铁路、公路、航空、海运、内河水运或多式运输等方式完成货物运输的人。FCA方有装载责任。如果交货地在其它地方，卖方对卸载没有责任。FOBQuestions│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y││N│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y││N│N│N│N│N│Y│N│Y│N│N│N││N│N│N│N│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y││N│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y││N│N│N│N│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│VA.1.c;2.d;3.a;4.c;5.c;6.c;7.d;8.b;9.d;l0.cB.1.a;2.ab;3.abcdf;4.abc;5.aefChapter6I1.SalesbySeller's/Buyer'sSample2.Reference/DuplicateSample3.QualityTolerance4.CounterSample5.MoreorLessClauses6.NeutralPacking7,CustomsFormality8.InspectionCertificateofQuality9.FDA10.MarkingofGoods凭卖方样品买卖／凭买方样品买卖 基准样品／副样品质公差等样品溢短装条款中性包装报关手续质量检验证书食品及药物管理局标记货物II毛重理论重量净重约定皮重公量单位重量含水量习惯皮重法定重量实际皮重从价税平均皮重货样不符grossweighttheoreticalweightnetweightcomputedtareconditionedweightunitweightwatercapacitycustomarytarelegalweightactualtareadvaloremdutyaveragetaregoodsnotequaltothe副产品国家质量监督校验检疫总局by-productsGeneralAdministrationofQualitySupervision,InspectionandQuarantineoftheple'sRepublicofChinaIII(B)mineralore A.sample(C)ordinarygarments B.manual(D)fishC.F.A.Q(E)Hairwashingmachines NLQmedicalapparatus E.famousbrand(A)wheat F.specificationcalligraphicworks G.inspection(F)powerplantgenerator H.drawingordiagramIVI.Thequalityandpriceofcommoditiesshouldbetakenintoconsiderationinchoosingthe ngmaterialandpackagedesigning.2．Atopper,matchedwiththesuperior-gradepacking,speaksitselfforitshighqualityand preciousness.Itwillextremelyincreasethecostofthegoodstopackthemedium-lowqualitywiththe qualitymaterial,andtherefore,influenceitssale.Itwilleffectitsmarketingofthegoodstodoggedlystriveforthriftinawa5topackthe orqualitywiththelowqualitymaterial.Weshouldtakenotonlythequalityandappearanceofthegoodsintoconsideration,but alsothecustomers'tasteandpreference.Wemustimprovethequalityoftheexportgoodssoastostrengthenitscompetitivenessin internationalmarket.Chapter7I.油轮定程租船滚装船定期租船载驳轮光船租船船期表租船合同滞期费班轮运价表速遣费选卸附加费直航附加费OiltankerVoyageCharterRo/RovesselTimeCharterLASH(LightAboardShip)BareBoatCharter(BBC)sailingschedulechartercontractdemurragechargelinerfreightratescheduledispatchmoneyoptionaladditionaldirectadditional转船附加费港口拥挤附加费运输代理包裹拼箱货结汇整箱货空运单集装箱货运站装运通知处置权Partialshipment/transshipmentBillofladingCleanB/LOrderB/LCombinedtransportB/LBlankB/LStraightB/LThroughB/LLinerB/LAnte-datedB/LAdvancedB/LConsignmentnoteBlankendorsementCombinedtransportdocumentsFCL/LCLtransshipmentsurchargePortCongestionSurchargensportationagentpackageLCL(Lessthancontainerload)settlementFCL(FullcontainerloadAirwaybillcontaineryardshippingnoticerightofdisposal分批装船提单预借提单陆运或铁路运输通知空白背书国际航空运输协会多式联运单据整箱货／拼箱货II1.√2.√xdelay→advancexaccepted→unaccepted5.√6．X把“orwithout”去掉III12．班轮公司通常把航海时间表登载在报纸上或者分发给托运人。3.在多式联运提单上，卸货港应该是提单许可的中转码头。4.集装箱收费是多种多样的。例如附加费，总费率的确定是基本费率加上附加费率。5．集装箱的好处在于：方便处理货物，减少盗窃，减少暴露，节约装船成本。IVTransportdocumentswhichappearontheirfacetoindicatethatshipmenthasbeenmadeonthesamemeansofconveyanceandforthesamejourney,providedtheyindicatethesamedestination,willnotberegardedascoveringpartialshipment,evenifthetransportdocumentsindicatedifferentdatesofshipmentand/ordifferentportsofloading,placesoftakingincharge,ordispatch.Cleantransportdocumentisonewhichhearsnoclauseornotationwhichexpresslydeclaresadefectiveconditionofthegoodsand/orthepackaging.Neitherthecardernortheshippershallberesponsibleinanyeventforlossordamageto,orinconnectionwith,goodsifthenatureorvaluethereofhasbeenknowinglymisstatedbytheshipperintheBilloflading.Wheretheperformanceofthecarriageorpartthereofhasbeenentrustedtoanactualcarrier,whetherornotinpursuanceofalibertyunderthecontractofcarriagebyseatodoso,thecarrierneverthelessremainsresponsiblefortheentirecarriage.Thecarrierisresponsible,inrelationtothecarriageperformedbytheactualcarrier,fortheactsandomissionsoftheactualcarrierandofhisservantsandagentsactingwithinthescopeoftheiremployment.ChapterI故承保人单独海损保险费航空运输货物战争险陆运险陆运一切险估损费用航空运输一切险OceanmarineinsuranceWarrisksBasicriskscoverageInsuredamountT.P.N.DTaintofOverlandtransportationinsuranceParcelpostinsuranceinsuredgeneralaverageinsuredamountextraneousrisksinsurancepolicyconstructiveaveragemarinekssalvagechargessueandlaborexpensesmisfortuneinsurerparticularaverageinsurancepremiumairtransportationwarrisklandtransportationriskslandtransportationallrisksriskestimationchargesairtransportationallriskscharges海运保险战争险基本险种投保金额偷盗、失窃、提货不着险串味险陆上运输保险邮寄包裹保险FreefromparticularaverageAdditionalriskscoverageFreshwaterand/orraindamageWithparticularaverage平安险附加险别淡水雨淋险水渍险II.1.√2.√3.√XSpecialadditionalcoveragesuchaswarrisks,strikesandsoonmustbetakenout withFPA,WPA.(andallrisks)XInessence,openpolicyis(not)thesameastheinsurancecertificate.6.√7.√XThree(two)typesofrisksarecoveredbyoceanmarineinsurance,namelytheperilsofsea,theextraneousrisksandtheforcemajeure).XOceanmarineinsurancecoverstwotypesoflosses,partiallassandtotalloss→perilsofseaandextraneousrisksIIIExposedtomanyrisksintheprocessoftransportingandloadingandunloading,export facethepossibilityofloss.Supposedthatthegoodsisputondeckinsteadofinthecabinwhereitshouldbeaccording theclausestipulatedintheinsurancecontract,insurerhastherighttoagainstanypossibleclaimslodgedbytheinsured.Cabincoverageincludestheriskoffallingintooceanonly,andexcludestherisksoffresh ter,rainandsoak.Expertcreditinsuranceisakindofcreditinsurances.Theinsuredshoulddeliverthegoodstothecarrierbytheagreedwaybeforethematurity ofnsurance.Initialvalueassuranceissealedbythesellernormally,whereasincreasedvalueassurance boughtbythebuyer.Iftheinsuredcannotgetthewholeorpartialpaymentduetothecommercialcreditor risks,theinsurershouldpaytheindemnity.MarineinsurancepolicyisthepartoftheBillofLading.Insureristhemarineinsurance any.IV1．从广义上来讲，海运保险的可保风险应包括货物在海上运输中可能的损失和损坏。2．战争条款是保单中的一项条款，用以保因战争引起损失的风险。3.CIF．仓至仓保险所承保的风险包括从货物因运输目的而离开仓库起经运输期间以及到达目(或者到期日前15天)为止，这段时间内产生的风险。5赔偿。Chapter9ⅠCoststructureCostofproductionProfitmarginSellingcostTargetcosting目标成本法Everydaylowpricing(EDLP)每日低价Totalfixedcost总固定成本Variablecost变动成本Skimmingpricestrategy 撇脂定价战略 Penetrationstrategy 渗透定价略Floatingexchangerisk浮动汇率风险成本导向定价法pricingbasedoncost盈亏平衡定价法break-evenpricing边际成本定价法marginalcostpricing损益两平点break-evenpoint计货币 moneyofaccount支付货币 moneyofpayment硬货币 hardcurrency软币softcurrency汇率exchangerate价款调整priceadjustment佣金/折扣commission/discount期货/现货市场future/spotmarketⅡCountry CurrencyBritain GBPpoundJapan JPYJapaneseYanFrance FRFFrenchFrancAustralia PAustraliandollarChina CNYRMBYuanBurma BUKBurmeseKyatngapore SGDSingaporedollarNewZealand NZDNewZealanddollarThailand THPThaiBahtMalaysia MYRMalaysiandollarNepal NPRNepaleseRupeeINRIndiaRupeeIndonesia IDRIndonesianRupiahSwiss CHFSwissFrancPhilippines PHPPhilippinePesoItaly TLItalianLiraChapter10Ⅰ信用状况creditstandard远期信用证timeL/C,usanceL/C通知银行advisingbank信用证有效期thematurityofL/C交付运单deliveryofB/L支付保障条款confirmationofcredit支付结算paymentandsettlementapplicantandbeneficiaryⅡirrevocableletterofcreditconfirmedL/Crevocableletterofcreditsightdraft即期汇票commercialbillofexchangetimedraft远期汇票governmentalguaranteedrawee付款人IrrevocableL/Cisaletterofcreditthatcannotbecanceledorchangedwiththeconsentofallpartiesinvolved.Timedraftisacommercialbillofexchangecallingforpaymenttobemadeatsometimeafterdel