雅思阅读模拟试题及答案

雅思阅读模拟试题及答案THEGAPofINGENUITY2Ingenuity,asIdefineithere,consistsnotonlyofideasfornewtechnologieslikecomputersordrought-resistantcropsbut,morefundamentally,ofideasforbetterinstitutionsandsocialarrangements,likeefficientmarketsandcompetentgovernments.Howmuchandwhatkindsofingenuityasocietyrequiresdependsonarangeoffactors,includingthesociety'sgoalsandthecircumstanceswithinwhichitmustachievethosegoals――whetherithasayoungpopulationoranagingone,anabundanceofnaturalresourcesorascarcityofthem,aneasyclimateorapunishingone,whateverthecasemaybe.Howmuchandwhatkindsofingenuityasocietysuppliesalsodependsonmanyfactors,suchasthenatureofhumaninventivenessandunderstanding,therewardsaneconomygivestotheproducersofusefulknowledge,andthestrengthofpoliticaloppositiontosocialandinstitutionalreforms.Agoodsupplyoftherightkindofingenuityisessential,butitisn't,ofcourse,enoughbyitself.Weknowthatthecreationofwealth,forexample,dependsnotonlyonanadequatesupplyofusefulideasbutalsoontheavailabilityofother,moreconventionalfactorsofproduction,likecapitalandlabor.Similarly,prosperity,stabilityandjusticeusuallydependontheresolution,oratleastthecontainment,ofmajorpoliticalstrugglesoverwealthandpower.Yetwithinoureconomicsingenuityoftensupplantslabor,andgrowthinthestockofphysicalplantisusuallyaccompaniedbygrowthinthestockofingenuity.Andinourpoliticalsystems,weneedgreatingenuitytosetupinstitutionsthatsuccessfullymanagestrugglesoverwealthandpower.Clearly,oureconomicandpoliticalprocessesareintimatelyentangledwiththeproductionanduseofingenuity.Thepastcentury’scountlessincrementalchangesinoursocietiesaroundtheplanet,inourtechnologiesandourinteractionswithoursurroundingnaturalenvironmentshaveaccumulatedtocreateaqualitativelynewworld.Becausethesechangeshaveaccumulatedslowly,It’softenhardforustorecognizehowprofoundandsweepingthey've.Theyincludefarlargeranddenserpopulations;muchhigherpercapitaconsumptionofnaturalresources;andfarbetterandmorewidelyavailabletechnologiesforthemovementofpeople,materials,andespeciallyinformation.Incombination,thesechangeshavesharplyincreasedthedensity,intensity,andpaceofourinteractionswitheachother;theyhavegreatlyincreasedtheburdenweplaceonournaturalenvironment;andtheyhavehelpedshiftpowerfromnationalandinternationalinstitutionstoindividualsandsubgroups,suchaspoliticalspecialinterestsandethnicfactions.Asaresult,peopleinallwalksoflife-fromourpoliticalandbusinessleaderstoallofusinourday-to-day――mustcopewithmuchmorecomplex,urgent,andoftenunpredictablecircumstances.Themanagementofourrelationshipwiththisnewworldrequiresimmenseandever-increasingamountsofsocialandtechnicalingenuity.Aswestrivetomaintainorincreaseourprosperityandimprovethequalityofourlives,wemustmakefarmoresophisticateddecisions,andinlesstime,thaneverbefore.Whenweenhancetheperformanceofanysystem,fromourcarstotheplanet'snetworkoffinancialinstitutions,wetendtomakeitmorecomplex.Manyofthenaturalsystemscriticaltoourwell-being,liketheglobalclimateandtheoceans,areextraordinarilycomplextobeginwith.Weoftencan'tpredictormanagethebehaviorofcomplexsystemswithmuchprecision,becausetheyareoftenverysensitivetothesmallestofchangesandperturbations,andtheirbehaviorcanflipfromonemodetoanothersuddenlyanddramatically.Ingeneral,asthehuman-madeandnaturalsystemswedependuponbecomemorecomplex,andasourdemandsonthemincrease,theinstitutionsandtechnologiesweusetomanagethemmustbecomemorecomplextoo,whichfurtherboostsourneedforingenuity.Thegoodnews,though,isthatthelastcentury'sstunningchangesinoursocietiesandtechnologieshavenotjustincreasedourneedforingenuity;theyhavealsoproducedahugeincreaseinitssupply.Thegrowthandurbanizationofhumanpopulationshavecombinedwithastonishingnewcommunicationandtransportationtechnologiestoexpandinteractionsamongpeopleandproducelarger,moreintegrated,andmoreefficientmarkets.Thesechangeshave,inturn,vastlyacceleratedthegenerationanddeliveryofusefulideas.But―andthisisthecritical"but"――weshouldnotjumptotheconclusionthatthesupplyofingenuityalwaysincreasesinlockstepwithouringenuityrequirement:Whileit'struethatnecessityisoftenthemotherofinvention,wecan'talwaysrelyontherightkindofingenuityappearingwhenandwhereweneedit.Inmanycases,thecomplexityandspeedofoperationoftoday'svitaleconomic,social,aridecologicalsystemsexceedthehumanbrainsgrasp.Veryfewofushavemorethanarudimentaryunderstandingofhowthesesystemswork.Theyremainfraughtwithcountless"unknownunknowns,"whichmakesithardtosupplytheingenuityweneedtosolveproblemsassociatedwiththesesystems.Inthisbook,exploreawiderangeofotherfactorsthatwilllimitourabilitytosupplytheingenuityrequiredinthecomingcentury.Forexample,manypeoplebelievethatnewcommunicationtechnologiesstrengthendemocracyandwillmakeiteasiertofindsolutionstooursocieties'collectiveproblems,butthestoryislessclearthanitseems.Thecrushofinformationinoureverydaylivesisshorteningourattentionspan,limitingthetimewehavetoreflectoncriticalmattersofpublicpolicy,andmakingpolicyargumentsmoresuperficial.Modernmarketsandscienceareanimportantpartofthestoryofhowwesupplyingenuity.Marketsarecriticallyimportant,becausetheygiveentrepreneursanincentivetoproduceknowledge.Asforscience,althoughitseemstofacenotheoreticallimits,atleastintheforeseeablefuture,practicalconstraintsoftenslowitsprogress.Thecostofscientificresearchtendstoincreaseasitdelvesdeeperintonature.Andscience'srateofadvancedependsonthecharacteristicofthenaturalphenomenaitinvestigates,simplybecausesomephenomenaareintrinsicallyhardertounderstandthanothers,sotheproductionofusefulnewknowledgeintheseareascanbeveryslow.Consequently,thereisoftenacriticaltimelagbetweentherecognitionbetweenaproblemandthedeliveryofsufficientingenuity,intheformoftechnologies,tosolvethatproblem.Progressinthesocialsciencesisespeciallyslow,forreasonswedon'tyetunderstand;butwedesperatelyneedbettersocialscientificknowledgetobuildthesophisticatedinstitutionstoday’sworlddemands.Questions:Completeeachsentencewiththeappropriateanswer,A,B,C,orDWritethecorrectanswerinboxes27-30onyouranswersheet.27Thedefinitionofingenuity28Therequirementforingenuity29Thecreationofsocialwealth30ThestabilityofsocietyAdependsonmanyfactorsincludingclimate.Bdependsonthemanagementandsolutionofdisputes.Cisnotonlyoftechnologicaladvance,butmoreofinstitutionalrenovation.Dalsodependsontheavailabilityofsometraditionalresources.Question31-33Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,C,orD.Writeyouranswersinboxes31-33onyouranswersheet.31Whatdoestheauthorsayabouttheincrementalchangeofthelast100years?AIthasbecomeahotscholasticdiscussionamongenvironmentalists.BItssignificanceisoftennotnoticed.CIthasreshapedthenaturalenvironmentswelivein.DItbenefitedamuchlargerpopulationthanever.32Thecombinationofchangeshasmadelife.AeasierBfasterCslowerDlesssophisticated33Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutthenaturalsystems?ANewtechnologiesarebeingdevelopedtopredictchangewithprecision.BNaturalsystemsareoftenmoresophisticatedthanothersystems.CMinoralterationsmaycausenaturalsystemstochangedramatically.DTechnologicaldevelopmentshaverenderedhumanbeingmoreindependentofnaturalsystems.Question34-40DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage3?Inboxes34-40onyouranswersheet,writeYESifthestatementistrueNOifthestatementisfalseNOTGIVENiftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage34Thedemandforingenuityhasbeengrowingduringthepast100years.35Theingenuitywehavemaybeinappropriateforsolvingproblemsathand.36Thereareveryfewwhocanunderstandthecomplexsystemsofthepresentworld.37Moreinformationwillhelpustomakebetterdecisions.38Thenextgenerationwillblamethecurrentgovernmentfortheirconduct.39Sciencetendstodevelopfasterincertainareasthanothers.40Socialsciencedevelopsespeciallyslowlybecauseitisnotasimportantasnaturalscience.篇章结构体裁：论说文题目：创新的空白2结构：(一句话概括每段大意)A段:创新的定义B段:一个社会需要多少创造及哪种创造，取决于多种因素C段:一个社会能提供多少或何种创造，同样取决于多种因素D段:充足优质的创造非常重要，但是还不够E段:这些年来发生了很多重大改变，但是整个改变过程比较慢，人们可能没意识到它们有多重要F段:改变使人们之间的互动变得多了，压力变得大了，环境被破坏了G段:呼吁人们做出精准的抉择H段:控制生存体系的制度和科技增强对创意的需求I段:社会与科技的变革加速了创意时代的解放思想J段:对于经济、社会、生态系统的未知使人们很难创造充足的创意解决问题K段:新世纪中限制人们设计创意能力的各种因素L段:现代市场和科学是创意设计的重要组成成分参考译文：创新过程的空白创造，就像笔者在这里定义的一样，不仅仅指那些关于计算机、抗早作物之类的新科技的构想，更重要的是指那些关于优化制度和社会安排的思想，例如高效市场、法定政府等。一个社会需要多少创造及哪种创造，取决于多种因素，包括社会目标和达成这些社会目标时所处的社会环境一一无论它是年轻型社会还是老龄化社会：是自然物资丰富或是物资匮乏;是气候宜人或气候恶劣。一个社会能提供多少或何种创造，同样取决于众多因素，例如人类创造和理解的本性、有用知识的制造者所获得的经济回报、以及社会制度改革的'政治反对派的力量等。充足优质的创造非常重要，当然这还不够。例如，我们知道财富的创造不仅取决于充足的、有价值的创意，还需要更多其他传统生产因素，如资本和劳动力。同样，繁荣、稳定、公正通常取决于对财富和权力的重大政治斗争的决议,或者至少是针对它们的遏制政策。然而目前，我们的经济创意常常将劳动力排挤在外，随着创意的增长，机器设备实体通常也随之增长。在现有的政治体系中，我们需要更多的创意来建设社会制度,从而成功地管控财富和权力斗争。很明显，我们的经济政治进程正紧密地与这些创意产物结合在一起。过去的一个世纪中，在我们的整个社会范围、科技领域和我们与周围自然环境的互动中产生的不计其数并不断增加的变化，己经积累到了足以创造一个高品质的新世界。由于这些变化是慢慢积累起来的，所以我们通常很难认识到它们所影响的深度与广度。这些变化波及了更广泛、更密集的人群，它们使得人均自然资源消耗变得更高，并提供了更有效、更广泛的交通运输技术，尤其是信息传播技术。总的来说，这些变化已经大大增加了我们彼此互动的深度、强度和速度：但也显著增加了人类对自然环境造成的负担;同时也促使人类社会将权力从国家和国际组织转移到个人和群体组织中，例如特殊政治利益和民族派别。因此，来自不同领域的人们