第三章-建设工程造价和成本管理-工程管理专业英语课件

01简介Introduction

01简介IntroductionIntroductionProjectCostSystem项目成本系统成本估算分类成本估算方法初步成本估算最终成本估算工料测量ClassificationofCostEstimatesAccuracyRangeApproachestoEstimationPreliminaryCostEstimateFinalCostEstimateQuantitySurvey精度范围IntroductionProjectCostSysteWordsandPhrasesreducedto简化为retrieve[rɪˈtriːv]vt.重新得到;检索数据ongoing[ˈɒngəʊɪŋ]adj.仍在进行的pertinent[ˈpɜːtɪnənt]adj.有关的;切题的classification[ˌklæsɪfɪˈkeɪʃn]n.分类covers[ˈkʌvəz]vt.覆盖;包含(cover的第三人称单数)investment[Inˈvestmənt]n.投资employedto使用prudent[ˈpruːdnt]adj.审慎的;精明的variesfrom不同于expressedas表示为positive[ˈpɒzətɪv]adj.正的negative[ˈnegətɪv]adj.负的surrounding[səˈraʊndɪŋ]vt.围绕(surround的动名词)outlay[ˈaʊtleɪ]n.费用,支出plant'smanufacturing设备的制造WordsandPhrasesreducedto简化WordsandPhrasesproductioncapacity生产能力inception[ɪnˈsepʃn]n.开始;启动raw[rɔː]adj.未加工的generated[ˈdʒenəreɪtɪd]vt.生成(generate的过去分词)attributes[ˈætrɪbjuːts]n.属性;特质(attribute的复数)assumed[əˈsjuːmd]adj.假定的billofquantities工程量清单summation[sʌˈmeɪʃn]n.求和;总和multipliedby乘以corresponding[ˌkɒrəˈspɒndɪŋ]adj.相应的laborious[ləˈbɔːrɪəs]adj.费力的breakdown分解disaggregate[dɪsˈægrɪgeɪt]vt.分解collectively[kəˈlektɪvlɪ]adv.共同地decomposing[diːkəmˈpəʊzɪŋ]vt&vi.分解(decompose的动名词)expenditureitem支出项目WordsandPhrasesproductioncaWordsandPhrasesconstructionsupervision施工监理generalofficeoverhead普通管理费;综合办公费proportionally[prəˈpɔːʃənlɪ]adv.按比例地subdivisions[ˌsʌbdɪˈvɪʒns]n.细分(subdivision的复数)compiled[kəmˈpaɪld]vt.编制(compile的过去分词)fundamentally[fʌndəˈmentəlɪ]adv.根本地extrapolated[ɪkˈstræpəleɪtɪd]vt.推算(extrapolate的过去分词)workingdrawings施工图compilation[ˌkɒmpɪˈleɪʃn]n.汇编unit-pricebidding单价投标customarily[ˈkʌstəmərəlɪ]adv.习惯上地extends[ɪkˈstendz]vt.扩展(extend的第三人称单数)check[tʃek]vt.核实workpackage工作包agreement[əˈgriːmənt]n.协议close[kləus]adj.接近的WordsandPhrasesconstructionThefirstclassification,thedegreeofprojectdefinition,isbaseduponthepercentageofcompletedarchitecturalandengineeringdesigns.Itdefinesavailableinputinformationtotheestimator.Thesecondclassification,theendusageoftheestimate,isbasedonavailabledataprogressandcoversconceptualestimatesforinvestmentfeasibility,andstudiesfundingauthorization,budgets,andcontractordetailestimatesforlump-sumbidding.Thethirdclassification,theestimategeneratingmethodology,isbasedonprocessesemployedtoforecastbuildingcoststhatarestochasticanddeterministic.第一种分类(标准)为项目定义的细致程度,是基于已完成的建筑设计和施工设计的百分比。它为估算人员定义了可用的输入信息。第二种分类(标准)为估算的最终用途,是基于可获取的数据进展,涵盖投资可行性的概念性估算,并研究资金授权、预算和承包商对总投标的详细估价。第三种分类(标准)为估算的生成方法,是基于预测随机性和确定性的建筑成本的过程。SentencesIllustrationThefirstclassification,theReviewQuestionsandProblemsLookuprelevantliteraturestofindoutifthereisanyotherclassificationofcostestimation.Discusshowtomakethecostestimationmoreaccurate.ONETWOReviewQuestionsandProblemsL02成本估算的基本要素BasicElementsofCostEstimation

02成本估算的基本要素BasicElementsofCBasicElementsofCostEstimationIndirectLabourCosts业主LabourCosts人工费TheCostofHeavyEquipment重型设备成本BidsfromSubcontractor分包商报价MaterialCosts材料费Markup(在成本的基础上)加价/利润Overhead日常管理费BasicElementsofCostEstimatWordsandPhrasescustomary[ˈkʌstəmərɪ]adj.通常的;习惯的solicit[səˈlɪsɪt]vt.征求quotations[kwəuˈteɪʃənz]n.市价(quotation的复数)desirable[dɪˈzaɪərəbəl]adj.值得的guarantees[gærənˈtiːz]n.保证;保证书(guarantee的复数)stipulations[stɪpjuˈleɪʃnz]n.规定(stipulation的复数)pertainingto属于freight[freɪt]n.运费drayage[ˈdreɪɪdʒ]n.运货马车运送storage[ˈstɔːrɪdʒ]n.存储inspection[ɪnˈspekʃn]n.检查recapsheet汇总表handlingandinstallationexpense装卸和安装费用thorough[ˈθʌrə]adj.彻底的;十分的;周密的hourlyrate计时工资;每小时工资率;按小时计的工资额fringe[frɪndʒ]adj.附加的substantial[səbˈstænʃl]adj.大量的additionto除了WordsandPhrasescustomary[ˈkWordsandPhrasesinterrelate...with相互关联allowance[əˈlauəns]n.津贴workcategory工作类别accountsfor占……比例earth-movingmachines土方机械;掘土机concreteplants混凝土加工厂truckcranes货车起重机powertools电动工具concretevibrators混凝土振动器concretebuggies混凝土车wheelbarrows[ˈwiːlbærəʊz]n.手推车(wheelbarrow的复数)waterhoses水管extensioncords延长绳lump-sum一次总付的keepinmind牢记paramountto最重要的makingup组成qualifications[kwɒlɪfɪˈkeɪʃns]n.资格;条件(qualification的复数)WordsandPhrasesinterrelate..WordsandPhrasesstipulate[ˈstɪpjuleɪt]vt.规定jobsite作业现场hoisting[ˈhɔIstɪŋ]n.吊装(设备)subbidn.分标amounts[əˈmaunt]n.数量(amount的复数)contractingwith与……签订合同overhead[ˈəʊvəhed]n.管理费joboverhead工作管理费fieldoverhead工地管理费chargeable[ˈtʃ'ːdʒəbl]adj.可以记账的reliable[rɪˈlaɪəbl]adj.可靠的markup[ˈm'ːkʌp]n.(在成本基础上的)加价;利润margin[ˈm'ːdʒɪn]n.利润atthecloseof在……结束时contingency[kənˈtɪndʒənsi]n.意外/偶然开支;应急;不可预见费managementphilosophy管理哲学callsfor要求appraisal[əˈpreɪzl]n.评价imponderables[ɪmˈpɒndərəblz]n.无法估量的事物(imponderable的复数)haveabearingon影响到WordsandPhrasesstipulate[ˈsSentencesIllustrationSomechoosetoincludeallelementsoflabourexpenseinasinglehourlyrate.Othersevaluatedirectlabourcostseparatelyfromindirectcost.Somecontractorscomputeregularandovertimelabourcostsseparately,whileotherscombinescheduledovertimewithstraighttimetoarriveatanaveragehourlyrate.Someevaluatelabourchargesusingproductionrates,othersuselabourunitcosts.有些人选择包含劳动费用中所有要素的计时工资,另一些人则会将直接人工成本与间接成本分开来估算。一些承包商将常规人工成本和加班人工成本分开计算,而其他承包商则将计划性加班(工时)与正式工时相结合,以计算出平均的计时工资。有些人用生产率来估算劳动费用,而另一些人则采用的是劳动的单位成本(来估算)。

SentencesIllustrationSomechReviewQuestionsandProblemsHowtogetacompletecostestimation?Doyouthinkthecostestimationisthesameevenfromthedifferentpointsofviewofthecontractorandtheowner?Givesomedetailedreasons.ONETWOReviewQuestionsandProblemsH03成本管理CostManagement

03成本管理CostManagement

ConstructionMaterials

TheConstructionCostCycle工程成本周期ProjectCostAccounting项目成本核算ObjectivesofaCostSystem成本系统的目标CostAccountingReports成本核算报告ProjectCostControl项目成本控制EarnedValueManagementSystem挣值管理系统010203040506ConstructionMaterialsThWordsandPhraseswithinthelimits在……限制之内anticipated[ænˈtɪsɪpeɪtɪd]vt.预测(anticipate的过去分词)revolving[rɪˈvɒlvɪŋ]adj.循环的historic[hɪˈstɒrɪk]adj.历史的proprietary[prəˈpraɪətri]adj.专有的protected[prəˈtektɪd]vt.保护(protect的过去分词)underprizing[ˈʌndərpraɪzɪŋ]adj.低价出售的atanygivenpoint在任何已知点adjusted[əˈdʒʌstɪd]adj.调整过的execute[ˈeksɪkjuːt]vt.执行periodic[ˌpɪəriˈɒdɪk]adj.周期性的tailored[ˈteɪləd]vt.调整使适应(tailor的过去分词)cashflow现金流reallocate[ˌriːˈæləkeɪt]vt.重新分配shortfalls[ˈʃɔːtfɔːlz]n.不足(shortfall的复数)track[træk]vt.追踪WordsandPhraseswithintheliWordsandPhrasesaccomplish[əˈkʌmplɪʃ]vt.完成supervision[ˌsjuːpəˈvɪʒn]n.监督regardlessof不管……functioning[ˈfʌŋkʃənɪŋ]vi.运转(function的动名词)reliable[rɪˈlaɪəbl]adj.可靠的playsavitalrole起着至关重要的作用indicated[ˈɪndɪkeɪtɪd]adj.表明的costaccounting成本核算fieldcosts现场费用isolated[ˈaɪsəleɪtɪd]adj.隔离的;孤立的;分离的distilled[dɪsˈtɪld]vt.蒸馏(distill的过去分词)targetedfor针对management-by-exception例外管理;偏差管理devices[dɪˈvaɪsiz]n.设备(device的复数)costoverruns成本超支detection[dɪˈtekʃn]n.检测WordsandPhrasesaccomplish[əWordsandPhrasesingredient[ɪnˈgriːdiənt]n.成分elaboration[ɪˌlæbəˈreɪʃn]n.详述routines[ruːˈtiːnz]n.日常工作(routine的复数)time-average时间平均intermittently[ˌɪntəˈmɪtəntlɪ]adj.间歇性的occasional[əˈkeɪʒənl]adj.偶尔的spotchecks抽查excessive[ɪkˈsesɪv]adj.过多的projection[prəˈdʒekʃn]n.投影remedy[ˈremɪdɪ]vt.补救intervals[ˈɪntəvlz]n.间隔uncomplicated[ʌnˈkɔmplɪkeɪtɪd]adj.不复杂的extension[ɪkˈstenʃn]n.延伸gauge[geɪdʒ]vt.测量cumulative[ˈkjuːmjulətɪv]adj.累积的analogousto类似于WordsandPhrasesingredient[ɪWordsandPhrasescurrencyvalue货币价值division[dɪˈvɪʒən]n.分开normalize[ˈnɔːməlaɪz]vt.归一化convertedinto转换成indices[ˈɪndɪsiːz]n.指数(index的复数)benchmark[ˈbentʃm'ːk]n.基准interim[ˈɪntərɪm]adj.临时的addingup总计baseline[ˈbeɪslaɪn]n.基准curve[kəːv]n.曲线accrued[əˈkrud]adj.应计的slippage[ˈslɪpɪdʒ]n.滑移to-datevariances迄今为止的差异subtracting[səbtræktɪŋ]vt.减去(subtract的动名词)WordsandPhrasescurrencyvalu在这种情况下,术语表不涉及先前在书中讨论过的基于时间的模型,而是指在整个项目实施过程中用作计费基础的成本清单。Thetermscheduleinthiscasedoesnotrefertothetime-basedmodelsthathavebeendiscussedpreviouslyinthebookbut,rather,toalistingofcoststobeusedasabasisforbillingthroughouttheproject.SentencesIllustration在这种情况下,术语表不涉及先前在书中讨论过的基于时间的模型,ReviewQuestionsandProblemsIfthecostoverrunsintheprojectprocess,whowillberesponsibleforandhowtotaketheremedialmeasures?ReviewQuestionsandProblemsI04阅读材料Readingmaterial

04阅读材料ReadingmaterialReadingmaterialComputerestimatinghasbecomeverypopularinrecentyearsprimarilybecauseoftheadventofthemicrocomputer.Earlyeffortsofcomputerestimatingdatebacktotheearly1970sbutwerecumbersometousebecausetheywereonamainframeandwerecard-driven.Nolessthan15U.S.companiesnowofferestimatingsoftwareforamicrocomputer.Becausethecomputerestimatingindustryisnew,therearenorealstandardsforestimatingprograms.Someprogramsarenothingmorethanawaytoorganizethecalculationsofanestimate,whileotherscalculateallthedetailsoftheestimate.Thefollowingaresomeofthemajoradvantagesofcomputercostestimating:Accuracyversusconsistency.Computerestimatesareveryconsistent,providedtheycalculatethedetailofanestimate.Becausetheseestimatesareconsistent,theycanbemadetobeaccurate.Throughtheuseofconsistentefficiencyfactorsorleavingcurves,estimatescanbeadjustedupordown.Thisisoneofthechiefadvantagesofcomputercostestimating.ComputerEstimating1ReadingmaterialComputerestimReadingmaterialLevelsofdetails.Somecomputerestimatingsystemsprovidedifferentlevelsofestimatingcost.Thelevelofdetailselectedbytheuserdependsonthedollarrisk.Manyestimatorsproduceanestimateinmoredetailbecausethecomputercancalculatespeedsandfeeds,forexample,muchfasterthananestimatorcanahand-heldcalculator.Refinements.Somecomputerestimatingsystemsprovidemanyrefinementsthatwouldbeimpossiblefortheestimatortodoinanytimelymanner.Oneexampleistoadjustspeedsandfeedsformaterialhardness.Typically,theharderthematerialthemoreslowlyapartwillbeturnedorbored.Anotherrefinementistheabilitytocalculateafeedstateandadjustitbasedonthewidthofaformtool.

2ComputerEstimatingReadingmaterialLevelsofdetaReadingmaterialSourcecode.Somecompaniesofferthesourcecodeuncompiledtotheirusers.Thisisimportantbecauseitaffordstheusertheopportunitytocustomizethesoftware.Inaddition,manycompanieshavewrittentheirownsoftwaretodosomethingthatisnotavailableonthemarket.Ifthesourcecodeisnotcompiled,theuserscanbuilduponacomputerestimatingsystem.Thechiefdisadvantageofcomputerestimatingisthatnooneestimatingsystemcansuiteveryone‘sneed.Thisisespeciallytrueifthesourcecodeiscompiledandnotcustomizable.Anotherproblemwithcomputerestimatingisthattheestimatorwill,inallprobability,havetochangesomeestimatingmethods.Computersoftwareforestimatingcostisseldomwrittenaroundonemethodofestimating.

3ComputerEstimating

ReadingmaterialSourcecode.S01简介Introduction

01简介IntroductionIntroductionProjectCostSystem项目成本系统成本估算分类成本估算方法初步成本估算最终成本估算工料测量ClassificationofCostEstimatesAccuracyRangeApproachestoEstimationPreliminaryCostEstimateFinalCostEstimateQuantitySurvey精度范围IntroductionProjectCostSysteWordsandPhrasesreducedto简化为retrieve[rɪˈtriːv]vt.重新得到;检索数据ongoing[ˈɒngəʊɪŋ]adj.仍在进行的pertinent[ˈpɜːtɪnənt]adj.有关的;切题的classification[ˌklæsɪfɪˈkeɪʃn]n.分类covers[ˈkʌvəz]vt.覆盖;包含(cover的第三人称单数)investment[Inˈvestmənt]n.投资employedto使用prudent[ˈpruːdnt]adj.审慎的;精明的variesfrom不同于expressedas表示为positive[ˈpɒzətɪv]adj.正的negative[ˈnegətɪv]adj.负的surrounding[səˈraʊndɪŋ]vt.围绕(surround的动名词)outlay[ˈaʊtleɪ]n.费用,支出plant'smanufacturing设备的制造WordsandPhrasesreducedto简化WordsandPhrasesproductioncapacity生产能力inception[ɪnˈsepʃn]n.开始;启动raw[rɔː]adj.未加工的generated[ˈdʒenəreɪtɪd]vt.生成(generate的过去分词)attributes[ˈætrɪbjuːts]n.属性;特质(attribute的复数)assumed[əˈsjuːmd]adj.假定的billofquantities工程量清单summation[sʌˈmeɪʃn]n.求和;总和multipliedby乘以corresponding[ˌkɒrəˈspɒndɪŋ]adj.相应的laborious[ləˈbɔːrɪəs]adj.费力的breakdown分解disaggregate[dɪsˈægrɪgeɪt]vt.分解collectively[kəˈlektɪvlɪ]adv.共同地decomposing[diːkəmˈpəʊzɪŋ]vt&vi.分解(decompose的动名词)expenditureitem支出项目WordsandPhrasesproductioncaWordsandPhrasesconstructionsupervision施工监理generalofficeoverhead普通管理费;综合办公费proportionally[prəˈpɔːʃənlɪ]adv.按比例地subdivisions[ˌsʌbdɪˈvɪʒns]n.细分(subdivision的复数)compiled[kəmˈpaɪld]vt.编制(compile的过去分词)fundamentally[fʌndəˈmentəlɪ]adv.根本地extrapolated[ɪkˈstræpəleɪtɪd]vt.推算(extrapolate的过去分词)workingdrawings施工图compilation[ˌkɒmpɪˈleɪʃn]n.汇编unit-pricebidding单价投标customarily[ˈkʌstəmərəlɪ]adv.习惯上地extends[ɪkˈstendz]vt.扩展(extend的第三人称单数)check[tʃek]vt.核实workpackage工作包agreement[əˈgriːmənt]n.协议close[kləus]adj.接近的WordsandPhrasesconstructionThefirstclassification,thedegreeofprojectdefinition,isbaseduponthepercentageofcompletedarchitecturalandengineeringdesigns.Itdefinesavailableinputinformationtotheestimator.Thesecondclassification,theendusageoftheestimate,isbasedonavailabledataprogressandcoversconceptualestimatesforinvestmentfeasibility,andstudiesfundingauthorization,budgets,andcontractordetailestimatesforlump-sumbidding.Thethirdclassification,theestimategeneratingmethodology,isbasedonprocessesemployedtoforecastbuildingcoststhatarestochasticanddeterministic.第一种分类(标准)为项目定义的细致程度,是基于已完成的建筑设计和施工设计的百分比。它为估算人员定义了可用的输入信息。第二种分类(标准)为估算的最终用途,是基于可获取的数据进展,涵盖投资可行性的概念性估算,并研究资金授权、预算和承包商对总投标的详细估价。第三种分类(标准)为估算的生成方法,是基于预测随机性和确定性的建筑成本的过程。SentencesIllustrationThefirstclassification,theReviewQuestionsandProblemsLookuprelevantliteraturestofindoutifthereisanyotherclassificationofcostestimation.Discusshowtomakethecostestimationmoreaccurate.ONETWOReviewQuestionsandProblemsL02成本估算的基本要素BasicElementsofCostEstimation

02成本估算的基本要素BasicElementsofCBasicElementsofCostEstimationIndirectLabourCosts业主LabourCosts人工费TheCostofHeavyEquipment重型设备成本BidsfromSubcontractor分包商报价MaterialCosts材料费Markup(在成本的基础上)加价/利润Overhead日常管理费BasicElementsofCostEstimatWordsandPhrasescustomary[ˈkʌstəmərɪ]adj.通常的;习惯的solicit[səˈlɪsɪt]vt.征求quotations[kwəuˈteɪʃənz]n.市价(quotation的复数)desirable[dɪˈzaɪərəbəl]adj.值得的guarantees[gærənˈtiːz]n.保证;保证书(guarantee的复数)stipulations[stɪpjuˈleɪʃnz]n.规定(stipulation的复数)pertainingto属于freight[freɪt]n.运费drayage[ˈdreɪɪdʒ]n.运货马车运送storage[ˈstɔːrɪdʒ]n.存储inspection[ɪnˈspekʃn]n.检查recapsheet汇总表handlingandinstallationexpense装卸和安装费用thorough[ˈθʌrə]adj.彻底的;十分的;周密的hourlyrate计时工资;每小时工资率;按小时计的工资额fringe[frɪndʒ]adj.附加的substantial[səbˈstænʃl]adj.大量的additionto除了WordsandPhrasescustomary[ˈkWordsandPhrasesinterrelate...with相互关联allowance[əˈlauəns]n.津贴workcategory工作类别accountsfor占……比例earth-movingmachines土方机械;掘土机concreteplants混凝土加工厂truckcranes货车起重机powertools电动工具concretevibrators混凝土振动器concretebuggies混凝土车wheelbarrows[ˈwiːlbærəʊz]n.手推车(wheelbarrow的复数)waterhoses水管extensioncords延长绳lump-sum一次总付的keepinmind牢记paramountto最重要的makingup组成qualifications[kwɒlɪfɪˈkeɪʃns]n.资格;条件(qualification的复数)WordsandPhrasesinterrelate..WordsandPhrasesstipulate[ˈstɪpjuleɪt]vt.规定jobsite作业现场hoisting[ˈhɔIstɪŋ]n.吊装(设备)subbidn.分标amounts[əˈmaunt]n.数量(amount的复数)contractingwith与……签订合同overhead[ˈəʊvəhed]n.管理费joboverhead工作管理费fieldoverhead工地管理费chargeable[ˈtʃ'ːdʒəbl]adj.可以记账的reliable[rɪˈlaɪəbl]adj.可靠的markup[ˈm'ːkʌp]n.(在成本基础上的)加价;利润margin[ˈm'ːdʒɪn]n.利润atthecloseof在……结束时contingency[kənˈtɪndʒənsi]n.意外/偶然开支;应急;不可预见费managementphilosophy管理哲学callsfor要求appraisal[əˈpreɪzl]n.评价imponderables[ɪmˈpɒndərəblz]n.无法估量的事物(imponderable的复数)haveabearingon影响到WordsandPhrasesstipulate[ˈsSentencesIllustrationSomechoosetoincludeallelementsoflabourexpenseinasinglehourlyrate.Othersevaluatedirectlabourcostseparatelyfromindirectcost.Somecontractorscomputeregularandovertimelabourcostsseparately,whileotherscombinescheduledovertimewithstraighttimetoarriveatanaveragehourlyrate.Someevaluatelabourchargesusingproductionrates,othersuselabourunitcosts.有些人选择包含劳动费用中所有要素的计时工资,另一些人则会将直接人工成本与间接成本分开来估算。一些承包商将常规人工成本和加班人工成本分开计算,而其他承包商则将计划性加班(工时)与正式工时相结合,以计算出平均的计时工资。有些人用生产率来估算劳动费用,而另一些人则采用的是劳动的单位成本(来估算)。

SentencesIllustrationSomechReviewQuestionsandProblemsHowtogetacompletecostestimation?Doyouthinkthecostestimationisthesameevenfromthedifferentpointsofviewofthecontractorandtheowner?Givesomedetailedreasons.ONETWOReviewQuestionsandProblemsH03成本管理CostManagement

03成本管理CostManagement

ConstructionMaterials

TheConstructionCostCycle工程成本周期ProjectCostAccounting项目成本核算ObjectivesofaCostSystem成本系统的目标CostAccountingReports成本核算报告ProjectCostControl项目成本控制EarnedValueManagementSystem挣值管理系统010203040506ConstructionMaterialsThWordsandPhraseswithinthelimits在……限制之内anticipated[ænˈtɪsɪpeɪtɪd]vt.预测(anticipate的过去分词)revolving[rɪˈvɒlvɪŋ]adj.循环的historic[hɪˈstɒrɪk]adj.历史的proprietary[prəˈpraɪətri]adj.专有的protected[prəˈtektɪd]vt.保护(protect的过去分词)underprizing[ˈʌndərpraɪzɪŋ]adj.低价出售的atanygivenpoint在任何已知点adjusted[əˈdʒʌstɪd]adj.调整过的execute[ˈeksɪkjuːt]vt.执行periodic[ˌpɪəriˈɒdɪk]adj.周期性的tailored[ˈteɪləd]vt.调整使适应(tailor的过去分词)cashflow现金流reallocate[ˌriːˈæləkeɪt]vt.重新分配shortfalls[ˈʃɔːtfɔːlz]n.不足(shortfall的复数)track[træk]vt.追踪WordsandPhraseswithintheliWordsandPhrasesaccomplish[əˈkʌmplɪʃ]vt.完成supervision[ˌsjuːpəˈvɪʒn]n.监督regardlessof不管……functioning[ˈfʌŋkʃənɪŋ]vi.运转(function的动名词)reliable[rɪˈlaɪəbl]adj.可靠的playsavitalrole起着至关重要的作用indicated[ˈɪndɪkeɪtɪd]adj.表明的costaccounting成本核算fieldcosts现场费用isolated[ˈaɪsəleɪtɪd]adj.隔离的;孤立的;分离的distilled[dɪsˈtɪld]vt.蒸馏(distill的过去分词)targetedfor针对management-by-exception例外管理;偏差管理devices[dɪˈvaɪsiz]n.设备(device的复数)costoverruns成本超支detection[dɪˈtekʃn]n.检测WordsandPhrasesaccomplish[əWordsandPhrasesingredient[ɪnˈgriːdiənt]n.成分elaboration[ɪˌlæbəˈreɪʃn]n.详述routines[ruːˈtiːnz]n.日常工作(routine的复数)time-average时间平均intermittently[ˌɪntəˈmɪtəntlɪ]adj.间歇性的occasional[əˈkeɪʒənl]adj.偶尔的spotchecks抽查excessive[ɪkˈsesɪv]adj.过多的projection[prəˈdʒekʃn]n.投影remedy[ˈremɪdɪ]vt.补救intervals[ˈɪntəvlz]n.间隔uncomplicated[ʌnˈkɔmplɪkeɪtɪd]adj.不复杂的extension[ɪkˈstenʃn]n.延伸gauge[geɪdʒ]vt.测量cumulative[ˈkjuːmjulətɪv]adj.累积的analogousto类似于WordsandPhrasesingredient[ɪWordsandPhrasescurrencyvalue货币价值division[dɪˈvɪʒən]n.分开normalize[ˈnɔːməlaɪz]vt.归一化convertedinto转换成indices[ˈɪndɪsiːz]n.指数(index的复数)benchmark[ˈbentʃm'ːk]n.基准interim[ˈɪntərɪm]adj.临时的addingup总计baseline[ˈbeɪslaɪn]n.基准curve[kəːv]n.曲线accrued[əˈkrud]adj.应计的slippage[ˈslɪpɪdʒ]n.滑移to-datevariances迄今为止的差异subtracting[səbtræktɪŋ]vt.减去(subtract的动名词)WordsandPhrasescurrencyvalu在这种情况下,术语表不涉及先前在书中讨论过的基于时间的模型,而是指在整个项目实施过程中用作计费基础的成本清单。Thetermscheduleinthiscasedoesnotrefertothetime-basedmodelsthathavebeendiscussedpreviouslyinthebookbut,rather,toalistingofcoststobeusedasabasisforbillingthroughouttheproject.SentencesIllustration在这种情况下,术语表不涉及先前在书中讨论过的基于时间的模型,ReviewQuestionsandProblemsIfthecostoverrunsintheprojectprocess,whowillberesponsibleforandhowtotaketheremedialmeasures?ReviewQuestionsandProblemsI04阅读材料Readingmaterial

04阅读材料ReadingmaterialReadingmaterialComputerestimatinghasbecomeverypopularinrecentyearsprimarilybecauseoftheadventofthemicrocomputer.Earlyeffortsofcomputerestimatingdatebacktotheearly1970sbutwerecumbersometousebecausetheywereonamainframeandwerecard-driven.Nolessthan15U.S.companiesnowofferestimatingsoftwareforamicrocomputer.Becausethecomputerestimatingindustryisnew,therearenorealstandardsfor