英美文化基础教程 lecture 4

Lecture4ReligionintheUnitedKingdomQ1:Whatisreligion?Whatisgoodorbadaboutreligion?

Religionisthebeliefinagodorgods(thesupremebeing,creatorandruleoftheuniverse)andtheactivitiesthatareconsentedwiththisbelief,suchasprayerorworshipinachurchortemple.Religionhasitsdoublefeatures.Ononehand,ithasitsclassnatureandbadeffect.Ontheotherhand,itpersuadespeopletobekinds,todogooddeeds,andtoobservethelaw.Thisisthepositivesideofreligion.

Q2:WhatdoyouknowaboutChristianity?TheBible

GodprayingKeywordsontextbook:(p144)

JesusChrist

SonofgodorthodoxcrucifixionApostle（disciple）lovetheBibleTrinity

I.JesusChrist

JesuswasaJew.HewassonofVirginMaryandwasborninBethlehem[`beθlihem]伯利恒,Jerusalem.耶路撒冷HeobservedtheJewishfaithandwaswellacquaintedwiththeJewishLaw.InHisearlythirties,Jesustraveledfromvillagetovillage,teachinginthesynagogues(犹太教堂）andhealingthosewhoweresuffering.Jesus‘teachingwasrevolutionary.Hechallengedtheestablishedreligiousauthoritiestorepentfromtheirself-righteousnessandhypocrisyandrealizethattheKingdomofGodisrootedinserviceandlove.Jesus’teachingsstirredtheheartsofpeopleandcreatedinstability,somethingtheJewishreligiousauthoritiesfeared.

Soon,afaithfulgroupofmenbegantofollowJesusandcallhimteacher.ThesemenbecameHisdisciples.

JesustaughtHisdisciplesaboutthewillofGodandaboutthe“newcovenant（盟约）"GodwillbringtohumanitythroughHim.Jesushelpedthemtoseethatmankindisboundtothepainandfutilityoflifeasaresultofsin.Duetosin,mankindlostitsrelationshipwithGod.Thepurposeofthis"newcovenant"istorestorethosewhoacceptitintoarenewedfellowshipofforgivenessandlovewithGod.Whatisthisnewcovenant?JesushimselfwouldpayforthesinsofallhumanitybybeingcrucifiedunjustlyonaRomancross.Threedayslater,Hewouldrisetolife,havingconquereddeath,togivehopetoahopelessworld.Well,ithappenedjustasJesustaught,andHisdiscipleswerewitnessestoanamazingmiracle.Theirteacher,Jesus,diedandthreedayslaterroseagaintobecometheirMessiah（弥赛亚，希伯来语中的“救世主”）.CompelledbyagreatcommissiontosharethelovethattheGodofthisuniversehadimparteduponthem,thedisciplesbegantoproclaimthisgospel（福音,基督教教义）

ofhopethroughouttheterritory.

Thus,fromasmallgroupofordinarymenthatlivedinasmallprovinceinJudeaabout2000yearsago,thehistoryoftheChristianChurchbegan,andtheChristianFaithhassincespreadtotherestoftheworld.Theirgospelmessagewassimple:"ForGodsolovedtheworld,thatHegaveHisonlybegottenSon,thatwhosoeverbelievethinHimshouldnotperish,buthaveeverlastinglife."P.S.：BeliefinJesusandredemptionistheessentialdifferencebetweenChristianityandJudaism(犹太教）.II.Basic

BeliefsA.GodTheFatherAlmighty,makerofheavenandearth.B.trinity(三位一体）GodthefatherGodtheSonGodtheHolySpiritC.God’screationoftheworld(sevendays)D.SinOriginalsin(原罪)personalsin(本罪)Accordingtothedoctrineoftheoriginalsin,whenAdamdisobeyedGodintheGardenofEden,allofhisdescendantssharedinhissin,Christwasplacedonearthtoredeem[ri`dim]拯救mankindbysacrificinghimselfontheCross.E.Redemption（救赎）eternallife（永生）F.LastJudgment（末日审判）G.Ethnics(Virtues)love,unceasingforgiveness,brotherhoodamongmembers,honesty,obligationApostle（disciple）耶稣十二门徒指的是耶稣的十二个弟子，他们是：

彼得(Peter)：原名「西门」(Simon)，耶稣为他起名「矶法」，翻译出来就是「彼得」，意为盘石；首位教宗安德烈(Andrew)彼得的兄弟，伯赛大(Bethsaida)的渔夫，施洗约翰的门徒雅各(James)，西庇太(Zebedee)的儿子，耶稣为他们起名为「半尼其」(Boanerges)，意为「雷子」(ThunderBrother)约翰(John)，西庇太(Zebedee)的儿子，耶稣为他们起名为「半尼其」(Boanerges)，意为「雷子」(ThunderBrother)腓力(Philip)，来自伯赛大(Bathesda)巴多罗买(Bartholomew)马太(Matthew)，又名「利未」(Levi)，原为税吏多马(Thomas)alsoknownasJudasThomasDidymus,AramaicT'oma'="twin"亚勒腓的儿子雅各(JamessonofAlphaeus)奋锐党的西门(SimontheZealot)，又称迦南人西门(SimontheCanaanite))加略人犹大(JudasIscariot)，出卖耶稣的那一位达太(Thaddaeus)

P.S.还有一种说法为十三门徒，包括“圣保罗”，而犹大位列十三，这也是为什么13在西方是个不祥的数字。Ⅲ.TheBible/Scripture-theholybookofChristianityA.theOldTestament（旧约)It’saboutGodandtheLawsofGod(Tencommandments十戒)andthehistoryofHebrews(ancestorsoftheJews)Itconsistsof39books:Pentateuch(摩西五经）:Genesis（创世记）,Exodus（出埃及记）,Leviticus（利未记）,Numbers（民数记）,Deuteronomy(申命记).TheHistoricalBooks(历史书，共１２卷）:historyoftheHebrewpeoplefromtheirentryintoPalestinearound1200B.C.tillthefallofPalestine.Poems（诗歌，共５卷）TheProphets(先知书，共１０卷）B.theNewTestament1.ItisaboutlifeanddoctrinesofJesus.2.Itconsistsof27books—4gospels(福音书）．ActsoftheApostles（使徒行传）,Epistles（保罗书信）,Revelation(启示录）BibleStories:[一只小母羊羔]One’sewelamb<旧·撒下>中记载拿单对大卫说的一个故事他说：一个穷人除了买卖养活的一只小母羊羔之外，别无所有，羊羔在他家时和他儿女一同长大，吃他所吃的，喝他所喝的，睡在他怀中,在他看来如同女儿一样。西方据此,以“一只小母羊羔”喻最珍爱的东西。分别绵羊和山羊Separateththesheepfromthegoats将万民分为善人与恶人。就象牧羊人分绵羊、山羊，将绵羊安置在右边，将山羊在左边一样。耶稣让善人在右边让他们永生。让恶人在左边，永世受罚。据此，西方以好人比作绵羊恶人比作山羊。三十块钱Thirtypiecesofsilver

指耶稣的门徒加略人犹大因为向犹太祭司长出卖了耶稣而得到30块钱。西方后以“三十块钱”喻由叛卖所得不义之财。从眼睛上掉下来的鳞片scalesfellfromhiseyes据，<新·徒>说，保罗在大马色被光照后失明，当亚拿尼亚受耶稣指派用手按在保罗身上后，保罗的眼睛上好象有鳞片掉下来。于是，眼睛复明，据此，后西方以“从眼睛上掉下鳞片”喻重见光明。手扶着犁Putone’shandthePlow<新·路>中说，一个人要跟从耶稣，但要求容他先去辞别家里的人。对此，耶稣说“手扶着犁向后看的，不配进上帝的国”。意思是不专心致志地与耶稣一起工作的人，不能进天国。据此，英语中的“手扶着犁”，意思是着手工作、从事工作。[以眼还眼，以牙还牙Eyeforeye,toothfortooth

摩西律法规定：对待行恶的人，“要以命偿命，以眼还眼，以牙还牙，以手还手，以脚还脚。”后人截取其中的“以眼还眼，以牙还牙”用为俗语，表示“冤怨相报”的意思，颇似中国的“以其人之道，还治其人之身。”

[世上的盐]Saltofearth

<新·太>中，耶稣教训门徒时，形容他们是“世上的盐”。其含意是社会中坚。据此，英语中以“世上的盐”喻社会中坚，为人师表有人打你的右脸，连左脸也转过来由他打WhosoeverSmiteththeeonthyrightcheek,turntohimtheotheralso

在<旧·出>中，摩西向民众传达耶和华的话，谈到“人若彼此争斗”时，要“以命偿命、以眼还眼、以牙还牙、以手还手、以打还打”。《新约》中的耶稣，则劝人安心受苦，针对上述耶和华的话，谈到“不要与恶人作对,有人打你的右脸，连左脸也转过来由他打。有人想要告你，要拿你的里衣，连外衣也由他拿去.有人强迫你走一里路，你就同他走二里。”后来“有人打你的右脸，连左脸也转过来由他打。”这句话被用来比喻无原则的妥协先拿石头打他castthefirststone

耶稣在传道时，文士和法利赛人带来一个行淫时被捉拿的妇人，大家问耶稣说：摩西在律法上吩咐我们，把这样的妇人用石头打死，你说该把他怎么样呢？耶稣对他们说：你们中间谁是没有罪的，谁就可以先拿石头打他。据此，“先拿石头打他”（先扔第一块石头），在西方用以喻首先发难，类拟我国先打第一抢的说法。吃喝吧！因为明天要死了Letuseatanddrink,fortomorrowweshalldie<旧约>中说，耶稣撒冷将遭毁灭，本应哀哭，结果人们宰牛杀羊，吃肉喝酒，说我们吃喝吧！因为明天要死了。据此说，西方以“吃喝吧！因为明天要死了喻及时行乐，人生几何。新酒装在旧皮袋里newwineinoldbottle

<新·太>中，针对法利赛人僵化地对待津当法，耶稣比喻说“没有人把新酒装在旧皮袋里。若是这样，皮袋就裂开，酒漏出来，连皮袋也坏了”意在说明履行律法应随时代演化而改变英语中以“新酒装在旧皮袋里”喻新时期应有新形式.类似于中国人说的“换汤不换药”。背起他的十字架bearone’scross

<新·太>中语，耶稣对门徒说“若有人要跟从我就当舍己，背起他的十字架，来跟从我”，意思是说跟随耶稣信教的人要舍得自己，要忍受苦难。据此，在英语中，以“背起他的十字架”喻忍受苦难。IV.HistoryandDevelopmentofChristianity1.Inthe1stand2ndcenturies,ChristianitywasforbiddenbytheRomanEmpire.2.In391,theRomanEmperordeclaredthatChristianitywastheofficialreligionoftheRomanEmpire.3.In664,EnglandwasundertheauthorityoftheRomanCatholicChurch313年，君士坦丁大帝决定把基督教作为帝国的精神支柱，与帝国东部罗马大将西尼乌在米兰联合发表《米兰敕令》（亦称《宽容敕令》），第一次在罗马法律上承认基督教的合法权利。君士坦丁统一罗马帝国后，于325年主持召开了第一次世界性基督教主教会议，即尼西亚公会议，确定了《尼西亚信经》。君士坦丁本人亦于337年复活节后受洗入教。380年罗马皇帝狄奥多西正式宣布基督教为罗马帝国的国教。并在392年颁布帝国法令，禁止其他宗教的活动。这样，基督教从此成为在西方世界占主导地位的宗教信仰。TheFirstschism1054年发生了基督教历史上的第一次大分裂。这次分裂的结果，希腊地区的教会称为东方正教（orthodox），简称东正教，意为正统的教会。罗马为中心的教会称为罗马公教（Catholicism），简称公教，意为全世界的教会。罗马公教于1582年（明万历十年）经耶稣会士、意大利人利马窦传入中国，汉译为天主教，俗称旧教。（“天主”源于《史记》第28卷《封禅书》，意为至高无上的主宰。）TheSecondSchism基督教的第二次大分裂始于16世纪，首先在德国爆发了马丁·路德领导的宗教改革运动，接着在瑞士出现了加尔文的宗教改革以及英国的宗教改革，产生了一批脱离罗马教会的新型教会，统称为抗议宗(Protestantism)。1807年这些教派开始传入我国，汉译名称有基督教、耶稣教、抗罗宗等，学术界习称为新教。16世纪产生的三个主要教派是：1）路德宗Lutheranchurch，亦称信义宗，流传于德国、美国等地，传入我国后称为中华信义会。2）加尔文宗Calvinists，orReformedChurch亦称改革宗或长老宗，流传于瑞士、法国、德国、苏格兰、荷兰等地，传入我国后称为长老会。3）安立甘宗Anglicanchurch，又称圣公会或英国国教，传入我国后称为圣公会。IV.HenryVIII’sReformation(p145)HenryVIIIwantedtoenlargehispoliticalpowerHeneededmoneyHewantedtodivorcehisfirstwife(thedirecttrigger)In1535,theactofsupremacy《至尊法案》whichmadetheEnglishmonarchtheSupremeHeadofthechurchofEngland.HecreatedAnglicanChurch(英国国教)inangeroverthePope'srefusaltogranthisdivorce.AnglicanChurch

TheAnglicanChurchisoneofthemanyprotestantsectswhichbeganinEnglishafterHenryVIII(1497-1547)declaredthattheKing,notthePope,wasthesupremeheadoftheEnglishChurch.TheAnglicanChurchorChurchofEnglandistheestablishedChurch（宪法确立的）oftheEnglishnation.Itsheadissovereign,anditsreligiousheadistheArchbishopofCanterbury.

StructureofchurchChurchofEngland↓TwoProvincesledbyarchbishops(大主教）↓43diocesesledbybishops↓ParishesleadbypriestsElizabetheII--SupremeGovernoroftheChurchofEnglandRowanWilliam--ArchbishopofCanterburyoftheChurchofEnglandEnglandisdividedinto42dioceses,教区[dai`ɒsis]eachwithabishop.Everydiocesehasacathedralasitscentralchurch.The42diocesestotalsome13,500parisheswithavicar[`vikә:](priest)inchargeofeachparish.[`pæriʃ]教区WestminsterAbbeyTheclergy,archbishops,bishopsanddeans,areappointedbythesovereign.AnglicanismagreeswithRomanCatholicismonmostissues,butlikeotherProtestantgroups,AnglicansrejecttheauthorityofthePope.TheybelievethattheBiblerepresentsthefinalstatementoflifeandreligion.CertainRomandoctrinearerejectedbytheAnglicans.ThecentraloneconcernsthecelebrationofHolyCommunion.圣餐(eatingofbreadanddrinkingofwine)RomanCatholicbelievethatthebreadandwinebecomethebodyandbloodofChristandtheAnglicansthinktheyaresimplyrepresentations.表示TherearedifferentopinionswithintheAnglicanChurchonsuchmattersastheVirginBirth,theMiracle,theResurrection,Ascension升天andeverlastingtorment痛苦inHellasthepunishmentofsin.

RomanCatholicChurchTheRomanCatholicChurchwasmuchpersecutedandveryweakinEnglandforalongtimeaftertheReformation.ItsEnglishhierarchy[`haiәra:ki]教级制度wasfromthesixteenthcenturyuntil1850.NowEnglandandWaleshavefourRomanCatholicarchbishopsandfourteenbishops.RomanCatholicsbelievethattheiristheonlytruereligion.

AfaithfulCatholicisonewhoacceptstheteachingsofChristasrevealedintheBible,thelawsoftheChurch,andtheencyclicals[en`siklikәl]通渝ofthepopes.RomanCatholicsbelievetheTrinity.(oneGodinthreepersons,theFather,theSon,andtheHolyghost)Catholicsholdthatthesoulisimmortal.Atdeath,eachmanandwomanwillbesenttoheavenorhell,dependingonwhattheyhaveearnedbytheirdeedsduringlifeandtheirobedience服从tothelawsofGod.RomancatholicchurchNonconformist非国教徒ChurchesChurchofEngland,Quaker教友派信徒

FreeChurchofEnglandTheNonconformistchurchesarealsocalledfreechurches.Itisacollectivenameforallnon-Anglicanandnon-RomanCatholicChristianchurchesinBritain.TheyareMethodist,thePresbyterian,theQuakersand