拉丁美洲经济委员会-拉丁美洲和加勒比将生物多样性纳入生产、经济和金融部门主流的经验（英）-2022.12-79正式版

ExperiencesinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanwithmainstreamingbiodiversityintheproductive,economicandfinancialsectorsVíctorAlvaradoMarciaTambuttiAleksandarRankovicThankyouforyourinterestinthisECLACpublicationPleaseregisterifyouwouldliketoreceiveinformationonoureditorialproductsandactivities.Whenyouregister,youmayspecifyyourparticularareasofinterestandyouwillgainaccesstoourproductsinotherformats.Register/en/publications/publicacionesdelacepal/publicacionesdelacepal/publicacionescepal/stacks/es/publicaciones/appsProjectDocumentsExperiencesinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanwithmainstreamingbiodiversityintheproductive,economicandfinancialsectorsVíctorAlvarado,MarciaTambuttiandAleksandarRankovicThisdocumentwaspreparedbyVíctorAlvarado,consultantwiththeAgriculturalDevelopmentandBiodiversityUnitoftheNaturalResourcesDivisionoftheEconomicCommissionforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean(ECLAC),MarciaTambutti,SeniorResearchAssistantandbiodiversityexpertinthesameUnit,andAleksandarRankovic,professoratSciencesPoandresearcherattheInstituteforSustainableDevelopmentandInternationalRelations(IDDRI)duringthepreparationanddraftingofthedocument,intheframeworkoftheactivitiesoftheDivision’sprogrammeofwork.ThedocumentispublishedwiththefinancialsupportofFrenchcooperation.Valuableinputandconceptualcontributionsforthepreparationofthisstudywereprovidedbythefollowingmembersofthehigh-levelpanelofbiodiversityexpertsofLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean:GeorginaCatacora-Vargas,BárbaraHarschel,ManuelRuiz,CristianaSeixas,MarcosRegisdaSilva,PabloMarquet,MaríaJesúsOvalle,AnaSánchez,FranciscoPrietoAlbuja,StefanGelcich,AnaMaríaHernández,OliverHillel,PatriciaKoleff,ÓscarRamírez,KarinMoltandPietervanLierop.Othermembersofthehigh-levelpaneltowhomtheauthorsaregratefulfortheinformationanddiscussionsthathaveenrichedtheanalysisofthisstudyinclude:EugeniaArguedas,BrigitteBaptiste,JuanBello,MarianaBellot,HesiquioBenítez,EduardoBrondizio,BraulioDias,HernandoGarcía,RandallGarcía,ÓscarRamírez,LiliRodríguez,JoséSarukhánandJeannetteSánchez.Thanksarealsoowedtotheintervieweesinthecasestudies,whosharedtheirknowledgeandexperienceofthepractices,processesandlessonslearned:AldoRodas,AlejandroCallejas,AlfredoArellano,AnaCenteno,AracelyJiménez,BertDeBievre,DavidChacón,ElmerSalazar,FernandoBaldizón,FranciscoPrieto-Albuja,GaloMedina,GustavoMeneses,IgnacioCasali,IvanniaAyales,JaimeCamacho,JanetArteaga,JasminHundorf,KarinaGodoy,KathyBaughman,MaríaCarrillo,MarilúChahua,MarianaCaballero,MarvinFonseca,NirladyArtavia,NoelaOrt,OgdenRodas,OlgaBarbosa,ÓscarRamírez,PamelaMéndez,PaulDale,RolandoRamírez,SandraEsquivel,StefanGelcich,SvenBruchfeld,VivienneSolisandXavierGordillo.Theviewsexpressedinthisdocument,whichisatranslationofanoriginalthatdidnotundergoformaleditorialreview,arethoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheOrganizationorthecountriesitrepresents,orthoseofFrenchcooperation,thememberinstitutionsofhigh-levelpanelofbiodiversityexpertsofLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean,andthecasestudyinterviewees.TheboundariesandnamesshownonthemapsincludedinthispublicationdonotimplyofficialacceptanceorendorsementbytheUnitedNations.UnitedNationspublicationLC/TS.2022/206Distribution:LCopyright©UnitedNations,2022AllrightsreservedPrintedatUnitedNations,SantiagoS.21-01010Thispublicationshouldbecitedas:V.Alvarado,M.TambuttiandA.Rankovic,“ExperiencesinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanwithmainstreamingbiodiversityintheproductive,economicandfinancialsectors”,ProjectDocuments(LC/TS.2022/206),Santiago,EconomicCommissionforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean(ECLAC),2022.ApplicationsforauthorizationtoreproducethisworkinwholeorinpartshouldbesenttotheEconomicCommissionforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean(ECLAC),DocumentsandPublicationsDivision,publicaciones.cepal@.MemberStatesandtheirgovernmentalinstitutionsmayreproducethisworkwithoutpriorauthorization,butarerequestedtomentionthesourceandtoinformECLACofsuchreproduction.ECLAC ExperiencesinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanwithmainstreamingbiodiversity... 3ContentsPresentation 5ExecutiveSummary 7Keyconcepts 11Introduction 13I. Biodiversity,the2030agendaandthepost-2020GlobalBiodiversityFramework 15II. Biodiversitymainstreaminginproductive,economicandfinancialsectors 19A. BiodiversitymainstreamingasakeyprocessinsustainabledevelopmenteffortsinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean 19B. Availabilityandqualityofinformationonbiodiversitymainstreaming 20C. Instrumentsandtoolsformainstreamingbiodiversityintheproductive,economicandfinancialsectors 20D. Institutionalaspectsofbiodiversitymainstreaming 21Selectedexperiencesofbiodiversitymainstreamingintheproductive,economicandfinancialsectorsinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean 23IV. ChallengesfacingbiodiversitymainstreaminginLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean 27A. Unforeseenrisksarisingfrombiodiversityloss 27B. Lackofpoliticalwillandcommitment 29C. Institutionalcapacityconstraints 30D. Incipientsectoralandintersectoralcoordination 33E. Lackofreciprocalmainstreamingbetweenthebiodiversitysectorsand theproductive,economicandfinancialsectors 34F. Employmentandbiodiversitymainstreaming 38G. Complexitiesassociatedwiththescale-upandmultiplicationofexperiences 42Challengesincommunicatingandunderstandingthevalueof biodiversitytodifferentsectorsandtosociety 43I. Lackofmonitoringandevaluationinitiativesortools 454 ECLAC ExperiencesinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanwithmainstreamingbiodiversity...V. Opportunitiestosupportandscaleupbiodiversity mainstreaming 47A. Transformativechangeforbiodiversitywithinaframeworkofajusttransitionforall 47B. Thenewpost-COVID-19socialcontract 49C. Developmentcooperationandbiodiversitymainstreaming 51D. Mobilizationofpublicandprivateresources 52E. Policymixforbiodiversitymainstreaming 54F. Integrationoftheclimateandbiodiversityagendas 55G. Promotionofeffectivesynergiesbetweendifferentbiodiversity conventions 56H. Dialogueandparticipationofsubnationalgovernmentsandlocalactors 57I. Enablingconditionsforbiodiversitymainstreaming 57VI. Keymessages 61A. Makebiodiversityclear 61Mainstreambiodiversityintheproductive,economicandfinancialsectorstomovetowards social,environmentaland economic sustainability 62C. Transforminstitutionsandactors 64D. Leavenoonebehind 65VII. Recommendations 67AbbreviationsandAcronyms 69Bibliography 71TablesTable1 SummaryoflinkagesbetweentheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsandtheAichiBiodiversityTargets 16Table2 ListofcasestudiesonbiodiversitymainstreaminginLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanbysector 24Table3 MainglobalrisksbyprobabilityandimpactasidentifiedbytheWorldEconomic Forumin2021 28Table4 Qualitativeassessmentofprogressoncapacity-buildinginbiodiversitymainstreamingbythesupportingentities,bycasestudy 31Table5 Toolsandsolutionstoaddressbarrierstoreciprocalbiodiversitymainstreaming 37Table6 Toolsandinitiativestoaddresschallengesfacingbiodiversity-relatedemployment 40Table7 Qualitativeevaluationofperformanceontheimplementationoftheprinciplesoftransformativechange 48Table8 Opportunitiesformainstreamingbiodiversityinpost-COVID-19recoveryefforts 51Table9 Elementsofbiodiversitymainstreamingintheinitiativesincludedinthestudy 59BoxesBox1 Post-2020GlobalBiodiversityFrameworktheoryofchange 17Box2 Definitionsandtaxonomiesforthefinancialsector:anOECDreport 36Box3 Characteristicsofdecentwork,accordingtotheILO 39MapMap1 Casesanalysedinthestudy 24ECLAC ExperiencesinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanwithmainstreamingbiodiversity... 5PresentationThereisagrowingsenseofurgencyworldwidegeneratedbythecurrentenvironmentalandclimatecrises,aswellasthechallengespresentedbypollution,multilateralgovernance,andthepandemicanditsdevastatingsocioeconomicconsequences.Mitigatingtheimpactofthesechallengeswillrequirecoherent,integratedsolutionsthatsimultaneouslyaddresstheunderlyingdriversofthecrisesandtheirimpacts.TheConventiononBiologicalDiversityproposesatransformativechangetoachievenewtargetsonbiodiversity,whicharestillundernegotiation,inanefforttomakeprogressalongapathconsistentwiththedesired2050Visionoflivinginharmonywithnature.Inordertomodifyconsumptionandproductionpatterns,theexistinggapsassociatedwithtechnology,education,access,skills,opportunitiesandresourcesmustbenarrowed.Itwillalsobeimperativetomodifypublicandprivateinvestmenttopreventworseningclimatechange,thedestructionofnationalandglobalcommonresources,andbiodiversitylossanddegradation.Themainstreamingofbiodiversityinpoliciesandsectorsbeyondtheenvironmentalsectorisatooltoeffectstructuralchangesthatwillmakeitpossibletohaltandreversenaturelossanddegradation,assetforthinthetheoryofchangedescribedinthedraftpost-2020GlobalBiodiversityFramework(post-2020GBF).ImplementationofnationalbiodiversitypoliciesandtheConventionhasproventobethemostsignificantchallengeandisacoreaspectofthenewpost-2020GBF.Itisclearthatprogressive,structuralchangeisneeded,a“bigpushforsustainability,”asstatedbyECLAC(a“transformativechange”asIPBEShascalledit),toreconfigurethewayecosystemsandtheirservicesarepreservedandused,whileplacingjusticeandwell-beingatthecentre.However,shiftingtonewdevelopmentmodelsisnoeasytask.Thereisaneedformoreknowledgeaboutcurrentexperiencesintheregion—learninghowtostrengthen,expandandreplicatethem—aswellashavegreaterclarityonthechallengesencounteredintheirimplementation.Thiscasestudyonmainstreamingbiodiversityintheagriculture,fisheries,forestry,finance,manufacturing,infrastructureandtourismsectorsincollaborationwithnationalandsubnationalgovernments,cities,andlocalcommunitiesinLatinAmericanandCaribbeancountries,servesasacontributiontowardstheprocessofthenewpost-2020GBFandtothedesignofpracticalsolutionsthatcanhelpusbuildbackbetterafterthepandemic.Simplyput,itaimstoillustratewithconcretepracticesprogresstowardsdevelopmentthatbetterbalancesthesocial,environmentalandeconomicdimensions.Theanalysisiscomplementedbyastudyongovernancefortransformativechangeforbiodiversitythat6 ECLAC ExperiencesinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanwithmainstreamingbiodiversity...includesnineofthetencasesinthisstudy(Catacora-Vargasandothers,2022)andbythecompendiumofdatacollectedforthecases(Catacora-Vargasandothers,forthcoming)astheyrepresentexcellentexamplesofSouth-Southlearning,whichwehopetoreplicateandadapttothespecificconditionsinothercountriesandregions.ItisworthmentioningthatthereportLatinAmericaEconomicOutlook2021,producedbyOECD,ECLAC,CAFandtheEuropeanUnion(OECDandothers,2021),proposestoaddresstheeffectsofthepandemicandtransformdevelopmenttrapsintovirtuouscirclesthatplacetheregiononapathtogreaterwell-being.Thefourtrapsidentifiedinthe2019report(OECDandothers,2019)—namely,lowproductivity,socialvulnerability,institutionalweaknessandenvironmentalunsustainability—areassociatedtovaryingdegreeswithpracticalsolutionsderivedfromthesuccessfulexperienceswithbiodiversitymainstreaminginthecasesanalysed,fromaregional,bioculturalperspectiveandinconditionsthatareoftensimilaracrosstheso-calledglobalSouth.Thecatalyticpotentialofreciprocalbiodiversitymainstreamingintheproductive,economicandfinancialsectors,aswellastheconsiderationofobjectivesforthesesectorswithintheenvironmentalsector,asidentifiedinthecasesstudied,canserveasafoundationforleveragingthewillingnesstochangethatisgainingtractionglobally,andcanofferbestpracticesfortheconservation,sustainableuseandequitabledistributionofthebenefitsofbiologicaldiversity.Thetransitiontosustainabilitymustberootedintransformationsdrivenbyinstitutions,investments,policyframeworksandcommunities,withawhole-of-governmentandwhole-of-societyapproach,leavingnoonebehind,andemphasizingbiodiversityconsiderationswithinanequitableandsustainablevisionofdevelopment.Theauthorswishtoacknowledgeandexpressgratitudefortheenormouscontributionofthehigh-levelpanelofbiodiversityexpertsofLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanandkeyindividualsfromthecasestudies,whohavegiventheirtimeandexperienceandcollaboratedonthisworkinmanydifferentways.Theirperspectiveshavenotonlyenrichedthestudywithdata,concreteinformationandconceptualapproaches,butalsohelpedmakeitmorerepresentativeoftheimmensebioculturaldiversitythatistheregion’sgreatestsourceofwealth.AlsoacknowledgedistheGovernmentofChile,whoserequesttodrawontheregion’spositiveexperiencesinSouth-Southlearningtogroundkeyconceptsusedinthenewpost-2020globalbiodiversityframeworkgavetheimpetusforthestudies.LastlyspecialthanksareowedtoFrenchcooperationforthefinancialsupportprovided.ECLAC ExperiencesinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanwithmainstreamingbiodiversity... 7ExecutiveSummaryThepastfivedecadeshavewitnessedunprecedentedlevelsofbiodiversitylossfromanthropogeniccauses.Itseffectscurrentlyrepresentoneofthegreatestthreatstothewell-beingofsocietiesworldwide.Scientistshavewarnedoftherisksposedbyirreversibleinflectionpointsintheextinctionofspeciesandthedegradationofenvironmentalserviceswithknock-oneffectsontheeconomy,societyandlifeasweknowit.Inthiscontext,LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean,oneofthemostbiodiverseandculturallyrichregionsintheworld,isnotableforthehighthreatlevelsfacingitsnaturalheritageandenvironmentaldefenders.Theregionmustovercomecriticalchallengesthatshouldbeaddressedurgentlyandcomprehensively,unitingthethreepillarsofsustainabledevelopment—social,environmentalandeconomic—frombothashortandlong-termperspectiveacrosstheentireterritory.In2022,thePartiestotheConventiononBiologicalDiversityareexpectedtoagreeonanewpost-2020GlobalBiodiversityFramework(post-2020GBF)aimedathaltingandreversingtrendsinbiodiversityloss,usingnaturesustainablyandensuringtheequitabledistributionofitsbenefits.Latin AmericaandtheCaribbeanplaysakeyroleinthenewframework,bothinestablishingcommitmentsandintheirimplementation,giventhatinadditiontoitsvastbioculturalwealth,severaloftheregion’scountriesareamongthemostactivelyengagedinthenegotiations.LatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanisaregionofstrongcontrastsandcontradictions,startingwithitsimmensebiologicalandculturalwealthanditshighratesofpovertyandvulnerability.Alsoamongitscontrastsisthefactthatdespitethehighdegreeofbiodiversitylossanddegradationintheregioninrecentdecades,therearealsomanyinnovative,interesting,inclusiveandsuccessfulprojectsandinitiativesfocusedonthesustainableuseofnaturalresources,wherebymainstreamingbiodiversityintheproductive,economicandfinancialsectorshasrepresentedamajorstepforward.ThisstudyfocusesontheseprojectsandinitiativestoclosetheknowledgegapregardingregionalbestpracticesandtoillustratethatthechallengesfacingLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanaremanageable,andthatovercomingthemgeneratesmultiplesocioeconomicandenvironmentalbenefits.ECLAChaspreparedthiscasestudyonmainstreamingbiodiversityintheagriculture,fisheries,forestry,finance,manufacturing,infrastructureandtourismsectors,incollaborationwithsubnationalgovernmentsandcitiesinLatinAmericanandCaribbeancountries,tosupportthedraftinganddevelopmentofthepost-2020GBFthroughaqualitativeanalysisusingrelevantdeskresearchandguidedinterviewswithkeystakeholdersinthe10initiativesselectedin7countriesintheregion.Thisstudyexploresbiodiversitymainstreamingin10casesincoordinationwithacomplementarystudythatcoversgovernancefortransformativechangeinbiodiversity(Catacora-Vargasandothers,2022).Thegoalistoidentifyand8 ECLAC ExperiencesinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanwithmainstreamingparetheprimaryfactorsthatfacilitateor,whereapplicable,impedebiodiversitymainstreamingandgovernance,aswellasavenuesforincreasingknowledgeonthechallengesandopportunitiesfacingtheimplementationandpossiblescale-upofthoseinterventionswiththegreatestpotentialforpromptingchangestoachievetheConvention’sobjectives.Someofthemainbarrierstobiodiversitymainstreamingidentifiedinthecasesandanalysedinthisstudyare:(i)theunforeseenrisksassociatedwithbiodiversityloss;(ii)alackofpoliticalwillandcommitment;(iii)institutionalcapacityconstraints;(iv)incipientsectoralandintersectoralcoordination;thelackofreciprocalmainstreaming;(vi)employmentchallenges;(vii)complexitiesassociatedwiththescale-upandmultiplicationofexperiences;(viii)difficultiesincommunicatingandunderstandingthedifferentwaysthevalueofbiodiversityisperceivedinothersectorsand(ix)thelackofmonitoringandevaluationinitiativesortools.Bestpracticeswerestudiedthroughthelensofthefollowingthemes:(i)opportunitiesfortransformativechangeforbiodiversitywithintheframeworkofajusttransition;(ii)thenew,post-pandemicsocialcontract;cooperationforbiodiversitydevelopmentandmainstreaming;(iv)themobilizationofpublicandprivateresources;(v)theconsolidationofbiodiversitymainstreamingpolicies;(vi)integrationoftheclimateandbiodiversityagendas;(vii)thepromotionofeffectivesynergiesamongenvironmentalconventions;subnationalgovernmentparticipationand(ix)determiningfactorsforbiodiversity mainstreaming.Thecaseanalysisdemonstratesthevaryingdegreestowhichbiodiversitymainstreaminghasmadesignificantcontributionstostrengtheningjointactionwithstakeholdersinkeyareaswithrespecttotheassessmentandconservationofnatureandecosystemservices.Insomecases,thebenefitsareclear,ifuneven.Mainstreamingbiodiversity-relatedfactorshasprovenvaluableinstrengtheningpolicyandinstitutionalframeworkstoprotectnaturalresources,mobilizeresourcesandalignbudgets,improveclimatechangemitigationandadaptation,boostsocialequity,enhancegoodgovernanceandbuildregionalcapacity.Whilebiodiversitymainstreaminghascontributedtostrengtheningtheresponsetothechallengesposedbybiodiversityloss,theconsolidationofeffortstopromoteconservation,sustainableuseandthefairandequitabledistributionofitsbenefitsintheproductive,economicandfinancialsectorsremainsadistantvision,particularlyfortheeconomicandfinancialsectors.Intheeconomicsector,mainstreamingbiodiversity-relatedfactorshasfacilitatedparticipationbycorporateandcommunityorganizations,expandedtheparametersofinnovationandcompetitionandcontributeddirectlyandindirectlytothecreationofdecentjobopportunities.Inmostcases,however,therewasnoevidencethattheinterventionshadpromptedincreasedeconomicandtradeintegrationoftheintrinsicvaluesofbiodiversity.Thecasesstudiedprovideexamplesofbestpracticesandinnovativemeasures,usingbiodiversitymainstreamingasacreativeandmultifacetedtoolwithconsiderablepotentialforaccessingpublicandprivatefinancingforecosystemrecoveryandthesustainableuseofbiodiversityintheregion:fromthedevelopmentofpublicinvestmentprojectsinbiologicaldiversity,typologiesandtaxonomiesforbiodiversityintheeconomicandproductivesectorsorinnovationinpublic-privateparticipationmodels,tothecreationofavenuesforparticipationbytheministriesresponsibleforbudgetplanningandallocation,bythefinancialandriskmanagementsectorsandbysubnationalandlocalgovernments,aswellastheprivatesector.Effortstobuildcapacitiesinbiodiversitymainstreaminginthecasesstudiedhavecreatedbetterconditionstoaddressthechallengesassociatedwithecosystemlossanddegradation,fromtheindividualtotheinstitutionalorwhole-systemlevel,basedonthecircumstancesofeachinitiativestudied.Paradoxically,capacity-buildingforbiodiversitymainstreamingintheproductive,economicandfinancialsectorshasalsobeenidentifiedasoneofthemainchallengesfacingtheregion.Capacity-buildingaimedatgeneratingnon-environmentalbenefitsshouldbeconsideredacoreelementoftrainingprovidedtoactorsinthefieldandinenvironmentalinstitutionsandcouldalsohelppromoteinstitutionalownershipoftheinitiativesandtheirprogressandlendcontinuitytotheinterventions.Biodiversitymainstreamingremainsvulnerabletofluctuatingpoliticalwillandcommitment,fromitsdesign,financingandimplementationtothescale-upandmultiplicationofinitiatives.Thefailuretoidentifyandreportsocioeconomicbenefitsfromtheinterventionspointstoaflawintheverystructureoftheinterventions,whichweakensbiodiversitymainstreamingeffortsintheeconomicandfinancialsectors.Thisaspectcouldbemodifiedintheshortandmediumterms,withpotentiallysignificantimpact,triggeringbehaviouralandculturalchangesinthevarioussectorsandamongdecisionmakers.ECLAC ExperiencesinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanwithmainstreamingbiodiversity... 9Itis,therefore,oneofthekeymeasuresthatcanbedevelopedinparallelandinlinewithanincreaseindialogueandcoordination.Itisnecessarytoengageinactionsspecificallyaimedataddressingtheexistinggapsininformationandinthegenerationofsolid,clearandrelevantdatathatcancatalyseactionbydecisionmakers,suchasondatarelatedtoemployment,inclusionindecisionmakingandimprovementofsalariesorworkingconditionsandotherbenefits.Someexamplesofmethodsusedinthecasesstudiedtoenablethecreationofconditionsforstimulatingpoliticalwillandcommitmentinclude:(i)conductingpreliminarydiagnosticassessments;(ii) theproductionofspecificevidenceonthereturnoninvestment;(iii)theinvolvementofbudgetdepartmentsintheministriesofplanningandfinance;(iv)thepreparationofcomprehensiveassessmentsofthesocio-environmentalimpact;(v)publicexpenditurereviews;(vi)thedevelopmentofindicatorsofchangetowardspro-biodiversitymeasures;and(vii)thestimulationofinterestinthesemeasuresbytheprivatesectorand/orthecommunitiesinvolvedorindecisionmakingbasedonscientificevidenceandtraditionalknowledge.PerhapsoneofthegreatestandrichestavenuesforreversingnegativetrendsinbiodiversitylossinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanliesinstrengtheningandconsolidatingsectoralandintersectoralcoordination,takingintoaccountbothpublicandprivatealignmenttoincorporatepro-biodiversityconsiderations.Thecasesstudiedrevealedevidenceofagradualprocessofpolicydevelopmentandimplementation—eitherprecedingorstemmingfromtheinterventions—toaddressinstitutionalcoordinationchallenges,helpingincorporateotherpolicies,toolsandinstrumentsrelatingtotheintegrationofnaturalresources,biodiversityanditsassociatedservices.However,thedepthanddegreeofintra-andintersectoraldialogueonbiodiversityremainsinadequate,andtheinstitutionalclimateinthecaseshasnotenabledharmoniousandsynergisticinclusionofbiodiversityintheproductive,economicandfinancialsectors(in8ofthe10casesstudied,thiswasidentifiedasoneofthebiggestchallengestoovercome).Therearesomeclearlyidentifiablerelatedobjectivesinanumberoftheinitiatives(toensurecomplementarityandsynergyasinthefollowingcases:MainstreamingBiodiversityintotheMexicanAgriculturalSector,InsurancefortheProtectionofReefsandBeachesinMexicoandtheWorksforTaxesMechanisminPeru).However,inmostcases,specificactionstargetingtheintersectoralcoordinationoftheinstrumentsestablishedhavefallenshortofachievingthem.Oneofthemaincausesofcoordinationgapsstemsfromeffortstoincorporateanumberoftheinterestsandprioritiesoftheproductive,economicandfinancialsectorsininitiativesgearedtowardsconservationandsustainableuseandthefairandequitabledistributionofthebenefitsassociatedwithnaturalresources.Severalcasesdemonstratethatdesigningtoolsandsolutionsfocusedonachieving“reciprocalmainstreaming”canreverseadecades-longlegacyofcripplinginertiaandproducesharedbenefitsforbiodiversityandproductiveandeconomicsectors(asinthefollowingcases:theWine,ClimateChangeandBiodiversityProgrammeinChile,MainstreamingBiodiversityintotheMexicanAgriculturalSector,ManagementoftheBiosphereReservesofSaoPauloinBrazilandtheQuitoWaterFundinEcuador).Onesuchexampleisthedevelopmentofterminologyandclassificationstandardswhendesigningbiodiversitymainstreamingsystemsandtheassociatedfinancingforactivitiesintheregion,whichhasledtotheemergenceofmoreeffectiveresourcemobilizationpracticesbydirectingtheflowofpotentialinvestments,thedevelopmentofpositiveincentivesandthemodificationofharmfulincentives,theprioritizationofinitiativesinrelationtointerventionsinothersectorsorthefacilitationofmonitoringandevaluationoftheirimpactsandoutcomes.Initiativesaimedatmainstreamingtheconservationandsustainableuseofbiodiversityandecosystemservicesinthecasesstu