必修第一册 概要写作介绍 人教版

概要写作介绍SummaryWriting题型介绍提供一篇350词以内的短文，要求在语篇理解的基础上，在不改变原文中心思想、体裁和结构的前提下，用自己的语言精练、准确地概括所读文章的主要内容和观点，所写概要内容为60词左右。体裁以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主。——《考试说明》高考评分标准总分25分，分5挡；先根据所写概要的内容和语言初步确定档次，然后以该档次的要求来衡量，确定最后得分；词数少于40和多于80的，扣2分；拼写、标点若影响交际应予以扣分；书写较差以致影响交际，分数降低一档。评分维度对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；语法结构和词汇的准确性；上下文的连贯性；各要点表达的独立性。CompleteConciseCoherentCopy-free档次描述第五挡（21-25）理解准确，涵盖全部要点能准确适用相应语法结构和词汇有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的概要结构紧凑完全使用自己的语言第四挡（16-20）理解准确，涵盖绝大部分要点所使用的语法结构和词汇可能有些许错误，但完全不影响意义表达比较有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的概要结构紧凑有个别整句抄自原文第三挡（11-15）理解较为准确，涵盖大部分要点所使用的语法结构和词汇虽有错误，但不影响意义表达应用简单的词句间连接成分，使上下文内容连贯出现两句以上整句抄自原文第二挡（6-10）理解有误差，仅涵盖半数要点有些语法结构和词汇方面错误，影响了意义表达较少使用语句间的连接成分，全文内容缺少连贯性出现两句以上整句抄自原文第一挡（1-5）没有理解原文，造成概要内容与原文主题不符有较多语法结构和词汇方面错误，严重影响了意义表达考查能力阅读能力对文章主旨大意的概括能力准确获取关键信息的能力逻辑思维能力分析、概括、综合、建构写作能力语言的简洁、连贯与流畅概要写作步骤确定体裁，明确主题明确文章结构找主题句与关键信息写纲要，打草稿改写句子，润色成文typeskeyinformation记叙文narration5W1H:人物+时间+地点+事件（起因+发展+结果）说明文exposition描写某事物的性质功用。即“对象+性质功用+利好”；针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施。即“问题+解决方法”；介绍某现象及其原因和结果。即“现象+原因+结果”议论文argumentation论点+论据(+结论)Intheearly16thcentury,peoplethoughtthatdirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease,asmedicalopinionhaditthatwashingoffdirtwithhotwatercouldopenuptheskinandletillsin.Aparticulardangerwasthoughttolieinpublicbaths.By1538,theFrenchkinghadclosedthebathhousesinhiskingdom.SodidthekingofEnglishin1546.若主题句太长，尽量省略从句、细节，删减事例主题句在段首Somestudentspreferastrictteacherwhotellsthemexactlywhattodo.Othersprefertobelefttoworkontheirown.Stillotherslikeademocraticdiscussiontypeofclass.Nooneteachingmethodcanbedevisedtosatisfyallstudentsatthesametime.主题句在段尾主题句在中间1)Nothingisasusefulasaflashlightonadarknightifatiregoesflat.Fewinventionsaresohelpfultoachildwhoisafraidofthedark.Infact,themodernflashlightbringslighttomanydarksituations.Findingsomethinginthebackofaclosetiseasywithaflashlightinhand.Acamperalsoneedsoneafterthelightofthecampfirehasbeenout.主题句在中间2)Nooneknowsexactlyhowtheearthbegan,asithappenedsolongago.However,accordingtoawidelyacceptedtheory,theuniversebeganwitha“BigBang”thatthrewmatterinalldirections.Afterthat,atomsbegantoformandcombinetocreatestarsandotherbodies.关注信号词（signalwords）：Infact,However,but,sadly,asamatteroffact,actually,asaresult主题句是设问+回答Whilesportsareforfun,itdoesnotmeanthattheyarenotimportanttopeople’slife.WhydosomanypeoplegotoseefootballmatchesandNBAgames？Itisbecausetheyenjoythegames,andtheyarewillingtopaytowatchtheperformances.Becauseofthesportsstars,ourlifebecomesmoreexciting.Somesportsstarsgethonorfortheircountry,andtheircountrymenareproudofthem.Theydogoodtothepeople'smentalhealth.若过长，需要找出主要点和次要点Somanypeoplewatchthegamesbecausethesportsstarsmakeourlifeexcitinganddogoodtopeople'smentalhealth.没有明显的主题句1)Amothermousewasoutforawalkwithherbabieswhenshefoundacatbehindabush.Shewatchedthecatandthecatwatchedthemice.Mothermousebarkedfiercely,“Woof,woof,woof!”thecatwassofrightenedthatitranforit'slife.Mothermouseturnedtoherbabiesandsaid,“Now,doyouunderstandthevalueofasecondlanguage?”It'simportanttolearnaforeignlanguage.没有明显的主题句2)Forseveralbillionyearsafterthe“BigBang”,theearthwasstilljustacloudofdust.Whatitwastobecomewasuncertainuntilbetween4.5and3.8billionyearsagowhenthedustsettledintoasolidglobe.Theearthbecamesoviolentthatitwasnotclearwhethertheshapewouldlastornot.Itexplodedloudlywithfireandrock.Theywereintimetoproducecarbon,nitrogen,watervaporandothergases,whichweretomaketheearth’satmosphere.Whatisevenmoreimportantisthatastheearthcooleddown,waterbegantoappearonitssurface.没有明显的主题句Theearthcameintobeingwithatmosphereandwateronitssurfaces.找关键词：关注被重复的词（代词）概要写作步骤确定体裁，明确主题明确文章结构找主题句与关键信息写纲要，打草稿改写句子，润色成文议论文概要写作[1]Antibiotics（抗生素）,organtransplantation（器官移植）,HIVtreatments—itreadslikeanAtoZofmedicalprogress.Butthemajorprogresshassomethingincommon:theywerealldevelopedandtestedbyusinganimals.Actually,animalsareusedforresearchinavarietyoffields.Whetherornothumansshoulduseanimalsfortestingpurposes,however,isacontroversial（有争议的）subject.[2]Animaltestingallowsresearcherstodevelopnewmedicineandtreatments,advancingthefieldofmedicineandimprovingthehealthofsociety.Forexample,manydrugsusedtotreatorpreventcancerHIV,diabetes（糖尿病）,etc,haveresultedfromtestsperformedonanimals.Manysupportersofanimaltestingsupportthepracticeforthisreasoneveniftheydonotsupporttesting,orothernon-essentialsubstances)onanimals.Noonechoosestouseanimalswherethereisnoneed.Infact,animalresearchhascontributedto70percentofNobelprizesforphysiology(生理学)ormedicine.[3]Animaltestingalsoenablesscientistsandresearcherstotestthesafetyofmedicinewithwhichhumanshaveregularcontact.Drugs,forexample,maycreatesignificantriskstohumans,sotestingthemonanimalsfirstgivesresearchersachancetodeterminetheirsafetybeforehumantrialsareperformed.Whilescientistsunderstandthedifferencesbetweenhumansandanimals,thesimilaritiesareconsideredimportantenoughtoproducerelevantdatathattheycanthenapplytohumans.Animaltestingreducesharmtohumansandsavelives,notonlybecausetheexposuretoriskysubstances（物质）isminimized,butbecausesomenewmedicineandtreatmentshavepositiveeffectsonhumans’qualityoflife.[4]However,alargenumberofanimalsareharmedordieasaresultofexperimentsandtesting.Unfortunately,manyofthesubstancesusedonanimalsubjectsneverreceiveapproval（批准）forhumanuse.Thosewhoareagainstanimaltestingconsiderthisaveryimportantpoint,becausesavinghumansfromsufferingisnoexcuseforthedeathoflaboratoryanimals.Althoughitiscommontouseanimalsforresearch,peoplehavedifferentopinionsonwhetheranimalsshouldbeusedformedicalpurpose.Ontheonehand,thosesupportersarguethatanimaltestingnotonlycontributestothemedicaldevelopmentandtheimprovementofpeople’shealthbutalsoexaminethesafetyofmedicineandothersubstanceswithoutriskinghumans’lives.Ontheotherhand,thoseopponentsbelievethatpeoplehavenorightstohurtorevenkilllaboratoryanimalsjusttoprotectthemselves.ExerciseManycoupleswhoalreadyhaveonehealthy,happychild,arefacingadilemma（两难境地）,thatis,theissueofwhethertohaveasecondchildornot.Theyhavehardjobsandlimitedtimeandmoney,buttheywanttomakesurethattheironlychilddoesnotbecomealonelychild.So,whataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofhavingasecondchild?Thatiswhatsomanycouplesareverymuchconcernedaboutandeagertounderstand.Onepopularsayingisthatonechildmeansalonelychild.That’swhymanysingle-childparentsplantohaveasecondchild.Theyfeelguiltyabouttheirdecisiontohaveonlyonechild,becausetherearenootherchildreninthefamilyfortheironlychildtoplaywith,whichmaymakethechildfeellonelyattimes,especiallyduringvacations.Anothercommonargumentagainsthavingjustonechildisthatanonlychildmaybemorespoiled（溺爱的）thanonewithbrothersorsisters.Ifonecouplehadonlyonechild,thechildcouldnotlearntosharethingswithothersandarelesscapableofgettingalongwellwithotherchildrenthanonewhogrowsupwithbrothersorsisters.However,inmanypartsoftheworld,moreandmoreparentsarestillchoosingnottohaveasecondchildbecausetheyarguethatthereareadvantagesforthechildaswellastheparents.Withjustonechild,theysuggest,thereislittlechanceoffamilyargumentsconcernedwithchildren.Besides,asanonlychildinthefamily,thechildcanreceivemorequalitytimeandattention.Thisoftenleadstoincreasedself-respectandindependence,whichcanleadtothechildbeingmoreconfident.Unluckily,thereisnosimpleanswertothequestionofwhetherornottohaveasecondchild.Everyfamilyisdifferent,andwhatisproperforonefamilymaynotbeforanother.Theimportantthing,intheend,istomakeadecisionthatbothyouandyourspouse(配偶)feelconfidentabout.Summary：Whetherornottohaveasecondchildhasputmanycouplesinadilemma.Somesupportersthinkonechildmeansalonelyandspoiledchild.Withsiblings,childrencanlearntoshareandgetonwellwithothers.However,someopponentsarguethatanonlychildwillgetmorequalitytimeandattentionwhilecausingfewerarguments.Still,thereisnoeasyanswertotheissue.It’suptothecoupletomakeaproperdecisionaboutit.Workaholics（工作狂）livefortheirwork,oftenspendingmanyextrahoursatwork,andoftentakingworkhometocomplete.It’sfinetoliveinawork-hardculture,butwhenworkbecomestheonlyreasonforaperson’sexistence（存在）abovemoreimportantthings(suchasfamilyandfriends),theissuebecomesimportant.That’stheproblemmoreandmoreAmericansarefacedwith.Americansareworkingmorehoursperweekthaninyearspast,andwithmanycompaniesreducingemployees,moreandmoreworkersareworriedabouttheirownjobs.Somestudiesshowthatasmanyas40percentofAmericanworkersdon’tevenbothertotakevacations,partlybecauseoffearstheymaynothaveajobtocomebacktoiftheydo.Besides,itisobviousthatpartofthematterisfinancial.Moreandmorepeoplebegintodefinesuccessintermsoffinancialmeasures.Thehigheronesincomeis,themorerespectonegets.Finally,peoplenowadaysliveandworkinaconnectedenvironment—e-mails,instantmessaging,faxmachines,andcellphones—makinghardforthemtotrulygettimeawayfromtheirwork,evenwhentheyareonholiday.

Whenworkbecomestheonlyreasonforbeing—whenitbecomestheonlythingpeoplethinkabout,theonlythingthattrulymakespeoplehappy,manyAmericansfindthattheyarenolongerclosetotheirkids.Divorcerate（离婚率）jumpsandseriousstress-relatedhealthproblemscomeup.Undoubtedly,itistimetodosomething.Toreduceworkaholism,youmuststayawayfromworkonceinawhile.Therearemanywaystodothat:Spendtimewithfamilyandfriends;Callhomeoftentostayconnected;Learntosaynotonewassignments;Considerexercisestogetyourbodybacktoahealthyshape;Fighttheurge（冲动）thateverythingyoudomustbeperfect.Itwilltakesomeeffort,butforyourselfandthoseyoulove,youreallyshouldmaketheeffort.Haveatryandyouwon’tregretit.ThenumberofAmericanswhoarebecomingworkaholicsisincreasing.ThereasonswhyAmericansworkmorehoursarefearsoflosingjobs,pursuitofmoneyandaconnectedenvironment.Consequently,extremeworkaholicsnotonlybeakthefamily,butalsodamagehealth.Therefore,aimingatreducingworkaholism,youcanmakeeffortstotakevariouswayswhichwillbeworthwhile.ThenumberofAmericanswhoarebecomingworkaholicsisincreasing.ThereasonswhyAmericansworkmorehoursarefearsoflosingjobs,pursuitofmoneyandaconnectedenvironment.Consequently,extremeworkaholicsnotonlybeakthefamily,butalsodamagehealth.Therefore,aimingatreducingworkaholism,youcanmakeeffortstotakevariouswayswhichwillbeworthwhile.记叙文概要写作Narrationstructure：time,place,charactercause,process,andoutcome+theme(主题)ThatcoldJanuarynight,IwasgrowingsickofmylifeinSanFrancisco.ThereIwas,walkinghomeatoneinthemorningafteratiringpracticeatthetheatre.Withopeningnightonlyaweekaway,Iwasstilllearningmylines.Iwashavingtroubledealingwithmypart-timejobatthebankandmyactingatnightatthesametime.AsIwalked,IthoughtseriouslyaboutgivingupbothactingandSanFrancisco.Citylifehadbecometoomuchforme.AsIwalkeddownemptystreetsundertallbuildings,Ifeltverysmallandcold.Ibeganrunning,bothtokeepwarmandtokeepawayfromanypossiblerobbers.Veryfewpeoplewerestilloutexceptafewsad-lookinghomelesspeopleunderblankets.Aboutablockfrommyapartment,Iheardasoundbehindme.Iturnedquickly,halfexpectingtoseesomeonewithaknifeoragun.Thestreetwasempty.AllIsawwasashiningstreetlight.Still,thenoisehadmademenervous,soIstartedtorunfaster.NotuntilIreachedmyapartmentbuildingandunlockedthedoordidIrealizewhatthenoisehadbeen.Ithadbeenmywalletfallingtothesidewalk（人行道）.SuddenlyIwasn’tcoldortiredanymore.IranoutofthedoorandbacktowhereI’dheardthenoise.AlthoughIsearchedthesidewalkanxiouslyforfifteenminutes,mywalletwasnowheretobefound.JustasIwasabouttogiveupthesearch,Iheardthegarbagetruckpulluptothesidewalknexttome.