新概念英语第三册笔记第40课

新概念英语第三册笔记第40课新概念英语第三册笔记第40课新概念英语第三册笔记第40课新概念英语第三册笔记第40课编制仅供参考审核批准生效日期地址：电话：传真:邮编:Lesson40Who'swho真假难辨Newwordsandexpression生词和短语hoax[həʊks]n.骗局，戏弄（v.捉弄，欺骗）（小孩说“狼来了”）（Afalsewarningofdanger,mischievoustrickplayedonsbforajoke）playahoax/trickonsb.戏弄playajokeonsb.开玩笑Theboystudentisthinkinghowtoplayahoaxonhisclassmate.abombhoax 声称有炸弹的骗局hoaxcall:atelephonecallthatgivesfalseinformation电话骗局eg.Dickey’sprivatecollectionofmodernpaintingswasnothingbutahoax.coax[kəʊks]v.(耐心地)说服（vt.哄；哄诱；慢慢将…弄好vi.哄骗；劝诱）（topersuadesbtodosththatoneisnotwillingtodobytalkingtohiminakind,gentle,andpatientway）coaxsbintodoingsthcoaxsboutofdoingstheg.Themothercoaxedthebabyintoasoundsleep.fooln/v（n.傻瓜，愚人vt.欺骗，愚弄，戏弄vi.开玩笑，犯傻）makeafoolofsb愚弄某人，欺骗某人eg.Heisnofool.eg.Theirstrongaccentcouldn’tfoolanativespeaker.当地人一听就知道他们是外地的。trickn./v.1)戏法，把戏，圈套magictrick魔术2）诡计，圈套，恶作剧playatrickonsb对某人搞恶作剧adirtytrick/arottentrick恶意的玩笑tricksbintodoingsth骗，坑（todeceivesomeoneinordertogetsthfromhimortomakehimdosth）eg.Mumtrickedmeintotakingthemedicine.tricksboutofstheg.Thecorporationwastrickedoutof$20million.deception[dɪ'sepʃ(ə)n]n.欺骗，骗局（指无关紧要的欺骗，有时也指利已的不诚实行为）Shereferredtothepillsassweet,sotheharmlessdeceptionmadeiteasyforherchildtotakethem.deceit[dɪ'si:t]强调一个人对另一个的故意欺骗（指歪曲实情，惯于说谎或蓄意欺骗。）Weareincapableofdeceit.fraud一般用于犯罪行为的欺骗，通常指政治或经济活动中的舞弊行为。trickery语气上比deception严厉，着重指有步骤的诡计以追求私利Hehadgainedcontrolofthecompanybytrickery.deceive[dɪ'si:v]v.欺骗；行骗deceive表示隐瞒真相或以假相骗人。如：Theboydeceivedtheteacherbylying.cheat欺骗，常用词，主要指为了自己的利益欺骗人。trick哄骗，表示耍手段进行欺骗，强调在行骗时使用计策，有时也指并非出于恶意的欺骗。如：Tomcleverlytrickedhismotherintoapproval.self-respectinga.自重的self-taughtadj.自学的self-confidence自信←→self-distrust不自信eg.Worry,fear,self-distrust忧虑，恐惧和不自信self-reliant[rɪ'laɪənt]adj.自力的reliant依赖的;依靠的（rely的形容词）bereliantonreliableadj.可靠的；可信赖的self-contained独立自足的（donotneedhelporresourcesfromoutside.）；设施独立的（独门独户的指毋须与他人共享厨房、厕所等)）注意：独立自主是independentaself-containedflat 独立的公寓self-sacrifice 自我牺牲indulge[ɪn'dʌldʒ]v.使沉迷（toletyourselfdoorhavesththatyouenjoy,especiallysththatisconsideredbadforyou）（1、做某事或者于某物，2、引出对象的介词用in）indulgeoneselfin尽情享用，沉溺于==beindulgedinHewasindulgedinsmokinganddrinking.Heindulgedhimselfinsmokinganddrinking.indulge的第二个语义是“纵容”“迁就”(spoil)（中国话惯孩子）Sheindulgesheronlyson.abandononeselftosth放纵，放肆，尽情（tofeelanemotionsostronglythatyouletitcontrolyoucompletely）eg.Heabandonhimselftogrief他不胜悲痛。（恣意，忘情）abandononeselftoalcohol酗酒taketosb/taketodoingsth attendto照看，照料1)likesb/doingsth开始喜欢上…eg.Hetooktoheratthefirstsight.2)tostartdoingsthasahabit开始有…习惯，开始上瘾eg.Allthisbadnewsisenoughtomakehimtaketodrinking.就这个坏消息足以让他借酒消愁。eg.Ihavetakentogettingupat6andgoingjogging.pneumatic[nju:'mætɪk]a.气动的（2、充气的）（workedordrivenbycompressedair）pneumaticdrill风钻pneumatictires充气轮胎pneumaticpump气泵pneumaticbrake空气制动器;电动气动制动器;气闸;气刹pneumonia[nju:'məʊnɪə]肺炎atypicalpneumonia[eɪ'tɪpɪk(ə)l;æ-]非典型的drilln.钻（n.训练；钻孔机；钻子；播种机；演习(操练)vi.钻孔，钻探；训练vt.钻孔；训练；条播）drill侧重进行有系统的，严格和重复的练习（消防演习afiredrill军事演习amilitarydrill）training普通用词，泛指为从事某种职业而进行的身体或智力方面的训练。practice指把所学的理论或知识用于实践以获得技艺与技巧。exercise主要指为强壮体魄而进行的锻炼，也可指进行练习以保持已经获得的技巧。pneumaticdrill气钻参考水钻（高压水枪，金属可以切割）广泛用应用于家电制造，房屋装修，汽车船舶制造，航空航天工业制造及维修行业，功率大,无火花,在高瓦斯矿井中，尤其能体现其安全性。sillya.无意义的，无聊的1)notsensible愚昧的，愚蠢的，不明智的asillythingtodo做了一件蠢事，说了一句蠢话/asillythingtosayeg.Ileftmykeysathome,whichwasaprettysillythingtodo.2)无聊的，没有意义的playasillyjokeonsb同某人开无聊的玩笑3)notpractical不实用的foolish强调愚蠢的，笨的，不明智的Iremonstratedhimnottodoanythingfoolish.Silly表示无意义的，无聊的，无知的Beingcalledsillyisnotcompliment.Don'tplaysuchasillyplay.stupid强调人及言行缺乏良好的判断力，及一般的智能（主要指天生迟钝）Hissonisasstupidasall.dull指理解迟钝，或健康状况不佳、工作过度而导致的缺乏敏锐的头脑Theoldman'shearinghasbecomedull.Sheisadullgirl.表示人很呆advancea.n.预先的，事先获得的advanceinformation预先获得的信息/inadvance提前v./n./adj.1)tomoveforward向前eg.Thetroopsadvancedontheenemy.部队朝敌军开进。2)todevelopandimprove发展，提升eg.Amonthhaspassedandtheinvestigationhasnotadvanced.一个月过去了,调查毫无进展。3)givesomeonemoneybeforetheyhaveearnedit预支（薪水）eg.Hebeggedhisbosstoadvancehimasalaryforamonth.inadvance;before,beforehandbookatableinadvanceaheadoftime/aheadofschedule提前(earlierthanplanned)makepreparationsinadvance预先做好准备/makepreparationsinanticipationadvanceadj.givenormadeinadvanceadvanceplanning预先计划advancewarning预先警告advancebooking预定advancepayment预付款advanceinformation事先通报advancetroops先头部队anadvanceagent先遣人员，打前站的advancedadj.高深的，先进的advancedweapon先进的advancedinyears上年纪（长的着急，在年龄上处于领先地位）archway['ɑ:tʃweɪ]n.拱形门楼arcaden.有拱廊的街道（两旁常设商店）[ɑ:r’keɪd]本意是：拱廊，连拱廊==有拱廊的街道==商场，游乐中心;arc[ɑ:rk](几何)弧；弧（度/型）;天穹;电弧，弧光。vi作弧形运动；呈弧形；形成电弧TheAleutianchainisalongarcofislandsintheNorthPacific[ə’lu:ʃən]remonstrate['remənstreɪt]v.规劝，告戒（非常正式的用词）remonstratesb.todosth.remonstratewithsbabout/on/upon/overstheg.Hisparentsremonstratedwithhimabouthisbadhabits.eg.Thepoliceremonstratedwiththecarelessdriverwhowon’tlistentoreason.demonstratev.1)toshowsthclearlybygivingproofsorexamples证明eg.Recentfindingsclearlydemonstratedthatcalendarscameintobeingwiththeadventofagriculture.2)tomarchthroughthestreetswithalargegroupofpeopleinordertoprotestagainststhopenly游行示威demonstrateagainst游行反抗eg.LargecrowdsdemonstratedoutsidetheAmericanembassyagainstracialdiscrimination.illustratev.（用实物，例子，图片）阐明，解释，表明;显示（tobeanexamplewhichshowsthatsthistrue）eg.Theteacherillustrateshislessonwithamap.abeautifullyillustratedbook插图设置非常漂亮的一本书。ironicallyadv.讽刺地eg.Ironically,hebrokehisleftlegonapieceoficewithhisrightonestillinplaster.eg.Ironically,shefinallyfoundthatshefellinlovewiththemanwhosheheldincontempt.ironicadj.讽刺的；反话的（usingwordsthatareoppositeofwhatyoureallymean,especiallyinajokingway）eg.Astherainlasheddown,mymother’soneironiccommentwas:”Anidealdayforawedding”.irony讽刺；反语；具有讽刺意味的事（eg:运用反讽的手法）ironist讽刺家；讽刺作家sarcasticadj.讽刺的（贬）（挖苦的；尖刻的，辛辣的）（thataretheoppositeofwhatyoumeaninordertomakeanunfriendlyjoke）asarcasticreplyasarcasticsmileSarcastic表示苟刻伤人的讽刺和嘲笑:.通常是直接性的Ironic意味着一种微妙的间接表达出来的讽刺:.通常是间接性的（反话，一个相反的结果）permissionn.许可（允许，准许）(sir,permissiontoexecutehim)asksb.forpermissiontodosthgive/grantsb.permissiontodosthaskpermissionfromsbpermit[pə'mit]n./v.(toallowsthtohappen,especiallybyanofficialorderordecision)permitsbsthpermitsbtodostheg.Myparentswon’tpermitmeaccesstoyou.eg.Themillionairewon’tpermithisdaughtertomarryatramp.permitof容许eg.Thesituationpermitsofnodelay形式紧迫，刻不容缓['pə:mit]n.许可证driver’spermit驾驶证workpermit工作许可证exportpermit出口证drivinglicense驾驶证practicelicense营业执照permissionn.grant[grɑ:nt]v.同意，准予（特别指官方的同意和许可）(togive,especiallyofficialpermissiontodosth)（v.（合法地）授予，允许；（勉强）承认，同意n.（政府）拨款，补助；授予，给予；正式授予）grantsbpermissiontodosth同意，给予，答应…请求eg.Thepolicegrantedhimpermissiontohaveaninterviewwithhisfamily.takeit/sth/sbforgranted理所当然的认为…eg.Thenoblemantookitforgrantedthatallmenareathisservice.Text课文Who’swho《世界名人录》isthetitleofareferencebookcontainingshortbiographiesofprominentpeople.eg.Idon’tknowwhoiswhointheclass.Ithasneverbeenexplainedwhyuniversitystudentsseemtoenjoypracticaljokesmorethananyoneelse.Ithasneverbeenexplainedwhy…why连接副词引起主语从句（在上节课我们强调了it做形式主语的主语从句，为了引出更加丰富，复杂的表达形式）thereisnoknowingwhy…没法知道，理解…的原因（注意这种形式，虽然是名词，但表达的意思是动作）eg.Ithasneverbeenexplainedwhyyounggirlswouldliketomarryrichmenadvancedinyears.上年纪Itisindicatedthat…被表明（相反意思的句型）Itisillustratedthat…/Itisdemonstratedthat…被证明eg.ItisillustratedthatheavypollutionhasgivenrisetoaworldwideGreenHouseEffect.温室效应Itispredictedthat有人预言Itisexpectedthat预计Itisproposedthat建议Itisfoundthat被发现eg.Ithasbeenfoundthattheobscuredmaid-servantwasreallythehero’smother.practicaljoke恶作剧Studentsspecializeinaparticulartypeofpracticaljoke:thehoax.specialize1、在某事上有专长，特长2、详细说明3、使特殊化，使专门化specialization专门研究specializein专门从事，专门研究，专攻，专长，专修eg.Hemadeuphismindtospecializeincontractlaw.engagein:totakepartorbecomeinvolvedinanactivity从事（某活动），参与eg.Myfriendengagedindetectivestorywriting.Invitingthefirebrigadetoputoutanonexistentfireisacrudeformofdeceptionwhichnoself-respectingstudentwouldeverindulgein.putoutfire扑灭，熄灭（注意对象）putoutacigaretteputoutalightputoutalampfeelputout/beputout（tofeelupsetoroffended）恼火eg.Wewerealittleputoutatnotbeinginvitedtothewedding.putoneselfout不辞劳苦，不厌其烦（tomakeanefforttodosththatwillhelpothers;totakethetroubletodosth）eg.Theeccentric,thoughwithfewwords,alwaysputshimselfouttohelppeoplewhenevertheyareinneed.putdown1、记下（本意是打字机打出）2、镇压（暴动，叛乱）3、杀死（危险或病重的动物）putdownarevolution镇压革命putdownarevolt镇压起义putdownrebellion镇压反抗extinguish[ɪk’stɪŋgwɪʃ]（正式）（vt.1、熄灭（正式）2、使破灭;消除~afeelingoridea,itdestroysit.）ThemessageextinguishedherhopesofRichard'sreturn.extinguishafireextinguishallcigarettesInvitingthefirebrigadetoputoutanonexistentfire…nonexistentadj.不存在的（non-not,without）exist—existent--existencenonaligned[,nɒnə'laɪnd]adj.不结盟的align[ə'laɪn]vt.使结盟；使成一行；匹配ally['ælaɪ]盟友nonalignedcountriesnonsense…acrudeformofdeceptionwhichnoself-respectingstudentwouldeverindulgein.（注意no否定的是谁！）noself-respectingstudentwouldever…不（没有），任何…也不会eg.Nomanisbornwise.eg.Noonewithastrongwillwouldindulgehimselfinaneasylife.有强烈上进心的人不会贪图生活安逸。Studentsoftencreateamusingsituationswhicharefunnytoeveryoneexceptthevictims.注意这里的except后面省略了一个to，前有do后无to（do的任何形式）Whenastudentrecentlysawtwoworkmenusingapneumaticdrilloutsidehisuniversity,heimmediatelytelephonedthepoliceandinformedthemthattwostudentsdressedupasworkmenweretearinguptheroadwithapneumaticdrill.注意这里的recently，最近，并不是一个大概的概念，而是一个具体的时间概念。（要抛除完成时惯性思维）telephone==call==ringupdressupasworkmendressupasaghosttearup本意是“撕毁，撕碎”，引申出条状物的，拆除;拆毁，比如铁路，道路，或者“区域”riptearsplit（本意是使分开，分离）Assoonashehadhungup,hewentovertotheworkmenandtoldthemthatifapolicemanorderedthemtogoaway,theywerenottotakehimseriously.…theywerenottotakehim…betodosth（最常见是三种1.end，这三个词的意思）一、（按照计划和安排）将要做某事，一定要做某事；必然要发生的事。eg.Theyaretosendmorepeopletohelpus.(begoingto)eg.Everyoneistodie.人必有一死。要注意“was/weretodosth.表示曾经计划要做的事，但不表明计划是否被执行，或表示“命运（即命中注定要发生的事）”，这层用法文学作品中常用，类似wassupposedtoTheysaidgoodbye,littleknowingthattheywerenevertomeetagain.不知道以后再也不会见面了。二、表示语气轻时“应该”表建议（相当于should,oughtto。），语气重时表“命令”（相当于must,haveto。）。可译为“必须”或“不准”。1、Youaretoreporttothepolice.你应该报警2、Nooneistoleavetheroomwithoutpermission.未经允许谁也不准离开房间。三、表示“可能性”。（相当于may,can）1、Areyoutopaythedebtforyourwife?你能为妻子还债吗？四、表示“想，打算”，相当于intend,want。例如：ifyouaretowinthegame,youmustexerciseharder.Ifwearetobetherebeforeten,we’llhavetogonow.如果我们要在十点前到，我们现在就得走。takehimseriously把他当回事takelifeseriously认真对待生活takefamilyseriouslytakeeducationseriouslyeg.Youcan’tbesoserious!你开玩笑吧！（usedtosaythatyouthinkwhatsbhassaidissillyorimpossible）eg.I’mdeadserious！我可是当真的！deadadv.完全地Headdedthatastudenthaddressedupasapolicemanandwasplayingallsortsofsillyjokesonpeople.playallsortsofsillyjokesonsbplayapracticaljokeonsbplayasillyjokeonsbplayatrickonsbBoththepoliceandtheworkmenweregratefultothestudentforthispieceofadvanceinformation.begratefultosbforsthinformation不可数，又是信息类名词，可以用量词piece.Thestudenthidinanarchwaynearbywherehecouldwatchandheareverythingthatwenton.Sureenough,apolicemanarrivedonthesceneandpolitelyaskedtheworkmentogoaway.nearbyadj.附近的，邻近的adv.在附近prep.在…附近thatwenton==thathappenedsureenough…Needlesstosay…不必说，肯定是itgoeswithoutsaying后话自不必说sureenough果不其然，不出所料==/asexpectedonthescene在现场注意这里的arrive是不及物动词，出现，并非arriveinarriveat的抵达eg.Thepolicearrivedonthesceneveryquicklyafterthecaraccident.eg.Anewsreportedonthescene.onthespot1)在现场，到出事地点eg.Thepolicewascalledandanambulancearrivedonthespotwithin10minutes.2)立即，当即，当场eg.Hefeltputoutathisboss’ssarcasticremarksandresignedonthespot.thesceneofacrime作案现场（scene有画面感）spotcoverage现场采访（spot只是说明位置）Whenhereceivedaveryrudereplyfromoneoftheworkmen,hethreatenedtoremovethembyforce.threatenv.威胁（对不服者给予惩罚）threatentodosththreatensbwithstheg.Everytimetheyoungcouplehavewords,thewifewillthreatentodivorcehim.menace['menəs]（n.威胁；恐吓vi.恐吓；进行威胁vt.威胁；恐吓）(系正式用词,用某种意志给以威胁)menacesbwithsth/menacesbtodostheg.Twogangstersmenaceduswithweapons.eg.Heavysmokingmenacesaperson’shealth.威胁到（youmeanthatthefirstthingislikelytocausethesecondthingseriousharm.威胁）intimidatev.恫吓，威胁做某事（youdeliberatelymakethemfrightenedenoughtodowhatyouwantthemtodo）（突出使害怕）timid['tɪmɪd]adj.胆小，害羞的intimidatesbintodoingstheg.Thewitnesswasintimidatedintogivingfalsetestimony.…hethreatenedtoremovethembyforce.remove:togetawayortakeaway1、移开[书面]2、脱下，摘下[书面]3、去除(痕迹);洗掉(污渍)（除去）4、把…免职（除去）5、去除(障碍或限制);解决(问题)（除去）6、搬家eg.Thebiscuitwassoheavythatacranehadtobeusedtoremoveitfromthelorry.removeone’shatandgloves脱下帽子，摘下手套removeatumor切除肿瘤removepoverty消灭贫穷eg.OurhomehasremovedfromBostontoNewYorkmalignant[mə'lɪgnənt]adj.恶性的[医学]；恶毒的amalignanttumor恶性肿瘤abenigntumor良性肿瘤benign[bɪ'naɪn]adj.良性的；和蔼的，亲切的Theworkmentoldhimtodoashepleasedandthepolicemantelephonedforhelp.doashepleasedtodoas引导方式状语从句eg.Hejustdoesashepleasesandneverthinksofanyoneelse.他做事随心所欲，毫不顾及他人的感受。eg.Doasyouplease,butIdon’tcareanyway.悉听尊便，我不在乎。eg.TheerawhenAmericacoulddoasitpleasedhasgone.Shortlyafterwards,fourmorepolicemenarrivedandremonstratedwiththeworkmen.remonstratesb.todosth.remonstratewithsbabout/on/upon/oversthAsthemenrefusedtostopworking,thepoliceattemptedtoseizethepneumaticdrill.as引导原因状语从句attempttodo尝试做某事，这里是试图seize抓住，强调结果takev.拿，抓最普通用词，指用手拿、取、抓或控制某物，不带任何感情色彩。clutchv.紧抓，抓牢指因不想失去而紧紧地抓住某物，或因害怕、疼痛、危险等而突然抓住某人或某物。graspv.抓牢，抓紧指紧紧地、牢牢地抓住某物。grabv.抓住，攫取指突然抓住某人或某物，强调动作粗野，此义时常可与snatch换用；有时也指紧紧抓住某人或某物。snatchvt.抢,夺取（=catch

sth/sb

suddenly

and

violently）指突然地抢、夺、抓，强调动作迅速或具有暴力性质。--Thebigbirdsnatchesthehenfromtheground.Seizev.抓住,逮住,夺取（强调抓住、抓到的结果）[si:z]--Fear

seized

her.她突然感觉很恐惧。seizethemomentcatchvt.捕获,赶上(车船等)（=get

hold

of

sth/sb

moving）--catchmouse/catchbus/catchathiefGrasp强调“掌握”--Wehavealreadygraspedsixthousandwords.Hold强调抓牢、抓紧（catchholdof抓住）--Heisholdinganumbrella.Theworkmenstruggledfiercelyandoneofthemlosthistemper.struggle1)totryhardtoachievesth努力奋斗（奋力获取struggleforsth）struggleforfame努力成名struggleforfortune努力致富2)挣扎eg.Thechildstruggledinhisarms.3)斗争，争斗struggleagainstpovertystruggleagainstillnesseg.Thethiefstruggledfiercelyagainstthepolice.小偷与警察负隅顽抗。loseone’stemper==gomad发脾气，火了Hethreatenedtocallthepolice.Atthis,thepolicepointedoutironicallythatthiswouldhardlybenecessaryasthemenwerealreadyunderarrest.atthis听到这儿，听了之后whenhearingthis==atthesewords==withthis就这样表示“一怎么就”at+名词或动名词（一般是感官（感觉，感知），情感，想法）⑴at后的名词或动名词，一般是sight,thought,sound,hearing,idea或者see，hear，think等情感、感观动词,组成结构为：atthesight/hearing/sound/(bare)thought/ideaof或者atseeing/hearing/thinking等，翻译为：一看到/听到/想到…就…。句中的谓语动词用一般过去时。如：Athearingthenews,herushedout.一听到这个消息，他就冲出去了。Atthesightofthepoliceofficerstheyranoff.一看见那些警官,他们便逃跑了。Iwassomiserableattheideaofyouintrouble.一想到你有麻烦，我就很痛苦。⑵另外还可以用atthe(mere)/(very)mentionof当说到…；一提到…就…,atthefirstopportunity(chance)一有机会就…等,例如：Ifeelsickatthemerementionofblood一提到血，我就恶心⑶at＋名词或动名词多放在句首，但直接加名词常放到后面。比如：Atseeinghermother，thegirlburstinto