




版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领
文档简介
TheBMWPartnershipDryFilmLubricants08.03.2005PresentationoftheCastrol“DryFilm”projectatBMW,Oxford(UK)TheBMWPartnershipDryFilmLuHistoryofSteelMillAppliedLubricantsCORROSIONPREVENTIVESDRYFILMLUBRICANTSBASEDONPOLYMER2.GENERATIONPRELUBESSEMIDRYFILMLUBRICANTSTHIXOTROPICCORROSIONPREVENTIVESPRELUBES2.GENERATIONTHIXOTROPICCORR.PREVENTIVESDRYFILMLUBRICANTSBASEDONPARAFFINDRYFILMLUBRICANTSBASEDONWAXDISPERSIONDRYFILMLUBRICANTSBASEDONESTER1990199620002001HistoryofSteelMillAppliedAdvantagesoftheDryFilmTechnologySuperiorlubricationMultisubstratecompatibilityincludingaluminumDry-to-the-touchfilmReducedquantitiesappliedMechanicalsurfaceprotectionCleanworkingenvironmentAdvantagesoftheDryFilmTecTypesofDryFilmLubricantsEsterMineraloilbasedHotmeltPolymerOrganicsolvendbasedWaterbasedVOCEnergyTypesofDryFilmLubricantsEsTypesofDryFilmLubricantsSemiDryFilmLubricants-Greasy-KonusPenetrationappr.20mmDryFilmLubricants-Lacqueurorwaxy-NeedlePenetration<10mmTypesofDryFilmLubricantsSTypesofDryFilmLubricants
AdvantagesofesterbasedhotmeltsExtremedrawingperformanceExcellentcorrosionprotectionNodryingorcuringtimeNoemissions,noVOCEasyapplication(electrostaticorairless)EnvironmentallyfriendlyBasedonrenewablerawmaterialsTypesofDryFilmLubricants
R&DDemandsforDryFilmLubricantDesignSignificantlyimproveddrawingperformancecomparedtoprelubesApplicationwithexistingelectrostaticsprayequipmentCompatibilitywithexistingandfuturecataphoreticdippaintsystemsSealerandadhesivecompatibilityOneproductforsteelandaluminumEnvironmentallyfriendlyR&DDemandsforDryFilmLubriTypicalFrictionCoefficientsforLubricantsTypicalFrictionCoefficientsCastrolDryFilmLubricantIloformPN950DF
R+KTester–CupDrawingTest,SubstrateZECastrolDryFilmLubricantIloEvaluationofthedrawingperformancebyusingthe
stripdrawingtestCooperationwiththeUniversityofWaterloo(Canada).Usingthe“FlatDieRigg”,builtbyajointaction.Drawingspeed:0–500mm/sMaximumforce(witha10000mm²“Tool”):75N/mm²VariablecontactareaQuicktoolchangepossiblePossibletooltemperature:RT–appr.>300°CComputerisedcalculationofthefrictioncoefficientµQuickchangeofmaterial,lubricantandcoatingweightpossible EvaluationofthedrawingperfFlatDieRig
DrawingIFlatDieRig
DrawingIFlatDieRig
DrawingIIFlatDieRig
DrawingIITestFacilityattheUniversityofWaterloo(CAN)
“FlatDieRigg”modified80tpressTestFacilityattheUniversitDryFilmLubricantondifferentmaterials
FlatDieTestStation
-
UniversityofWaterloo
ResultsofIloformPN950DFacc.VDA230-201Forcelimitsetto400kNThemaximumforcewaslimitesduringthetestsduetosafetyreasons(40N/mm²).Ingeneralanmaximumfordeof75N/mm²ispossiblebyrespectingtheVDAparameters.Duringthetest,nostick-slipwereseenforCastrolIloformPN950DF.V=const.MineraloilbasedDryFilmLubricantsPrelubes**ConventionalPrelubes(mineraloilbased)DryFilmLubricantondifferenDryFilmLubricantonBareSteel
TestResultsIloformPN950DFanalogVDA230-201Maximumnormalforcewasonlylimitedbythesettingofthetestequipment,afteradjustingthissettingwewillbecapabletoperformtestsupto75N/mm².Duringourpreliminarytestingnostick-slipwasobserved.DryFilmLubricantonBareSteDryFilmLubricantonElectrogalvanizedMaterial
TestResultsIloformPN950DFanalogVDA230-201Maximumnormalforcewasonlylimitedbythesettingofthetestequipment,afteradjustingthissettingwewillbecapabletoperformtestsupto75N/mm².Duringourpreliminarytestingnostick-slipwasobserved.DryFilmLubricantonElectrogDryFilmLubricantonHot-dipGalvanizedMaterial
TestResultsIloformPN950DFanalogVDA230-20Maximumnormalforcewasonlylimitedbythesettingofthetestequipment,afteradjustingthissettingwewillbecapabletoperformtestsupto75N/mm².Duringourpreliminarytestingnostick-slipwasobserved.DryFilmLubricantonHot-dipDryFilmLubricantonGalvanealedMaterial
TestResultsIloformPN950DFanalogVDA230-20Maximumnormalforcewasonlylimitedbythesettingofthetestequipment,afteradjustingthissettingwewillbecapabletoperformtestsupto75N/mm².Duringourpreliminarytestingnostick-slipwasobserved.DryFilmLubricantonGalvaneaDryFilmLubricantonAluminum
TestResultsIloformPN950DFanalogVDA230-20Maximumnormalforcewasonlylimitedbythesettingofthetestequipment,afteradjustingthissettingwewillbecapabletoperformtestsupto75N/mm².Duringourpreliminarytestingnostick-slipwasobserved.DryFilmLubricantonAluminumInfluenceofDieTemperatureonFrictionCoefficient
IloformPN950DFonElectrogalvanizedMaterialFrictioncoefficientdeterminedat400mm/sdrawingspeedInfluenceofDieTemperatureoRemovabilityTestIloformPN950DF
acc.toVDA230-201andRenaultSpecificationSubstratebaresteelelectrogalv.hot-dipgalv.galvannealedRenaultSpec./Sollac-TestpassedpassedpassedpassedSubstratebaresteelelectrogalv.hot-dipgalv.galvannealedVDA-TestpassedpassedpassedpassedRemovabilityTestIloformPN9AdhesiveCompatibility
TestingaccordingtoVDA230-201AdhesiveIloformDFXW1185Epoxy(GEX)allsubstrateso.k.Terostat3216Rubber(Henkel)allsubstrateso.k.Terokal8552PVC(Henkel)allsubstrateso.k.AdhesiveCompatibility
TestingCataphoreticDipPaintCompatibility
accordingtoVDA230-202-IloformPN950DFTypeCraterPPGEnviroprime0PPGEnviroprime20000Source:PPGCataphoreticDipPaintCompatiIloformPN950DF
DryFilmLubricantAppearance white,solidViscosityat20°C solidViscosityat50°C 34mm²/sFlashpoint <200°CCorrosionprotection CondensationclimatechamberDIN51386-1 >20CyclesSaltspraytestASTMB-117 >24hOpenshedstorage min.12monthIndoorstorage min.18monthIloformPN950DF
DryFilmLuViscosityTemperatureChart
CastrolDryFilmLubricant:IloformPN950DFViscosityTemperatureChart
CTrials英国石油公司(BP石油)为某汽车公司提供的干式润滑方案DryFilmLubricantIloformPN950DF
CaseStudies1/1
ElectroluxHomeProducts-Swainsboro,GA
May2002Lawnmowerdecks,part#4055IFand404blanksize807x1000x1.9and825x750x1.9mm,baresteelsheetmetalcoatingweightvariable1.6–6.0g/m²,preparedbyelectrostaticspraying(Gencoat)
200partssuccessfullyproducedandassembledDryFilmLubricantIloformPNca.750mmca.160mm
ProfileofthepressingpartElectroluxHomeProducts,Swainsboro,GADryFilmLubricantIloformPN950DF
CaseStudies1/2ca.750mmca.160mm
Profileo
ElectroluxHomeProducts-Swainsboro,GAOctober2003Lawnmowerdecks„Hi-Vac“blanksize825x750x1.9mm,baresteelsheetmetalcoatingweightvariableappr.2.0g/m²,preparedmanualExtremedifficultpart,duetothehighfailurerateitiscalledinternally50:50deckResult:FailratewithCastrolDryFilmtechnologyreducedto„0“DryFilmLubricantIloformPN950DF
CaseStudies2/1ElectroluxHomeProducts-Swca.600mmca.300mm
ProfileofthepressingpartElectroluxHomeProducts,Swainsboro,GADryFilmLubricantIloformPN950DF
CaseStudies2/2ca.600mmca.300mm
ProfileDryFilmLubricantIloformPN950DF
CaseStudies2/3–PictureDryFilmLubricantIloformPN
FordStampingPlant-Saarlouis,Germany
June2003Inner-bodysidepanel,Focus3-doorhatchbackblanksize1525x3475x0.75mm,hot-dipgalvanizedsheetmetalcoatingweight1.2–1.4g/m²,preparedbyelectrostaticspraying(ThyssenKruppStahlNeuwied,sprayequipmentFaraTechnology)500partssuccessfullyproducedandassembledDryFilmLubricantIloformPN950DF
CaseStudies3/1FordStampingPlant-Saarlou
DryFilmLubricantIloformPN950DF
CaseStudies3/2-Picture
DryFilmLubricantIloformPNMetalsheetsdry-to-the-touchNoparticlecontaminationNoproblemsinthede-stackingprocessOnlyslightmodificationoftheclampforcewasnecessaryinthebeginningMaintrial550o.K.partsUsageofthepartswithoutproblemsDryFilmLubricantIloformPN950DF
CaseStudies3/3Metalsheetsdry-to-the-touchDAUDIStampingPlant-Ingolstadt,GermanyJune2003Inner-doorpanel,A4Blanksizeappr.1525x1735x0.75mm,hot-dipgalvanizedsheetmetalCoatingweight1.2–1.4g/m²,preparedbyelectrostaticSpraying(ThyssenKruppStahlNeuwied,sprayequipmentFaraTechnology)30partssuccessfullyproducedandpassedthrougttheadditionalprocesses(cleaning,phosphatingandpaintingo.K.)DryFilmLubricantIloformPN950DF
CaseStudies4/1AUDIStampingPlant-Ingolsta„MetallwerkHofmaninger,Austria“Pretrial:PressingofaconcetemixerpartDryFilmLubricantIloformPN950DF
CaseStudies5/1„MetallwerkHofmaninger,AustrDryFilmLubricantIloformPN950DF
CaseStudies5/2-PictureDryFilmLubricantIloformPN190mm390mmØ578mmpart:concretemixerMetallsheet:960x1mmDryFilmLubricantIloformPN950DF
CaseStudies5/3-Drawing190mm390mmØ578mmpart:concAspayablealternativeforthecurrentproduct„CastrolIloformPS158“.Duetotheamountofsolidadditivestheapplicationofthistheproductcouldonlybemademanuallyviarollerorbrush.Material:1,0mmDC03ofvoestalpineTheapplicationinthispretrialwasmademanualbybrushwithoutmeasuringthefilmthickness,therforewedonothaveanyinformationaboutthisfact.1punchFurtheractions:Trialswithadefinedproductamounttoevaluatetheminimumdryfilmquantityforasafeprocess.DryFilmLubricantIloformPN950DF
CaseStudies5/4Aspayablealternativeforthe
FordStampingPlant-Saarlouis,Germany
December2004Innerwheelhouseforthebackwheel,C-MAXgalvanealedsheetmetal,coatingweight0.6–1.4g/m²(nothomogenous),preparedbyairspray(ARCELORFlemalle),difficultoperationneedfortheconventionalproductionwithoilaamountof>5g/m²1000partssuccessfullyproduced(nofailpart,verycleantoolswithoutanydeposits)DryFilmLubricantIloformPN950DF
CaseStudies6/1FordStampingPlant-SaarlouVWStampingPlant-Emden,GermanyJanuary2005InnerpanelforthePassatdoor,HDGtailoredblank(thickness:0.7and1.6mm)Coatingweight(applicationmanuallywithaspraygun):0.9-1.2g/m²-comparisonwithcompetitorproducts10partssuccessfullyproducedduringthenormalproductionprocesswiththeadjustmentsusedforthenormal„oil“lubricationResult:nobreakswereseen/onlyslightwavinessoccured(noproductproblem,adjustmentsofthetoolforcesarenecessary)10partsarereadyfortheadjustmenttrialsinthe„Try-Out-Press“inthefutureDryFilmLubricantIloformPN950DF
CaseStudies6/1VWStampingPlant-Emden,GerCurrentlyweareworkinginthisspecialareaalsoin:EuropeUSAAustraliaKorea EspeciallyintheUSAweareworkingcloselywithThyssen.Acostreductionmorethan$1mio.peryearcouldberealised.CurrentlyweareworkinginthTheBMWPartnershipDryFilmLubricants08.03.2005PresentationoftheCastrol“DryFilm”projectatBMW,Oxford(UK)TheBMWPartnershipDryFilmLuHistoryofSteelMillAppliedLubricantsCORROSIONPREVENTIVESDRYFILMLUBRICANTSBASEDONPOLYMER2.GENERATIONPRELUBESSEMIDRYFILMLUBRICANTSTHIXOTROPICCORROSIONPREVENTIVESPRELUBES2.GENERATIONTHIXOTROPICCORR.PREVENTIVESDRYFILMLUBRICANTSBASEDONPARAFFINDRYFILMLUBRICANTSBASEDONWAXDISPERSIONDRYFILMLUBRICANTSBASEDONESTER1990199620002001HistoryofSteelMillAppliedAdvantagesoftheDryFilmTechnologySuperiorlubricationMultisubstratecompatibilityincludingaluminumDry-to-the-touchfilmReducedquantitiesappliedMechanicalsurfaceprotectionCleanworkingenvironmentAdvantagesoftheDryFilmTecTypesofDryFilmLubricantsEsterMineraloilbasedHotmeltPolymerOrganicsolvendbasedWaterbasedVOCEnergyTypesofDryFilmLubricantsEsTypesofDryFilmLubricantsSemiDryFilmLubricants-Greasy-KonusPenetrationappr.20mmDryFilmLubricants-Lacqueurorwaxy-NeedlePenetration<10mmTypesofDryFilmLubricantsSTypesofDryFilmLubricants
AdvantagesofesterbasedhotmeltsExtremedrawingperformanceExcellentcorrosionprotectionNodryingorcuringtimeNoemissions,noVOCEasyapplication(electrostaticorairless)EnvironmentallyfriendlyBasedonrenewablerawmaterialsTypesofDryFilmLubricants
R&DDemandsforDryFilmLubricantDesignSignificantlyimproveddrawingperformancecomparedtoprelubesApplicationwithexistingelectrostaticsprayequipmentCompatibilitywithexistingandfuturecataphoreticdippaintsystemsSealerandadhesivecompatibilityOneproductforsteelandaluminumEnvironmentallyfriendlyR&DDemandsforDryFilmLubriTypicalFrictionCoefficientsforLubricantsTypicalFrictionCoefficientsCastrolDryFilmLubricantIloformPN950DF
R+KTester–CupDrawingTest,SubstrateZECastrolDryFilmLubricantIloEvaluationofthedrawingperformancebyusingthe
stripdrawingtestCooperationwiththeUniversityofWaterloo(Canada).Usingthe“FlatDieRigg”,builtbyajointaction.Drawingspeed:0–500mm/sMaximumforce(witha10000mm²“Tool”):75N/mm²VariablecontactareaQuicktoolchangepossiblePossibletooltemperature:RT–appr.>300°CComputerisedcalculationofthefrictioncoefficientµQuickchangeofmaterial,lubricantandcoatingweightpossible EvaluationofthedrawingperfFlatDieRig
DrawingIFlatDieRig
DrawingIFlatDieRig
DrawingIIFlatDieRig
DrawingIITestFacilityattheUniversityofWaterloo(CAN)
“FlatDieRigg”modified80tpressTestFacilityattheUniversitDryFilmLubricantondifferentmaterials
FlatDieTestStation
-
UniversityofWaterloo
ResultsofIloformPN950DFacc.VDA230-201Forcelimitsetto400kNThemaximumforcewaslimitesduringthetestsduetosafetyreasons(40N/mm²).Ingeneralanmaximumfordeof75N/mm²ispossiblebyrespectingtheVDAparameters.Duringthetest,nostick-slipwereseenforCastrolIloformPN950DF.V=const.MineraloilbasedDryFilmLubricantsPrelubes**ConventionalPrelubes(mineraloilbased)DryFilmLubricantondifferenDryFilmLubricantonBareSteel
TestResultsIloformPN950DFanalogVDA230-201Maximumnormalforcewasonlylimitedbythesettingofthetestequipment,afteradjustingthissettingwewillbecapabletoperformtestsupto75N/mm².Duringourpreliminarytestingnostick-slipwasobserved.DryFilmLubricantonBareSteDryFilmLubricantonElectrogalvanizedMaterial
TestResultsIloformPN950DFanalogVDA230-201Maximumnormalforcewasonlylimitedbythesettingofthetestequipment,afteradjustingthissettingwewillbecapabletoperformtestsupto75N/mm².Duringourpreliminarytestingnostick-slipwasobserved.DryFilmLubricantonElectrogDryFilmLubricantonHot-dipGalvanizedMaterial
TestResultsIloformPN950DFanalogVDA230-20Maximumnormalforcewasonlylimitedbythesettingofthetestequipment,afteradjustingthissettingwewillbecapabletoperformtestsupto75N/mm².Duringourpreliminarytestingnostick-slipwasobserved.DryFilmLubricantonHot-dipDryFilmLubricantonGalvanealedMaterial
TestResultsIloformPN950DFanalogVDA230-20Maximumnormalforcewasonlylimitedbythesettingofthetestequipment,afteradjustingthissettingwewillbecapabletoperformtestsupto75N/mm².Duringourpreliminarytestingnostick-slipwasobserved.DryFilmLubricantonGalvaneaDryFilmLubricantonAluminum
TestResultsIloformPN950DFanalogVDA230-20Maximumnormalforcewasonlylimitedbythesettingofthetestequipment,afteradjustingthissettingwewillbecapabletoperformtestsupto75N/mm².Duringourpreliminarytestingnostick-slipwasobserved.DryFilmLubricantonAluminumInfluenceofDieTemperatureonFrictionCoefficient
IloformPN950DFonElectrogalvanizedMaterialFrictioncoefficientdeterminedat400mm/sdrawingspeedInfluenceofDieTemperatureoRemovabilityTestIloformPN950DF
acc.toVDA230-201andRenaultSpecificationSubstratebaresteelelectrogalv.hot-dipgalv.galvannealedRenaultSpec./Sollac-TestpassedpassedpassedpassedSubstratebaresteelelectrogalv.hot-dipgalv.galvannealedVDA-TestpassedpassedpassedpassedRemovabilityTestIloformPN9AdhesiveCompatibility
TestingaccordingtoVDA230-201AdhesiveIloformDFXW1185Epoxy(GEX)allsubstrateso.k.Terostat3216Rubber(Henkel)allsubstrateso.k.Terokal8552PVC(Henkel)allsubstrateso.k.AdhesiveCompatibility
TestingCataphoreticDipPaintCompatibility
accordingtoVDA230-202-IloformPN950DFTypeCraterPPGEnviroprime0PPGEnviroprime20000Source:PPGCataphoreticDipPaintCompatiIloformPN950DF
DryFilmLubricantAppearance white,solidViscosityat20°C solidViscosityat50°C 34mm²/sFlashpoint <200°CCorrosionprotection CondensationclimatechamberDIN51386-1 >20CyclesSaltspraytestASTMB-117 >24hOpenshedstorage min.12monthIndoorstorage min.18monthIloformPN950DF
DryFilmLuViscosityTemperatureChart
CastrolDryFilmLubricant:IloformPN950DFViscosityTemperatureChart
CTrials英国石油公司(BP石油)为某汽车公司提供的干式润滑方案DryFilmLubricantIloformPN950DF
CaseStudies1/1
ElectroluxHomeProducts-Swainsboro,GA
May2002Lawnmowerdecks,part#4055IFand404blanksize807x1000x1.9and825x750x1.9mm,baresteelsheetmetalcoatingweightvariable1.6–6.0g/m²,preparedbyelectrostaticspraying(Gencoat)
200partssuccessfullyproducedandassembledDryFilmLubricantIloformPNca.750mmca.160mm
ProfileofthepressingpartElectroluxHomeProducts,Swainsboro,GADryFilmLubricantIloformPN950DF
CaseStudies1/2ca.750mmca.160mm
Profileo
ElectroluxHomeProducts-Swainsboro,GAOctober2003Lawnmowerdecks„Hi-Vac“blanksize825x750x1.9mm,baresteelsheetmetalcoatingweightvariableappr.2.0g/m²,preparedmanualExtremedifficultpart,duetothehighfailurerateitiscalledinternally50:50deckResult:FailratewithCastrolDryFilmtechnologyreducedto„0“DryFilmLubricantIloformPN950DF
CaseStudies2/1ElectroluxHomeProducts-Swca.600mmca.300mm
ProfileofthepressingpartElectroluxHomeProducts,Swainsboro,GADryFilmLubricantIloformPN950DF
CaseStudies2/2ca.600mmca.300mm
ProfileDryFilmLubricantIloformPN950DF
CaseStudies2/3–PictureDryFilmLubricantIloformPN
FordStampingPlant-Saarlouis,Germany
June2003Inner-bodysidepanel,Focus3-doorhatchbackblanksize1525x3475x0.75mm,hot-dipgalvanizedsheetmetalcoatingweight1.2–1.4g/m²,preparedbyelectrostaticspraying(ThyssenKruppStahlNeuwied,sprayequipmentFaraTechnology)500partssuccessfullyproducedandassembledDryFilmLubricantIloformPN950DF
CaseStudies3/1FordStampingPlant-Saarlou
DryFilmLubricantIloformPN950DF
CaseStudies3/2-Picture
DryFilmLubricantIloformPNMetalsheetsdry-to-the-touchNoparticlecontaminationNoproblemsinthede-stackingprocessOnlyslightmodificationoftheclampforcewasnecessaryinthebeginningMaintrial550o.K.partsUsageofthepartswithoutproblemsDryFilmLubricantIloformPN950DF
CaseStudies3/3Metalsheetsdry-to-the-touchDAUDIStampingPlant-Ingolstadt,GermanyJune2003Inner-doorpanel,A4Blanksizeappr.1525x1735x0.75mm,hot-dipgalvanizedsheetmetalCoatingweight1.2–1.4g/m²,preparedbyelectrostaticSpraying(ThyssenKruppStahlNeuwied,sprayequipmentFaraTechnology)30partssuccessfullyproducedandpassedthrougttheadditionalprocesses(cleaning,phosphatingandpaintingo.K.)DryFilmLubricantIloformPN950DF
CaseStudies4/1AUDIStampingPlant-Ingolsta„MetallwerkHofmaninger,Austria“Pretrial:PressingofaconcetemixerpartDryFilmLubricantIloformP
温馨提示
- 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
- 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
- 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
- 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
- 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
- 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。
最新文档
- 小学生科学故事课件
- 2025年初中科学课程标准考试测试卷及参考答案
- 针对2025年盐湖提锂的成本优化与产能扩张技术创新报告
- 2025年基因检测在遗传性遗传性骨骼发育不良诊断中的准确性研究报告
- 井下用电安全管理办法
- 企业员工理发管理办法
- 乡镇税收分层管理办法
- 住户登记制度管理办法
- 乌海宠物配偶管理办法
- 信息安全标准管理办法
- 2024慢性、重大疾病、肢体伤残疾病中医康复方案
- 微生物检验潜在风险试题及答案讨论
- 法务外包服务协议书
- 中学生零食消费情况调查与分析
- DB63T 2399.2-2025 公路工程施工危险源辨识指南 第2部分:路基工程
- 吉林省吉勤服务集团有限责任公司社会化招聘笔试真题2024
- GB 45189-2025氰化物安全生产管理规范
- TWAA 011-2024 WLAN工业终端性能技术要求
- 新科粤版九年级上册初中化学全册课前预习单
- 2025-2030年中国船员服务行业运营现状及投资前景规划研究报告
- 2025-2030年中国抗菌肽行业发展状况及投资前景规划研究报告
评论
0/150
提交评论