中英语言对比Chapter 5课件

Conception

and

NomenclatureLecture5(I)QuestionsfordiscussionNomenclaturemeansthenamingprocessforanentity.CanyougivesomeexamplesthatexhibitthedifferenceinconceptionandnomenclaturebetweenChineseandEnglish?红茶---blackteaCanyoutranslatethefollowingChinesewordsinEnglish? 笋，青，亩，朵，扛，挑，万，亿，旬手势： 手语：手笔： 手感：手段： 手杖：手气： 手巧：手无寸铁：手足之情：gesturesignlanguagehandwritingfeelmeanswalkingsticklucknimblefingeredbare-handedbrotherlyloveLexemegapLexicalgapreferstothefactthatnocorrespondinglexicalitemsofthesourcelanguagecanbefoundinthetargetlanguage.

differentmotivationsbehindnomenclature

differentwaysofgroupingthings

differencesamongsynonymsthingsuniquetoacultureDifferentmotivationsbehindnomenclature

Themeaningofawordisnotasingle,loneentitybutreflectstheprocessofgeneralization,astepforwardinpeople’scognition.Livingindifferentenvironmentswithdifferenthabitsandcustoms,differentnationsmayhavedifferentwaysofclassifyingthings,thatis,accordingtodifferentfamilyresemblancetheyseeinthethingstheyobserve.Thus,aconceptrepresentedbyawordinonelanguagemaynotformaconceptinanotherlanguage.Examples他手里拿着个杯子。他手里抱着个孩子。他们手挽手在河边散步。他们手拉手站成一个大圆圈。你瞧他手上戴着的那块瑞士表。君子动口不动手。Heisholdingacupinhishand.

Hehasababyinhisarms.Theywerewalkingalongtheriverhandinhand.

Theystoodtoformalargecirclearminarm.

LookattheSwisswatchonhiswrist.Agentlemanuseshistonguebutnothisfists.ObservationTheChinesewords手掌，手腕，手臂，手指allcontaintheelement手,sonaturallytheyareallconsideredpartsof手byChinese.ButinEnglisheachoftheabovehasanindependentname---palm,wrist,armandfinger,andwedon’tseeanyconnectionintheirnomenclature.MoretosaySomewordsinonelanguagemaycorrespondtophrasesintheother,astheconceptsexpressedinonecannotbesummedupinsinglewords,orlexicalized,intheother.bread---面包 night---夜晚sip---小口小口地喝 bargain---讨价还价census---人口普查 jubilee---五十周年纪念landing---两段楼梯之间的平台DifferentwaysofgroupingthingsAllpeopleliveonthesameplanetandsharemoreorlesssimilarphysicalandpsychologicaldesiresandfeelings.Asaresult,forthemostpartonecanfindwordsinanotherlanguagecorrespondingtoanyprimarywordinone’sownlanguage.Butasthereisaninfinitenumberofthingsintheworld,thingsmustbegroupedtoformclasseswhichconsistsofsimilarkindsofthingsorthingsofthesameusage.Differentstandardsandreferencesmaybeusedtoformsuchgroups,sothingsbelongingtoonegroupfromonepeople’spointofviewmaybelongtoanothergroupfromanotherpeople’spointofview.

医生：doctor内科医生： 外科医生：儿科医生： 牙科医生：皮肤科医生： 眼科医生：妇科医生： 骨科医生：烹饪：cook烤，烧，煸，煨，烙，煮，炖，熬，蒸，煲，烩，煎，炸，焗，汆，炒，溜，灼，炝，焯，熏，烘，卤，涮，摊，酱，焖，烀，炕boil(用白水煮，汤不要),parboil(煮成半熟),steam(蒸)，stew(用文火慢慢煨),bake(烤),broil(猛火烤),simmer(用文火短时间煨),barbecue(烤),fry(炸),stirfry(炒),deepfry(炸透),penfry(介于炸与煎之间),saute(爆),braise(焖),roast(烤),grill(在烤架上炙烤),smoke(熏),scald(烫)

physiciansurgeonpediatriciandentistdermatologistoculistgynecologistorthopedist笑：laugh: smile:grin: smirk:chuckle: giggle:chortle: guffaw: