自考英语本科《英美文学选读》-美国现实主义一天全掌握

RealisticPeriod现实主义时期

时间：1865-1914

1.background:theCivilWaraffectedboththesocialandthevaluesystem

(1)transformedfromanagriculturalonetoanindustrializedandcommercializedone

(2)stimulatedtechnologicaldevelopment

(3)steppedupurbanization

(4)peoplebecamedubiousaboutthehumannatureandthecharityofGod

TheGildedAge

2.AmericanRealisticPeriodandEnglishRealisticPeriod(VictorianPeriod)

commonground

(1)agreatinterestintherealitiesoflife,aimattheinterpretationoftheactualitiesofanyaspectoflife

(2)whatwasbrutalorfilthy,theopenportrayalofclassstruggle

(3)commonpeoplemostlydepicted

differences(America)

(1)nativetrendsintherealisticportrayalofthelandscapeandsocialsurfaces

(2)perfectthedialectstyle

(3)concernabout"localcolorism",auniquevariationofAmericanliteraryrealism

3.AmericanNaturalism:influencedbyDarwin'sevolutionarytheory

(1)acceptthemorenegativeimplicationsofitanduseittoexplainthebehaviorofthosecharactersinliteraryworks

(2)inheritedqualities,andhabitsconfinedbysocialforcesaredepicted

(3)theme:human"bestiality",especiallythesexualdesire

(4)unpolishedlanguage

(5)philosophically,thetruthisalwayspartiallyhiddenfromtheeyesoftheindividual,orbeyondhiscontrol

(6)materialsourcefromthelowerranksofsocietyportraymiseryandpoverty

(7)naturalismisevolvedfromrealism.Author'stoneinwritingislessseriousandsympathetic,moreironicandpessimistic

Thisnewattitudewascharacterizedbyagreatinterestintherealitiesoflife.

由于对现实生活产生了浓厚的兴趣，产生了新的创作灵感。

ThethreedominantfiguresoftheperiodareWilliamDeanHowells,MarkTwain,andHenryJames.

这一时期的三个代表作家是豪威尔斯，亨利.詹姆斯和马克.吐温。

Inshort,theysettheexampleandchartedthefuturecourseforthesubjects,themes,techniquesandstylesoffictionwestillcallmodern.

总之，他们为后来的现实文学在题材，技巧和风格上都树立了典范。

Howellsfocusedhisdiscussionontherisingmiddleclassandthewaytheylived,whileTwainpreferredtohavehisownregionandpeopleattheforefrontofhisstories.豪威尔斯讨论上升的中产阶级及其生活方式，而马克.吐温则喜欢把他自己家乡的人放在故事的最前沿。

Inaword,naturalismisevolvedfromrealismwhentheauthor’stoneinwritingbecomeslessseriousandlesssympatheticbutmoreironicandmorepessimistic.总之，自然主义产生现实主义，只是在创作上更富讽刺，更加悲观。自然主义只有另一种哲学途径的现实主义。

本章应用：

名词解释：现实主义、达尔文主义、自然主义、地方色彩主义

现实主义文学和自然主义倾向在美国19世纪小说中的反映

《哈克贝里•费恩》第三十一章：主题结构、人物刻画、语言特色

哈克的性格分析及其社会意义

《黛西•米勒》第一章：主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格

《黛西•米勒》的主题和人物分析

狄金森诗歌第441、465．585和712首的结构、主题、语言特色

达尔文主义与德莱塞作品中的自然主义倾向

《嘉丽妹妹》的最后一章节选：主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格MarkTwain马克.吐温

MarkTwain-thetruefatherofAmericanliterature

Localcolorist,vernacular,simplesentence,'thedamnedhumanrace'TheGildedAge

3boyhoodbooksLifeontheMississippi,TheAdventuresofTomSawyer,AdventuresofHuckleberryFinn

AdventuresofHuckleberryFinn,Huck'sinnerconflictaboutwhetherornotheshouldwritealettertotellMissWatsonwhereJimis.

特色&影响：

1."Thetruefatherofournationalliterature";"damnedhumanrace"

2.features:

(1)paidmoreattentiontothe"life"oftheAmericans

(2)preferredtohavehisownregionandpeopleinhisstories,i.e."localcolorism"

(3)concernedwiththelifeofasmall,well-definedregionandthelower-classpeople

(4)nostalgic怀旧的inavanishingwayoflifeandrecordersofapresentthatfadedbeforetheireyes

(5)skillfullyusedthecolloquialism口语,thelanguageissimple,direct,tagnistsspokeinvernacular,bothrealisticallyandsymbolically

(6)hishumorisremarkable,hishumorisnotonlyfunnyelementsmakingpeoplelaugh,butakindofartisticstyletocriticizethesocialinjusticeandsatirizethedecayedromanticism.

MarkTwainisconsideredas“thetruefatherofAmericannationalliterature.”马克.吐温被认为是“我们真正的民族文学之父”。

TwoofthebestbooksduringthisperiodareTheadventuresofTomSawyerandAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn.Theformerisusuallyregardedasaclassicbookwrittenforboysabouttheirparticularhorrorsandjoys,whilethelatter,beingaboy’sbookspeciallywrittenfortheadults,isTwain’smostrepresentativework,describingajourneydowntheMississippiundertakenbytwofugitives,HuckandJim.这一期间他最伟大的作品是《汤姆.索亚历险记》和《哈克贝里.芬历险记》。前者是就儿童的恐惧和高兴的事儿写的一部儿童经典。而后者虽然是儿童故事，却为大人而写。这是马克.吐温最有代表性的小说，描写两个流浪儿童哈克和吉姆沿密西西比河而下历险的旅程。

TheAdventuresofTomSawyerand,especially,itssequenceAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnprovedthemselvestobethemilestoneinAmericanliterature.

《汤姆.索亚历险记》，尤其是《哈克贝里.芬历险记》是美国文学的里程碑。

ThechildhoodofTomSawyerandHuckFinnintheMississippiisarecordofavanishedwayoflifeinthepre-CivilWarMississippivalleyandithasmovedmillionsofpeopleofdifferentagesandconditionsallovertheworld;andthebooksarenotedfortheirunpretentious,colloquialyetpoeticstyle,theirwide-ranginghumor,andtheiruniversallyshareddreamofperfectinnocenceandfreedom.汤姆.索亚和哈克.芬在密西西比河上度过的童年是内战前该条河谷生活方式的实录，感动了数以万计的各种年龄的人。书中的率直，口语化而又不失诗意的语言风格，广泛的幽默，天真和自由的梦想都是令人难忘的。

Twainisalsoknownasalocalcolorist,whopreferredtopresentsociallifethroughportraitsoflocalcharactersofhisregions,includingpeoplelivinginthatarea,thelandscape,andotherpeculiaritieslikethecustoms,dialects,costumesandsoon.

马克.吐温善于描绘地方风物，包括地方任务，风光，风俗，方言和服饰等等。

AnotherfactthatmadeTwainuniqueishismagicpowerwithlanguage,hisuseofvernacular.Hiswordsarecolloquial,concreteanddirectineffect,andhissentencestructuresaresimple,evenungrammatical,whichistypicalofthespokenlanguage.马克.吐温独特的另一个方面是他乡土气息的语言风格。他的用词口语化，具体可感，直率有力。句子结构简单，不合语法。

MarkTwain’shumorisremarkable.马克.吐温的幽默是突出的。

Twain’sworks,containingsomepracticaljokes,comicdetails,wittyremarks,etc.,andsomeofthemareactuallytalltales.

他的作品生动有趣，充盈着实用的笑话，喜剧情节，智慧的语言以及动听的故事。

Hishumorisakindofartisticstyleusedtocriticizethesocialinjusticeandsatirizethedecayedromanticism.

他的幽默是对社会不公正和沦丧的浪漫主义的讽刺和批判。

选读作品：

TheAdventureofHuckleberryFinn

哈克贝利.费恩历险记

(TheAdventureofTomSawyar)

withtheeventualvictoryofhismoralconscienceoverhissocialawareness,Huckgrows

(LifeontheMississippi;TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty;InnocentsAbroad;TheManthatCorruptedHadleyburg)

Fromwhich"allmodernAmericanliteraturecomes";themilestoneinAmericanliterature;thebooksarenotedfortheirunpretentious,colloquialyetpoeticstyle,theirwide-ranginghumor,andtheiruniversallyshareddreamofperfectinnocenceandfreedom

TheclimaxisHuck‘sinnerstruggleontheMississippi,betweenhisaffectionforJimandthelaws,finallyhefollowshisowngood-heartedmoralityratherthantheconventionalvillageone

HuckleberryFinn:atypicalAmericanboywith"asoundheartandadeformedconscience",innocentandrebel

AdventuresofHuckleberry:“Huck”,atypicalAmericancanBoywhomitscreatordescribedasaboywith“asoundheartandadeformedconscience”.ThroughtheeyesofHuck,theinnocentandreluctantrebel,weseethepre-CivilWarAmericansocietyfullyexposedandatthesametimewearedeeplyimpressedbyMarkTwain’sthematiccontrastsbetweeninnocenceandexperience,natureandculture,wildernessandcivilization.《哈克贝里.芬历险记》---该小说最精彩的形象是哈克，他是被作者称为一个“有正常心理和畸形良知”的美国男孩。通过天真又叛逆的哈克的眼睛，我们看到内战的美国社会的真正面目，同时，通过马克.吐温对比性的描写，我们还看到了率真与世故，自然与文化，野蛮与文明的对立。

Hemingwayoncedescribedthenoveltheonebookfromwhich“allmodernAmericanliteraturecomes.”TheprofoundportraitofHuckleberryFinnisanothergreatcontributionofthebooktothelegacyofAmericanliterature.《哈克贝里.芬历险记》----海明威曾把该书看作是”所有现代美国文学之源”.。哈克贝里的深刻形象是该书给美国文学做出的又一贡献。

TheclimaxariseswithHuck’sinnerstruggleontheMississippi,whenHuckispolarizedbythetwoopposingandthelawsofthesocietyagainstthosewhohelpslavesescapes哈克在密西西比河的内心争斗室小说的高潮。哈克在理想与现实，对吉姆的感情与社会反对奴隶逃跑的法律之间被抛到了巅峰。

Huck’sfinaldecision---tofollowhisowngood-heartedmoralimpulseratherthanconventionalvillagemorality.

哈克最后决定：遵循自己内心的良知，而非世俗的道德。HenryJames亨利.詹姆斯

internationaltheme小说以国际为主题,psychologicalrealistStreamofconsciousness,interiormonologue,freeassociation

DaisyMiller，thenarrator讲述着isanAmericanexpatriate移居海外,namedWinterbourne.Daisyisthemostinnocentgirl.Theclashisbetweentwodifferentcultures.

Inthefirstperiodofhis,Jamestookgreatinterestininternationalthemes.JamestreatedwithgreatcaretheclashesbetweentwodifferentculturesandtheemotionalandmoralproblemsofAmericansinEurope,orEuropeansinAmerica.Theworksinclude“TheAmerican”,“Daisymiller”,“TheEuropeans”,“ThePortraitofLady”.在詹姆斯的早期作品中，他对国际主题很感兴趣。这一时期几乎他的每一部小说都有关欧美在文化，情感和道德方面的冲突，每篇作品都处理了重要的问题。著作有《美国人》，《黛西.米勒》，《欧洲人》，《贵妇人的画像》。

Inhismiddleperiod,theworkscontain“TheBostonians”,“ThePrincessCasamassima”,andsoon.中期创作包括《波士顿人》，《卡撒玛西玛公主》等等。

Thethemeofhisessay“TheArtofFiction”clearlyindicatesthattheaimofthenovelistopresentlife.《小说的艺术》一文明确指出，小说的目的是现实生活。

Thesenovelsarealwayssetagainstalargerinternationalbackground,usuallybetweenEuropeandAmerica,andcenteredontheconfrontationofthetwodifferentcultureswithtwodifferentgroupsofpeoplerepresentingtwodifferentvaluesystems.（国际主题的小说）这些小说以国际，主要是欧美为大背景，集中表现两种人群的两种价值观在两种文化制度中的冲突。

WhileMarkTwainandWilliamDeanHowellssatirizedEuropeanmannersattimes,HenryJameswasanadmirerofancientEuropeancivilization.马克.吐温和豪威尔斯不时的讽刺欧洲传统，而詹姆斯却羡慕欧洲文明。

1.ThefirstAmericanwritertoconceivehiscareerininternationalterms

2.evaluation:influencedbyFreud,pioneerof"stream-of-consciousness",founderofpsychologicalrealism;laidagreateremphasisonthe“innerworld”ofman;

3.ThePortraitofALadyisgenerallyconsideredtobehismasterpiece;

4.highlyrefinedandinsightful

Theartistshouldbeableto“feel”thelife,tounderstandhumannature,andthentorecordtheminhisownartform.艺术家应能够“感受”生活，理解人性，然后忠实地将这些录入作品。

James’srealismischaracterizedbyhispsychologicalapproachtohissubjectmatter.詹姆斯的现实主义还具有分析方法的倾向。

OneofJames’sliterarytechniquesinnovatedtocaterforthispsychologicalemphasisishisnarrative“pointofview”.詹姆斯文学创作技巧的一个方面就是强调这种心理分析，以叙述着的视角为线索。

Astohislanguage,Jamesisnotsoeasytounderstand.Heisoftenhighlyrefinedandinsightful.詹姆斯的文学语言不易读懂。

DaisyMiller苔瑟.米勒

DaisyMiller–theAmericanGirlinEurope,embodythespiritoftheNewWorld

narrator:FrederickWinterbourne

DaisyMiller:Freedomanindividuality,innocent,aprettyAmericanFlirt

“DaisyMiller”:MillerhaseversincebecometheAmericanGirlinEurope,acelebratedculturaltypewhoembodiesthespiritoftheNewWorld.《黛西.米勒》---黛西.米勒从此成为在欧洲的美国姑娘的形象，是美国精神的代表。迪金森EmilyDickinson

诗歌主题Basedonherownexperiences,hersorrowsandjoys

狄金森的诗都是根据自己的经历和悲欢而创作的。

1.worksfeatures:

(1)sheusesaparticularrhymepattern,usesdashesandcapticallettersasameansofemphasis

(2)simplicityandplainness

(3)focusonasingleimageorsymbol

(4)poemsarepersonalandmeditative

(5)personification

2.idea:skepticalabouttherelationshipbetweenmanandnature,concernsreligion,death,immortality,love,nature

3.Shecalledthisstreamoftiny,aphoristicpoemsacontinuousfragmented“lettertotheworld,”awaytobridgeherprivateworldwiththepublic

4.herpoetrydespiteitsostensibleformalsimplicity,isremarkableforitsvariety,subtletyandrichness

选读作品：

1ThisismylettertotheWorld

这是我给世界写的信Anxietyaboutcommunicationwiththeoutsideworld;

2IheardaFlybuzz–WhenIdied

我死时听到苍蝇的嗡嗡声Adescriptionofthemomentofdeath;3IliketoseeitlaptheMiles

我喜欢看见它拍击许多英里Animalizingtrainaspartofnature;

4BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath

因为我不能停下来等待死神

Personifiesdeathandimmorality,threestagesoflife:youth,matureperiod,endoflife

WithinherlittlelyricsDickinsonaddressesthoseissuesthatconcernthewholehumanbeings,whichincludereligion,death,immortality,love,andnature.Insomeofherpoemsshewroteaboutherdoubleandbeliefaboutreligioussubjects.

在她的短篇抒情诗里所涉及到的问题却是有关人类的，包括宗教，死亡，不朽，爱情和自然。她的一些诗还怀疑宗教信仰。

AlthoughshebelievedinGod,shesometimesdoubtedHisbenevolence.CloselyrelatedtoDickinson’sreligiouspoetryareherpoemsconcerningdeathandimmortality,rangingoverthephysicalaswellasthepsychologicalandemotionalaspectsofdeath.

虽然她相信上帝但有时却怀疑它的善。狄金森与宗教有关的诗是关于死亡和不朽，包括身体，心理和情感三个方面。

Onegroupofherlovepoemsareclearlythereflectionofherownunhappyexperience.

她的一组爱情诗明确地反映了她自己不幸的经历。

MorethanfivehundredpoemsDickinsonwroteareaboutnature,inwhichhergeneralskepticismabouttherelationshipbetweenmanandnatureiswell-expressed.狄金森有500多首诗是关于自然的，诗中表达了作者对人与自然关系得怀疑。

heracuteobservations,herconcernforprecisedetailsandherinterestinnaturearepervasive.

她对自然的观察敏锐，描写细致，兴趣丰饶。

Herpoemshavenotitles,hencearealwaysquotedbytheirfirstlines.Inherpoetrythereisaparticularstresspattern.eg.Capitallettersasameansofemphasis.Theformofherpoetryismoreorlesslikethatofthehymnsincommunitychurches,familiar,communal,andsometimes,irregular.

她的诗大多无题，常以首句引用，诗中节奏特别，例如用大写表示强调。她的诗形式上多少有点像教堂的圣歌，不讲规则，为人喜闻乐见。

Herpoeticidiomisnotedforitslaconicbrevity,directnessandplainness.

她用词简洁，直率，平易。

Dickinson’spoetry,despiteitsostensibleformalsimplicity,isremarkableforitsvariety,subtletyandrichness.

狄金森的诗虽然表面浅显，但内容多样化，微妙而又深刻。TheodoreDreiser西奥多.德莱塞

America'sliterarynaturalistsCasehistoryincludingeverythingDeterminism(hereditybiological&environment),survivalofthefittest,thejunglelawTrilogyofDesire-TheFinancier,TheTitan,TheStoic，SisterCarrie，'whoshallcastthefirststone?'

In1911,JennieGerhardtcameout,followedbytwovolumesofhis“TrilogyofDesire”,TheFinancierandTheTitan,thethird,TheStoic,beingpublishedposthumouslyin1947.1911年，JennieGerhardt出版，随后他的《欲望》三部曲头两部《金融家》，《巨头》相继出版，第三部《斯多葛》是死后出版。

作家特色：

1.idea:naturalist

(1)heredityandenvironmentaretheforcesdeterminingman‘sdestiny,underwhatlifewasironic,eventragic

(2)humanbeings'lifewastrappedinto‘awelterofinscrutableforces‘

(3)Darwin'sideaof"survivalofthefittest"isembodiedas"killortobekilled"inDreiser‘sworks

(4)explaintheinsignificanceoflifeandattacktheconventionalmoralstandards

(5)materialismisthecore.manhasameaningless,endlesssearchforsatisfactionofhisdesires,desiresformoney

(6)sexisanotherhumandesiresexualbeautysymbolizesthesocialstatus

2.features:

lackofconcision,moreinclusiveandlessselective

Inhiswords,manisa“victimofforcesoverwhichhehasnocontrol”.

用他的话来说，人类是“各种力量交织在一起得受害者，这些力量人类是无法控制的”。

FromthefirstnovelSisterCarrieon,DreisersethimselftoprojecttheAmericanvaluesforwhathehadfoundthemtobe---materialistictothecore.

在第一部小说《嘉莉妹妹》出版过后，德莱塞一直把美国的价值观推向彻底的物质享受主义。

Forlackofconcision,hiswritingsappearmoreinclusiveandlessselective,andthereadersaresometimesburdenedwithmassivedetaileddescriptionsofcharactersandevents

.由于不够简洁，他的作品包容有余，选择不足。读者深受他冗繁的描写之累。

Hisstyleisnotpolishedbutveryseriousandwellcalculatedtoachievethethematicendshesough.

他的写作风格虽显粗糙，但内容严肃，与表现主题十分相符。

选读：SisterCarrie嘉莉妹妹

ProjecttheAmericanvalue–materialistic;

Thethemeofthebook:

SisterCarriebestembodiesDreiser’snaturalisticbeliefthatmenarecontrolledandconditionedbyheredity,environmentandchance,butafewextraordinaryandunsophisticatedhumanbeingsrefusetoaccepttheirfatewordlesslyandinsteadstrive,unsuccessfully,tofindmeaningandpurposefortheirexistence.Carrie,asoneofsuch,sensesthatsheismerelyacipherinanuncaringworldyetseekstograspthemysteriesoflifeandtherebysatisfiesherdesiresforsocialstatusandmaterialcomfort.InSisterCarrie,Dreiserexpressedhisnaturalisticpursuitbyexpoundingthepurposelessnessoflifeandimpotenceofmen.AMERICANLITERATURE

Chapter2TheRealisticPeriod

I.Choosetherightanswer:

1.EmilyDickinsonwassometimescuriousaboutthefeelingofspeechofdeathandinoneofherpoemsshewroteaboutthe______ofdeath,thetitleofthepoemis"IheardaFlybuzzwhenIdied".

A.moment

B.suffering

C.happiness

D.meaning

Answer:A(P518)

2.TheodoreDreiserbelongedtotheschoolofliterary______whichemphasizedheredityandenvironmentasimportantdeterministicforcesshapingindividualizedcharacterswhowerepresentedinspecialanddetailedcircumstances.

A.naturalism

B.realism

C.determinism

D.humanism

Answer:A(P524)

3.MorethanfivehundredpoemsthatDickinsonwroteareaboutnature,inwhichhergeneral_____abouttherelationshipbetweenmanandnatureiswellexpressed.

A.scepticism

B.eulogy

C.happiness

D.denial

Answer:A(P518)

4."ThisismylettertotheWorld"isapoemexpressingEmilyDickinson’s_____abouthercommunicationwiththeoutsideworld.

A.happiness

B.anger

C.anxiety

D.sorrow

Answer:C(P520)

5.Thoughsecludedherselfinherownhouse,EmilyDickinsonwasneverreallyindifferentoftheoutsideworld,ascouldbeseeninherpoemssuchas"IliketoseeitlaptheMiles",whichdescribesa(n)______,anembodimentofmoderncivilization.

A.snake

B.animal

C.theroad

D.train

Answer:D(P521)

6.After"TheAdventureofTomSawyer",TwaingivesaliteraryindependencetoTom’sbuddyHuckinabookcalled_____,andthebookfromwhich"allmodernAmericanliteraturecomes".

A.LifeontheMississippiRiver

B.TheGildedAge

C.AdventuresofHuckleberryFinn

D.TheSunAlsoRises

Answer:C(P479---480)

7.Winterbourneisusedasa______inHenryJames’s"DaisyMiller".

A.Protagonist

B.Narratoroftheevents

C.Acharacterofcentralconsciousness

D.Persona

Answer:C(P499)

8.EmilyDickinson’sverseismostaptlycharacterizedas___________.

A.exposingtheevilsofthesociety

B.pavingthewayforthefollowinggenerationoffreeversepoets

C.sharingthesamepoeticconventionsasWaltWhitman

D.exhibitingsensitivenesstothesymbolicimplicationsofexperience,suchaslove,death,immortalityandetc.

Answer:D(P518)

9.Theauthorof"ThePortraitofaLady"isbestat_______.

A.probingintotheunsearchedsecretpartofhumanlife

B.atruthfuldelineationofthemotives,theimpulses,theprinciplesthatshapethelivesofactualmenandwomen.

C.adramatizingthecollisionsbetweentwoverydifferentculturalsystemsonaninternationalscene

D.disclosingthesocialinjusticesandevilsofacivilizedsocietyaftertheCivilWar.

Answer:C(P496)

10.Theperiodrangingfrom1865to1914hasbeenreferredtoas_____________.

A.theAgeofRealism

B.theAgeofModernism

C.theAgeofRomanticism

D.theAgeofColonicalism

Answer:A(P471)

11.Whoexertsthesimplemostimportantinfluenceonliterarynaturalism?

A.Emerson

B.JackLondon

C.TheodoreDreiser

D.Darwin

Answer:D(P475)

12.OneofthemostfamiliarthemesinAmericannaturalismisthethemeofhuman"______".

A.bestiality

B.goodness

C.compassion

D.greed

Answer:A(P476)

13.______isconsideredbyH.L.Menckenas"thetruefatherofournationalliterature."

A.Hemingway

B.Poe

C.Irving

D.Twain

Answer:D(P477)

14.MarkTwainwrotemostofhisliteraryworkswitha_______language.

A.grand

B.pompous

C.simple

D.vernacular

Answer:D(P481)

15.HenryJames’sfamegenerallyrestsuponhisnovelsandstorieswith________.

A.internationaltheme

B.nationaltheme

C.Europeantheme

D.Regionaltheme

Answer:A(P497)

16.Inthefollowingwriters,whoisgenerallyregardedastheforerunnerofthe20thcentury"Stream-of-consciousness"novelsandthefounderofpsychologicalrealism______________.

A.HenryJames

B.MarkTwain

C.EmilyDickenson

D.TheodoreDreiser

Answer:A(P498)

17.InHenryJames’"DaisyMiller",theauthortriestoportraytheyoungwomanasanembodimentof___________.

A.thecorruptionofthenewlyrich

B.thefreespiritoftheNewWorld

C.thedeclineofaristocracy

D.theforceofconvention

Answer:B(P499)

18.WhichofthefollowingisNOTausualsubjectofpoeticexpressionofEmilyDickinson’s?

A.Warandpeace

B.Loveandmarriage

C.Lifeanddeath

D.Religion

Answer:A(P517)

19.Thefollowingtitlesareallrelatedtothesubjectthatescapesfromthesocietyandreturnstonatureexcept__________.

A.Dreiser’sSisterCarrie

B.Copper’sLeather-StockingTales

C.Thoreau’sWalden

D.MarkTwain’sTheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn

Answer:A(P401/P526)

20.ThegreatestworkwrittenbyTheodoreDreiseris__________.

A.SisterCarrie

B.AnAmericanTragedy

C.TheFinancier

D.TheTitan

Answer:B(P525)

21.CloselyrelatedtoEmilyDickinson’sreligiouspoetryareherpoemsconcerning___________.

A.Childhood

B.Youthandhappiness

C.Loneliness

D.Deathandimmortality

Answer:D(518)

22.WithHowells,James,andMarkTwainactiveontheliteraryscene,_________becamethemajortrendinAmericanliteratureintheseventiesandeightiesofthe19thcentury.

A.sentimentalism

B.romanticism

C.realism

D.naturalism

Answer:C(P474)

II.Readthequotedpartandanswerthequestions:

1."Itwasacloseplace.Itookitup,andhelditinmyhand.Iwasatrembling,becauseI’dgottodecide,forever,betwixttowthings,andIknowedit.Istudiedaminute,sortofholdingmybreath,andthensaystomyself:

"Allright,then,I’llgotohell"----andtoreitup.

Itwasawfulthoughts,andawfulwords,buttheywassaid.AndIletthemstaysaid;andneverthoughnomoreaboutreforming."

1)Whowasthe"I",whichbookwasthepassagetakenfrom?Andbywhom?

2)Whydidhethink"itwasawfulthought"?Analyzeit.

3)Analyzethecharacteristicofthehero.

Answer:

1)ThecharacterisHuckleberryFinn,thepassageistakenfrom"AdventuresofHuckleberryFinn"byMarkTwain.(P489)

2)ItistheclimaxoftheHuck’sinnerstruggleontheMississippi,whenHuckisconflictingwhetherornotheshouldwritealettertotellMissWatsonwhereJimis,andheispolarizing/contradictingbythetwoopposingforcesbetweenhisheartandhishead,betweenhisaffectionforJimandthelawsofthesocietyagainstthosewhohelpslavesescape.Huck’sfinaldecision-tofollowhisowngoodheartedmoralimpulseratherthanconventionalvillagemorality.DuringhisthinkingHuckthinksoftheconsequenceofhelpingJim(therunawayslave),hemightgotohell,"itwasawfulthought",withtheeventualvictoryofhismoralconscienceoverhissocialawareness,Huckgrows.(P480)

3)Huckisaninnocentandreluctantrebel,atypicalAmericanBoywitha"soundheartanddeformedconscience".ThroughtheeyesofHuck,thePre-CivilWarAmericansocietyisfullyexposedandwearedeeplyimpressedbyMarkTwain’sthematiccontrastsbetweeninnocenceandexperience,natureandculture,wildnessandcivilization.(P483)

2."Ishouldthinkitmightbearranged,"Winterbournewasthusemboldenedtoreply."Couldn’tyougetsomeonetostay----fortheafternoon---withRandolph?"

MissMillerlookedathimamoment;andthenwithallserenity,"Iwishyou’dstaywithhim!"shesaid.

Questions:

1)Pleaseidentifytheworkandtheauthor.

2)PleaseanalyzethecharacterofDaisyMillerinliterature.

参考答案:

1)ItistakenfromHenryJames’s"DaisyMiller".(P513)

2)SheistheAmericanGirlinEurope,acelebratedtypewhoembodiesthespiritoftheNewWorld.However,innocence,thekeynoteofhercharacter,turnsouttobeanadmiringbutadangerousqualityandherdefianceofsocialtaboosintheOldWorldfinallybringshertoadisasterintheclashbetweentwodifferentcultures.(P499-500)

3."WepassedtheSchool,whereChildrenstrove

AtRecess---intheRing---

WepassedtheFieldsofGazingGrain----

WepassedtheSettingSun---”

Questions:

1)Pleaseidentifythepoemandthepoet;

2)Whatdoes"theSchool,theFieldsofGazingGrainandtheSettingSun"standsfor?

Answers:

1)Thelinesarefrom"BecauseIcouldnotstopfroDeath",EmilyDickinson.(P523)

2)Itstandsforthreestagesoflife:theSchool----youth;

theFieldsofGazingGrain----matureperiod;

theSettingSun------endoflife.(P523)

4."TheEyesaround---hadwrungthemdry---

Andbreathsweregatheringfirm

ForthatlastOnset----whentheKing

Bewitnessed---intheRoom----"

Questions:

1)Whatisthemeaningofthefirstline?

2)Whatdoes"theKing"referto?

3)Whatideadoesthepoemfromwhichthisstanzaistakenexpress?

Answers:

1)Itmeanstherelativesandfriendshadcriedandcriedsothattherewerenotearsanymore.(P521)

2)"TheKing"referstotheGodofdeath.(P521)

3)Thepoemexpressesthattheauthorevenimaginedherowndeath,thelossofherownbody,andthejourneyofhersoultotheunknown.(P518)

III.Questionsandanswers:

1.WhatarethemainideasofRealistsofAmerica?

Answer:

TheharshlifeanddisillusionfromthedarkmemoriesoftheCivilWarmadethenationdisliketheromance,thenewgenerationofwriterscameupwithnewinspirations:

1)Theywereinterestedintherealitiesoflife.Itaimedattheinterpretationoftheactualityofanyaspectoflife;

2)People’sattentionwasnowdirectedtheinterestingfeatures/thingsofeverydayexistence/things-somethingbrutal,sordid/mean,classstruggleetc.

3)Theauthorsintroducedcommonpeoplesuchas:industrialworkersandfarmers,ambitiousbusinessmen,vagrants,prostitutes/streetgirls,andunheroicsoldiersinfiction;

4)Americanwritersdisplayednativetrendsinportrayalofthelandscapeadsocialsurfacerealistically;

5)Theyformedperfectvernacularstyleinlanguage;

6)Someauthorsexploredandexploited/usedtheliterarypossibilitiesoftheinteriorlife/psychology,suchasHenryJames;

7)Therepresentativeswere:MarkTwain,HenryJames,WilliamDeanHowells;

Inshort,theysettheexampleandpicturedthefuturecourseforthemodernism.(inthesubject,themes,techniques,andstylesoffiction)

(P472---474)

2.TakeexamplestoanalyzethestyleandthemeofMarkTwain.

Answer:

MarkTwainisagreatliteraryofAmerica,H.L.Menckenconsideredhim"thetruefatherofournationalliterature".

1)Twain’sworkslike"AdventureofHuckleberryFinn"and"LifeontheMississippi"shapedtheviewsofAmericaandcombinedAmericanfolkhumorandseriousliteraturetogether;

2)"TheadventuresofTomSawye