英美文学重点作者汇总

早期和中世纪的英国文学GeoffreyChaucerii简介：GeoffreyChauceristhefounderofEnglishpoetryandaforerunnerofhumanism.HewasregardedasthefounderofEnglishrealism.代表作：TroilusandCriseyde《特洛伊斯洛与克瑞西达》（改变于意大利）；TheCanterburyTales《坎特伯雷故事集》（包括：ThePrologue"《总序》；TheWifeofBath”《巴斯妇人》）。TheCanterburyTales《坎特伯雷故事集》的影响：①Itshowsatrue-to-lifepictureofChaucer'time.（之所以说乔叟是Thefounderofrealism，是因为早期英国文学歌颂英雄（Anglo-Saxonpoetry），中期英国文学歌颂骑士精神（TheRomanee），之后虽然有了pierstheplowman,也不曾直接写社会不公，直到乔叟真实描写中世纪及各层人民。）②Takingfromthestandofrisingbourgeoisie,ChauceraffirmsmenandopposesthedogmaofasceticismpreachedbytheChurch.③Histalesexposeandsatirizetheevilsofhistime,attackdegenerationofthenoble,thecorruptionoftheChurch.语言特色/贡献：①HeisthefirstgreatpoetwhowroteintheEnglishlanguage.②HeintroducedfromFrancetherhymedstanzaofvarioustypes,especiallytheHeroiccouplettoEnglishpoetry.③Heisgoodattheterzarima,whichmakeshislanguageahighstyle.ThomasMoreii简介：ThomasMoreisanEnglishhumanismchurchman.代表作：Utopia《乌托邦》。评价：①Moredaredtofightagainstthefeudalismrulerandhewasahumanist.②But,hewasnorevolutionaryinthesenseofwishingtoarousethepeopleortostartanyrevolutionarymovement.③Thesystemofbondsmensuggestedtosolvetheproblemofsocialproductivitystillremainsthefeaturesofclassexploitation.④Hecouldneverfindthemeansbywhichsocialismcouldberealized.FrancisBacon简介：HeisthefounderofEnglishmaterialistphilosophy,thefirstEnglishessayistandthefounderofEnglishModernScienee.Heistheonewhointroducedessay,theliteraryform,toEngland.代表作：AdvancementofLearning《学问的演进》；NewInstrument《新工具》；TheEssays《随笔》（58篇）OfStudies”《论学习》；OfBeauty”《论美》；OfWisdomforaMan'Self”《论自私》。OfStudies”《论学习》：Itsmessageisconveyedwithsweepingeffectandoverwhelmingpower,whichlieintheunityofthemessageandtheconsisteneeofforcefulargumentations.内容：Thetextfocusesononecontrollingideastudiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.”OfBeauty”《论美》：Unlikemanyofhiscontemporaries,Baconmakesfulluseofsomeageravocabularytoexplicatehisgreattheme:thecriterionofbeauty.Hemakesaconclusionthatonlythebeautyofvirtuecan§hine”eternally,beyondtimeandspace.主题/技法：Bacon'essaywritingisclassifiedintoClassicEssay.Theclassicessayisascomprehensiveinsubjectmattersandstylesasinallclassicliterature.Insubjects,theclassicessaydealswithavarietyofthemes:philosophy,literarycriticism,arts,politics,history,socialproblems,travelsandotheraspectsoflife.Instyle,Baconisweightandhighlysententious.Manyofhissentenceshavebecomewiseoldsayings.EdmundSpenser简介：EdmundSpenserwasrecognizedasthePoet'spoet”.代表作：TheShepherd'sCalendar《牧羊人日历》；Epithalamion《结婚曲》；Amoritti《爱情小唱》；TheFaerieQueene《仙后》。TheSpenserianStanza:Itreferstoanine-line-stanzawiththefollowingrhymescheme:ababbcbcc.Thefirsteightlinesarewritteniniambicpentameter.Theninthlineiswritteniniambichexameterwhichiscalledanalexandrine.TheFaerieQueene《仙后》：①Alongpoemplannedin12books,ofwhichhefinishedonlysix.②ItissetinthemythicalworldofKingArthurandhisknights.③theme:Nationalism,HumanismandPuritanism.地位：①ThepublicationofTheShepherd'CalendarmarkedthebuddingoftheRenaissaneeflowerinthenorthernislandofEngland（lreland）.②ThelanguagehadchangedintoModernEnglishdistinguishedfromtheMiddleEnglishofChaucer'sday.Spenseristhefirstmastertomakethatlanguagethenaturalmusicofhispoeticeffusions.③HeinventedtheSpenserianstanza,whichbecameapopularverseforminthehistoricaldevelopmentofEnglishpoetry.ChristopherMarloweii简介：ChristopherMarlowewasthemostpreeminentfigureamongthe“universitywits”,aswellasthegreatestplaywrightbeforetheriseofShakespeare.代表作：Tamburlaine《帖木儿大帝》（对权力的贪婪）；TheJewofMalta《马耳他的犹太人》（对金钱的贪欲）；DoctorFaustus《浮士德博士》。DoctorFaustus《浮士德博士》：Theplaydealswiththemesincludingsin,redemption,anddamnation.ThechieffeatureofFaustus'scharacterisaninsatiablethirstforknowledge.ThetragedyofDoctorFaustusischaracteristicofahumanistintheageofRenaissance.社会意义：①Marlowe'playsshowthespiritoftherisingbourgeoisie.Theheroesofhisplaysaretypicalimagesoftheeraoftheprimitiveaccumulationofcapital.②ThethemeofMarlowe'playsisthepraiseofindividualityfreedfromtherestraintsofmedievaldogmasandlaw.③However,theheroesinMarlowe'splaysaremerelyindividualists.Theirindividualisticambitionoftenbringsruintotheworldandsometimestothemselves.文学成就：①MarlowewasthegreatestofthepioneersofEnglishdrama.HereformedtheEnglishdramaandperfectedthelanguageandverseofdramaticworks.②HefirstmadeblankversetheprincipalinstrumentofEnglishdrama.③Althoughhisplayslackofvarietyincharacterizationandconstruction,hewasfamousforhis“mightyline”.WilliamShakespeare简介：Shakespeareisthemostremarkableplaywrightandpoetallovertheworld.戏剧分期：①1590-1594初期，实验各种戏剧类型。早期人物塑造不够丰满，历史精确性不够，以诗剧为主要形式却无法摆脱押韵诗的死板僵硬。HenryVI《亨利六世》；RichardIll《理查德三世》；TheComedyofErrors《错中错》；TheTamingoftheShrew《驯悍记》；Love'sLabour'Lost«爱的徒劳》；RomeoandJuliet《罗密欧与朱丽叶》。②1595-1600成熟期，史剧、十四行诗都很成熟。总体上积极向上但已有了些许苦痛，人物成熟饱满，史料丰富，采用马洛的无韵诗写法。RichardII《理查德二世》；HenryIV《亨利四世》；HenryV《亨利五世》；TheMerryWivesofWindsor《温莎的风流娘们》；JuliusCaesar《朱利尤斯•凯撒》；伟大喜剧"GreatComedies”AMidsummerNight'Dream《仲夏夜之梦》，TheMerchantofVenice《威尼斯商人》；AsYouLikeit《皆大欢喜》；TwelfthNight《第十二夜》。③1601-1607伟大悲剧时期，由于社会剧变，作品悲观。All'sWellThatEndsWell《终成眷属》；MeasureforMeasure《一报还一报》；AntonyandCleopatra《安东尼和克里奥佩特拉》；伟大悲剧"GreatTragedies”Hamlet《哈姆莱特》；Othello《奥赛罗》；KingLear《李尔王》；Macbeth《麦克白》。④传奇剧时代。Cymbeline《辛白林》；TheWinter'Tale《冬天的童话》；TheTempest《暴风雨》；HenryVIII《亨利八世》。⑤诗歌：VenusandAdonis《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》；TheRapeofLucrece《鲁克丽丝受辱记》；Sonnets《十四行诗集》。BenJonson简介：BenJonsonwasoneoftheleadingdramatistsoftheRenaissanceperiod.代表作：EveryManinHisHumour《个性互异》；Volpone,ortheFox《福尔蓬奈》（或《狐狸》）；TheAlchemist《炼金术士》；BartholomewFair《巴梭罗缪市集》。作品特点：①Jonson'scomediesarecomediesofhumours”.Hisportrayalofcharactersisone-sided,flat,andlackingdevelopmentinsteadofbeingroundandflexible.②Jonsontookafirmstandforthethreeunities”（time,placeandaction）andstronglydisapprovedofamixtureofseriousandcomicepisodesinaplay.③Headvocatesatruthfulandrealisticdescriptionoflifeandpeople.HewasaforerunnerofclassicisminEnglishliterature.三、英国资产阶级革命时期JohnMilton简介：JohnMiltonisthethirdgreatestEnglishpoetafterChaucerandShakespeare.早期写诗歌，中期写宣传册，晚期写史诗。代表作：Lycidas”《利西达斯》（悼亡诗）；OnhisDeceasedWife"《致亡妻》；Areopagirica《论岀版自由》；DefeneeoftheEnglishPeople《为英国人民辩护》（查理二世雇人写文章讨伐英国人民，因为当年他们支持处死查理一世，米尔顿写此文为英国人民辩护。）；ParadiseLost《失乐园》；ParadiseRegained《复乐园》；SamsonAgonistes《力士参孙》。ParadiseLost《失乐园》：概况：Paradiselost,consistingof12books,naturallydividesintothreeequalpartsoffourbookseach.ThestoriesweretakenfromtheOldTestamentandwritteninblankverse.InthisworkMiltontriedtoanswertheoldquestionchallengingallChristians,namely:ifGodisall-goodandall-powerful,whyistheresomuchsufferingandevilinthisworld?主题：Therearethreestrikingaspectsofhisintentioncanbefeltinthisepic:hisfaithinGod,hisinclinationforclassicism,andhisyearningforreformationandfreedom.人物：①Satan,thoughdefeated,stillsoughtrevenge,isthemoststrikingcharacterinthepoem.Thoughfeeblerinforce,heremainssuperiorinnobility,sinceheprefersindependencetohappyservility.SatanisthespiritofquestioningtheauthorityofGod.②InthepoemGodisnobetterthanaselfishdespot,seateduponathronewithachorusofangelsabouthimeternallysinginghispraises.However,wecannevertakeitforgrantedthatMiltonisattackingGod.TheGodMiltoncursedwas,infact,nottheChristianProvideneebutameresymbolforanythinghebelievedtobebadorimmoral.③AdamandEveembodyMilton'beliefinthepowersofman.贡献/技法：①Miltonwaspoliticalinbothhislifeandhisart.②HewrotethegreatestepicinEnglishliterature.HeandShakespearehavealwaysbeenregardedastwopatternsofEnglishverse.③Heisamasteroftheblankverse.Hefirstusedblankverseinnon-dramaticworks.④Heisagreatstylist.Heisfamousforhisgrandstyle.（a）.Hisstyleischaracterizedwiththeepicelementsinit.（b）.Healwaysinversethewordorder.（c）.Hiswritingiscircumlocution（累赘的陈述）.（d）.Hisuseofimmenselylongsentencesandtheepanalepsis（语句间隔反复）⑤Hehasalwaysbeenadmiredforhissublimityofthoughtandmajestyofexpression.四、十八世纪英国文学（思想启蒙时期）AlexanderPope简介：AlexanderPopewasknownasrepresentativeoftheEnlightenment.HeisoneofthefirsttointroducerationalismintoEngland.Hebelievedinthenecessityofuniversaleducation,especiallythatofsocialmorality,classiccultureandscientificknowledge.Healsoassumedtheroleofchampionoftraditionalcivilization.（为什么说他是启蒙运动的代表）。代表作：EssayonCriticism《论批评》（用英雄双韵体作）；TheRapeoftheLock《卷发遇劫记》；TheDunciad《群愚史记》；EssayonMan《人论》（启蒙主义重要的作品）。成就/局限性：①PopewasanoutstandingenlightenerandthegreatestEnglishpoetoftheclassicalschoolinthefirsthalfofthe18thcentury.Heusuallywritesintheformofheroiccouplets.②Hisstyleisdirectandcompact.③Hewasathisbestinsatireandepigram.Almostallhisworksaresatires.Heisgoodatsayingbrilliantandtruethingsinasparklingway.Buthelackedthelyricalgift.DanielDefoe（赏析）iiDesertIslandFiction:isaformoffictioninwhicharemoteanduncivilizedislandisusedasthevenueofthestoryandaction.Usuallyitcanbeplacedrightoutsidethereal"worldandmaybeanimageoftheideal,unspoiledorprimitiveexistenee,foritisoftenpresentedasanexampleofinnergoodness,bravery,dignityandnobility,oradolescentinnocenceandpurityuncorruptedbytheevilforceineivilization.写作技巧：Defoewroteinaplainfactual,almostdocumentarystylewithoutelaborate,romanticextravagancesandencouragedthedevelopmentofrealisticfiction.Hisvocabularyiscolloquial,uncolouredandfree-running,butfirmandconcrete.Thefirst-personnarrationisvivid,authenticandimpressivewithunadornedrealism.Defoecreates,withnosighofdeliberateintent,therealisticfiction——thedominantliteraryformforthefollowingcenturies.内容：HereDefoedescribeshowthehero,afteryearsofsolitudeandhardships,managedtoconstructforhimselfahabitableandevenprosperoussettlementbyhisunaidedeffort.殖民主义表现：ActuallyCrusoedidmorethanmeresurvival,forheestablishedaplantation,openedupacolony,andcreatedevenacivilizationinthewilderness.人物精神：DefoepresentshereinCrusoeaheroicimageofthebourgeoisman,amanwhoisdaring,persistent,resourcefulandambitious,adventurous,enterprisingaswell;amanwhorichlyrepresentsthespiritofcapitalism.赞颂了：Theadventureromaneebecomesanoptimisticsongofhumanity,singingofman'abilitytosurvive,hiscouragetostruggleagainstnature,hisambitiontoconquernewland.HenryFielding简介：HenryFieldingisthefounderoftheEnglishrealisticschoolinliteraturewithSamuelRichardson.代表作：JosephAndrews《约瑟夫•安德鲁》；JonathanWild《大伟人乔纳森•魏尔德》；TomJones《汤姆•琼斯》。特点：①FieldingisthefounderoftheEnglishrealisticnovelandsetsupthetheoryofrealisminliterarycreation.②Fielding'wayintellingthestoryofanovelisthestorymaybetoldbytheauthor.③Fielding'wayofsatireistoslashtheevilsofthecorruptrulingclassesasinJonathanWild.JonathanSwift简介：JonathanSwiftwasanIrishsatirist,essayist,poetandpoliticalpamphleteer.代表作：TheBattleoftheBooks《书战》；ATaleofaTub《一个木桶的故事》；BickerstaffAlmanac《比克斯塔辅历书》；Gulliver'Travels《格列夫游记》；TheDrapier'Letters《一个麻布商的来信》；AModestProposal《一个小小的建议》。风格：①SwiftisoneofthegreatestmastersofEnglishprose.Hislanguageissimple,clearandvigorous.Hesaid,Properwordsinproperplaces,makesthetruedefinitionofastyle.”②Heisamastersatiristandhisironyisdeadly.WilliamBlake（前浪漫主义诗人）简介：WilliamBlakeisaBritishpoet,painterandengraver.代表作：SongsofInnocence《天真之歌》；SongsofExperienee《经验之歌》；TheMarriageofHeavenandHell《天堂与地狱的婚姻》。地位：①ThewholetemperofBlake'geniuswasessentiallyopposedtotheclassicaltraditionofthatage.②Hislyricpoetrydisplaysthecharacteristicsoftheromanticspirit.③Blake'revolutionarypassioncamenearthatofShelly.五、英国浪漫主义时期浪漫主义时期的主要特点：时间：Attheturnofthe18thand19thcenturies,romanticismappearedinEnglandasanewtrendinliterature.ItroseandgrewundertheimpetusoftheIndustrialRevolutionandFrenchRevolution.①TheRomanticPeriodisoneofpoeticalrevival.Itisaperiodofpoetry.Emotion,imaginationandintuitionofhumankindarewhattheromanticistsemphasizeintheirworks.②Thegeneralfeatureoftheworksoftheromanticistsisthedissatisfactionwiththebourgeoissociety.③Theypaymoreattentiontothespiritualandemotionallifeofman.Natureplaysanimportantroleintheirworks.WilliamWordsworth（湖畔诗人，消极浪漫主义诗人，早期浪漫主义诗人）简介：TherepresentativeofthepassiveRomanticpoets,whoexpressedthedeepestaspirationsofEnglishRomanticism.Hehasinnovatedthetraditionalformofballad.HeandColeridgejointlypublishedtheLyricalBallads《抒情歌谣集》in1798.TheprefacetotheLyricalBallads:（诗歌创作原贝U）①Wordsworthbasedhisownpoeticalprincipleonthepremisethatallgoodpoetryisthespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeeling”.Heappealedtoindividualsensationasthefoundationinthecreationandappreciationofpoetry.②Poetrytakesitsoriginfromemotionrecollectedintranquility”.③诗歌要用普通人的语言写普通生活中的普通事。代表作："TotheCuckoo"《致杜鹃》；"lWanderedLonelyasaCloud”《我如行云独自游》；"SheDweltamongtheUntroddenWays”《独自幽居》（LucyPoems中的一首）；“ITravelledamongUnknownMen”《我曾在海外的异乡漫游》。写作手法/特色:simplicityandpurityofhislanguage;Histhemeisbacktonature"whichisoriginatedfromhisdissatisfactionwiththesocialrealityundercapitalism;Nearlyallofhisgoodpoetrywaswrittenduringthefirstdecadeofhisliterarycareer.SamuelTaylorColeridge简介：SamuelTaylorColeridgewasthefirstcriticoftheRomanticschool.代表作：TheRimeoftheAncientMariner”《古舟子咏》；KublaKhan”《忽必烈汗》；BiographiaLiteraria,orSketchesofMyLiteraryLifeandOpinions《文学传记或我的文学生涯和文学观点》。贡献：HisBiographiaLiterariaaffordedthenewRomanticpoetryanewprincipleofcriticism,whosetaskwasnottojudgebuttoappreciateandinterpret.GeorgeGordonByron（晚期浪漫主义诗人，积极浪漫主义时期）简介：ByronisoneofthegreatestromanticpoetsinEngland.HecreatedtheByronichero”,whichhadagreatinflueneeintheliteraryfield.代表作：ChildeHarold'Pilgrimage《恰尔德•哈罗德游记》；ThePrisonerofChillon《锡隆的囚徒》；DonJuan《唐璜》；SheWalksinBeauty”《她走在美的光影中》；ElegyonThyrza”《赛沙挽歌》（即：AndThouArtDead”《你已经长逝》）；Elegy”《挽歌》。AndThouArtDead”《你已经长逝》：ItisanelegiacpoemwrittenbyByronwhoattemptstoexpresshisfeelingsoflossuponthedeathofanorientalgirlandalsoshowhisgreataffectiontothisyoungbeautifullady.Byronicheroes（拜伦式英雄）：ItreferstocharactersdescribedinByron'workswhoaremenwithfierypassionsandunbendingwillandexpressthepoet'ownidealoffreedom.缺点：Theseheroesriseagainsttyrannyandinjustice,buttheyaremerelylonefightersstrivingforpersonalfreedomandsomeindividualisticends.PercyByssheShelley简介：ShelleyandByronarejustifiablyregardedastwogreatpoetsofrevolutionaryromanticisminEngland.Helovedthepeopleandhatedtheiroppressorsandexploiters.Hecalledonthepeopletooverthrowtheruleoftyrannyandinjusticeandprophesiedahappyandfreefutureformankind.代表作：QueenMab《麦布女王》；TheRevoltofIslam《伊斯兰的起义》；PrometheusUnbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》；TheMasqueofAnarchy《假面的游行》；Adonais《阿多尼》（给济慈写的挽歌）；ADefeneeofPoetry《诗辩》（散文）；OdetotheWestWind”《西风颂》；OneWordisTooOftenProfaned”《有一个字常被人亵渎》；ToaSky-Lark"《致云雀》。QueenMab《麦布女王》：Itisarevolutionarypoem.ItcontainsalmostallShelley'majorsocialandpoliticalideas.缺:However,.ShelleyinthispoemwasmealyaUtopian-socialistinviews,lookingforwardtoahappyfutureformankindbutrejectingthepathofrevolutionbyviolenee.JohnKeats简介：ArepresentativeofthesecondgenerationEnglishRomanticpoets.代表作：长诗：Endymion《恩底弥翁》（纪念ThomasChatterton，女神与美丽的牧羊人）；Isabella《伊莎贝拉》（根据薄卡丘的《十日谈》所改，讲伊莎贝拉将爱人的头颅放在花盆里，每天守护他）；TheEveofSt.Agnes《圣阿格尼斯前夜》（与罗密欧朱丽叶的故事相似，圣阿格尼丝前夜，虔诚的少女可以梦见自己的丈夫）；Lamia《拉米亚》（有点类似《白蛇传》，蛇女爱上凡人）。短诗："OdetoaNightingale”《夜莺颂》；OdeonaGrecianUrn”《希腊古瓮颂》；ToAutumn”《秋颂》。OdeonaGrecianUrn”《希腊古瓮颂》：（部分内容赏析）Thoughthesculptureontheurnwerequietforms,thehumanbeautyandlovecapturedinthefiguresonitsfreezecanneverfadeordieastheydoinreallife.Thustheurnremainsforeveratestimonythatbeautyistruth,truthbeauty”，foritssilentlovelinesshastheprofoundstabilityoftheeternal.ToAutumn"《秋颂》：（部分内容赏析）Althoughthelaststanzafallsonamixednoteofsubduedjoyandmildmelancholy,thewholepoemgivesusvividanddelightfulscenesoftheruralenvironmentintheautumnseason.Keatscelebratestheworldofnatureintheautumnseason,with“autumnpersonifiedasafigureinvariousautumnallandscapes.Hedescribesthefruitfulnessofautumn,thesoundofautumnandthecolorofautumn.“OdetoaNightingale"《夜莺颂》：（部分内容赏析）Inthisode,Keatsnotonlyexpresseshisrapturesuponhearingthebeautifulsongsofthenightingaleandhisdesiretogototheetherealworldofbeautytogetherwiththebird,burhealsoshowshisdeepsympathyforandhiskeenunderstandingohhumanmiseriesinthesocietyinwhichhelived.手法/特色：①独特之处：Hebelongstotheschoolofromanticism,butunlikeByronandShelley,hewasnotactiveintheexpressionofhisradicallypoliticalsympathies.Herestrictedhisapplicationoftheprincipleoflibertytothesphereofartonly.Theartisticaiminhispoetrywasalwaystocreateabeautifulworldofimaginationasopposedtothesordidrealityofhisday.Hewroteforbeauty,hisleadingprincipleis:Beautyintruth,truthinbeauty.”②作诗技巧：Heexpressesthedelightwhichcomesnotonlythroughtheeyeandtheearbutthroughthesensesoftouch,tasteandsmell.SoKeatshasalwaysbeenknownasasensuouspoet.③对艺术执着的原因：Atthebottomofhispoemslieshisdissatisfactionwiththesocietyinwhichhelivedandexperieneedgreatmiseriesandsufferings.英国浪漫主义时期的散文成就时代背景：Inthe19thcenturyperiodicalsincreasedandmodernmagazinessprangup.Theywereinstrumentaltotherapiddevelopmentofessays,bothformalandinformal,whichbecameverypopular.主要的散文家：Underthisencouragementappearedanumberofbrilliantessayists,suchasLamb,Hazlitt,HuntandDeQuincy.时代大事件：Theseprose-writerworkedundertheinflueneeoftheFrenchRevolutioninpoliticsandoftheRomanticMovementinliterature.他们的风格：Theydidnotwriteaccordingtotheoldrulesandmodelsofclassicismbutmadetheinformalessayapliablevehicleforexpressingthewriter'ownpersonality,thusbringingintoEnglishliteraturethefamiliaressay（小品文）.ThisnewformofliteratureisbestrepresentedbyLamb.CharlesLamb简介：CharlesLambwasimportantinEnglishliteratureforhiscontributiontotheessays.代表作：HismostwellknownliteraryworkisTalesfromShakespeare《莎士比亚戏居9故事集》，whichhewrotewithhissister；EssaysofElia《伊利亚随笔集》。散文特点：A.ThemoststrikingfeatureofLamb'essaysishishumor.Laughterinhisessaysisoftenmingledwithtearsandthereissadnessbehindhishumor.B.Hisessaysarefulloflongandcuriouswords.C.Hewasaromanticist,buthisromanticismwastheromanticistofthecity.HisimaginationwasfiredwiththebusylifeofLondon.WilliamHazlitt①简介：Hazlitt'firstfamecameasliterarycritic.代表作：LecturesontheEnglishPoets《评英国诗人》；TheEnglishComicWriters《评英国戏剧作家》（对复辟时期喜剧的评价）；TableTalk《桌边闲谈》；SketchesandEssays《札记与散文》。②浪漫主义文学批评的特点：HazlittisoneoftherepresentativesofRomanticcriticismwhotookindividualtasteasthefoundationofliterarycriticism,insteadofuniversalreason.WalterScott简介：WalterScottfatheredthehistoricalnovelinEnglandandEurope.Hischiefachievementwasthe20novelshewrote,whichhavegivenhimauniqueplaceintheliteraryhistory.代表作：Waverley《威弗利》（苏格兰史）；RobRoy《罗伯•罗伊》（苏格兰史）；Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》（英国史）。写作特征：①Scotthasanoutstandinggiftofvivifyingthepast.②Inhisnovels,historicaleventsarecloselyinterwovenwiththefatesofindividuals.③Scott'literarycareermarksthetransitionfromthromanticismtorealisminEnglishliteratureofthe19century.六、英国批判现实主义时期CharlesDickens（赏析）iiProblemnovel:（问题小说）Problemnovel,thetypeofprosefictionthatderivesitschiefinterestfromworkingout,throughcharactersandincidents,somecentralproblem”，isoftenconsideredasub-typeofrealismandnaturalism.Moreorlessitfocusesonsocialrealityoractualexperieneeratherthanpsychologicalpresentation.Problemnovels'exposuresareatmostsatiric,ironicandsometimesexaggeratedtoadramaticextent.背景：HardTimesisperhapsthemostsuccessfulnoveltosatirizetheeffectsoftheIndustrialRevolutioninNorthernEngland”.UnderDickens'pen,Coketown,whichisportrayedasatriumphoffact”andhavingnogreatertaintoffancyinit,”givesastrikingimpressionofpollutednessandmonotonythenegativeeffectsoftheIndustrialRevolution.主题：Thenovelinvestigatesthecentralissuesoftheclashbetweenfactandfancy”andtheneedforahealthyimaginativelifewithaproperbalaneeforworkandplay.”HereDickensaimshiscriticismmainlyatthetheoryofutilitarianismthekeynoteofthenovel,whichconstructsthevalueproblemofthemid-nineteenth-centuryEnglishsocietyaswellasthecentralthemeofHardTimes.工业化的主要思潮实用主义对当时社会与人们带来的负面影响：Thementalityofindustrialization,inDickens'HardTimesatleast,correspondswellwiththeideaofutilitarianism,andasfarasthecityofCoketownisconcerned,hasproduceddevastatingeffects,notonlyuponthecityitself,butalsouponthepeoplewhodwellthere.Foronething,Coketownisturnedintoahelloffilth,lackingdiversityandliveliness;foranother,onegroupofpeoplelikeGradgrindactaccordingtotheirprinciplesofself-interest,devoidoffancy,imaginationandhumancompassions.Anothergroupisrenderedascharactersfilledwithkindness,formingaconspicuouscontrastwiththeutilitarianandselfishpeople.简介：CharlesDickenswasthegreatestrepresentativeofEnglishcriticalrealism.代表作：SketchesbyBoz〈〈博兹随笔》；ThePickwickPapers《匹克威克外传》；OliverTwist《雾都孤儿》；NicholasNickleby《尼古拉斯•尼克尔贝》；TheOldCuriosityShop《老古玩店》；MartinChuzzlewit《马丁•瞿述伟》；AChristmasCarol《圣诞颂歌》；TheChimes《钟声》；TheCricketontheHearty《炉边蟋蟀》；Dombeyandson《董贝父子》；DavidCropperfield《大卫•科波菲尔》；BleakHouse《荒凉山庄》；HardTimes《艰难时刻》；LittleDorrit《小杜丽》；ATaleofTwoCities《双城记》；GreatExpectations《远大前程》；OurMutualFriend《我们共同的朋友》。作品特色：①Asanovelist,Dickensisrememberedfirstofallforhischaracter-portrayal.Everycharacterhiscreativefingertouchedcomesalive.②AnotherfeatureofDickens'fictionalartishishumourandsatire.③IntermsoftheconstructioninDickens'novels,themainplotisofteninterwovenwithmorethanonesub-plot.④Dickensisrememberednotforonemasterpiecebutforacreativeworld.CharlotteBronte（赏析）iiFeministnovel:Generalspeaking,thetermfeministnovel”referstoworksaboutwomenbywomennovelists.ItfirstappearedinEnglandduringthesecondhalfofthe18thcenturyanddevelopedinthe19thandthe20thcenturies.总述：JaneEyreisCharlotteBronte'sbestliteraryproduction.Thenovelisautobiographical,inthatitclearlyleansonCharlotte'sownexperienceasagovernessandthefeelingofhumiliationitproducesinher.Itisanovelofpassion,loveandmystery.人物：EdwardRochesterisaproud,masterful,sardoniccharacter,seeminglyharshandmorose.Janeisplainandslightinbuild,butshehasawillfulnessandspiritednessofherownandcangiveasgoodasshegetsinawarofwords,evenwithherdomineeringmaster.JaneEyre,throughthefirst-personnarrative,becomesanintenselyrealheroine.Fromherspeechaboutlove,wecanlearnthatthehumblestpersonalsohastherighttoaffectionandself-realization,honestyandintegrity.Lovedoesn'tmeananequalityinalegalorpoliticalsense,butanequalityinemotionandspirit.EmilyBronte（赏析）iiWutheringHeightsisnotedforitsintensepsychologicaldescription.题目：“Heights”means“highplace.”“Wuthering”isasignificantprovincialadjectiveusedtodescribethesoundofnorthwindblowinginstormyweather.Theauthorchosethistitleinordertotellthereadersaboutwhathappenedinthisterriblestormyweather.Inthishighplace,there'refewpeople,onlythisterriblesound“wuthering”.叙事手法：Beginningnearthedenouementandtracingbacktotheeventslongbefore,thestoryisunfoldedinanunusualway,andtoldchieflybytwonarrators——LockwoodandNellyDean,withsupplementarymateriallikeCatherine'sdiary.HavingthestoryrelatedtoLockwoodbyNellyremovesthereaderfromdirectcontactwiththewildandimprobableeventsdescribed.Throughthesetwinmediums,theeventsofWutheringHeightsarecredibletothereaders.场景：Thetwohouses,WutheringHeightsandThrushcrossGrange,embodythetwomajorprinciplesoflifeinthisnovel:stormandcalm.TheinhabitantsoftheHeightsseemtobecreatureofthestormandviolenceistheirnaturallanguage.人物名称：EmilyBronte'spurposeinusingthenameCathyforthefirstCatherine'sdaughteristoshowthedamageonegenerationdoestothesubsequentone.CathymarrieshercousinandbecomesCatherineHeathcliff,thenamehermothermighthavehad.ThenameHeathcliffisthecombinationofheathandcliff,whichmeanssomeweedgrowingonthecliff.OnecanfindthattheroadtoWutheringHeightswascoveredwithheath.ThisnameindicatesHeathcliff'scharacter:stubborn,self-reliance.主题：Thethemeofthisnovelistheextremeloveandhatred.GeorgeEliot简介：MostofGeorgeEliot'sworksdealtwithmoralproblemsandcontainedpsychologicalstudiesofcharacter.代表作：AdamBede《亚当贝德》；TheMillontheFloss《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》；SilasMarner《织工马南》；Middlemarch《米德尔马锲》。特点：①Hercharacterswerenotgrotesquetypes,butrealcommonmenandwomen,whosepsychologyEliotrevealedveryskillfullytothereader.②Herworkstosomeextendmarksretrogression:Sheshiftedthecentreofgravityinthenovelfromthesocialproblemstotheproblemsofreligionandmorality.Shecherishedtheillusionthathumanityandlovecoulddoawaywiththeevilsofcapitalism.七、19世纪中后期的散文家和诗人（维多利亚时期）MatthewArnold简介：Asapoet,Arnoldprovidesanexampleof“asickindividualinasicksociety”.Apparentlydissatisfiedwiththereflectivepoetryhewaswriting,heturnedtoliteraryandsocialcriticism.代表作：“DoverBeach”《多弗海岸》；EssaysinCriticism《评论文集》；CultureandAnarchy《文化与无政府主义》。文学批评原^0：①Disinterestedness”isthefirstnecessityinaliterarycritic.②Thefunctionofliterarycriticismistofindandpropagatethebestwhichhasbeenthoughtandsaidintheworld.③Hepaidgreatattentiontothemoralvaluesofpoetry.

社会批评：①Arnold'socialcriticismdealswiththewholestructureofEnglishcivilizationandculture.Accordingtohim,EnglishsocietyofhistimewascomposedofBarbarians,PhilistinesandPopulace”.Arnoldbelievedthattheworldofthefuturewouldbeamiddle-classworldandthemiddleclassescouldbeeducatedtobebetterqualifiedforthetaskofgoverningthecountry.AlfredTennyson简介：AlfredTennyson,themostimportantpoetoftheVictorianAge.代表作：“Break，Break,Break”《碎了，碎了，碎了》；Maud《莫德》；TheIdyllsoftheKing《国王叙事诗》（根据亚瑟王）；）；InMemoriam评价：Tennysonwasatypicalpoetoftheself-complacentVictorianmiddle-classes.RobertBrowning简介：BrowningandTennysonwerethetwomostimportantpoetsoftheVictorianPeriod.代表作：Strafford《斯特拉福》；PippaPasses《皮帕经过》；TheRingandtheBook《指环与书》；DramaticLyrics《戏居9抒情诗》；DramaticRomancesandLyrics《戏居9浪漫诗与抒情诗》；DramaticPersonae《戏剧人生》。特点：Browning'sprincipalachievementliesinhisintroducingtoEnglishpoetryanewform,thedramaticmonologue.八、八、ThomasHardy（赏析）ii地方色彩小说：角色：TesswaspresentedbyHardyas“apurewoman”.HertragedyexposesthepruderyandhypocrisyofVictoriansocietyandtheinjusticeofsociety'sattitudetowomen.Hertragedy,infact,isatragedyofVictoriansocietywhichrejectedarealhumanbeing.Inthischapter,HardysuccessfullyexposedAngel'spsychologicalinsightandcreatedapersonwhoistornbetweenthetraditionaldogmaandhislovetoTess.Herefusesthetraditionalprinciple,butinhismindhecannotabandonitsfetter.Itishisconflictthatmakeshimasufferinghumanbeingbutalsoinevitablyinflictssufferingonothers.th简介：ThomasHardyisoneoftherepresentativesofEnglishcriticalrealismattheturnofthe20century.代表作：UndertheGreenwoodTree《绿荫下》；FarFromtheMaddingCrowd《远离尘嚣》；TheReturnoftheNative《还乡》；TheMayorofCasterbridge《卡斯特桥市长》；TessoftheD'Urbervilles《德伯家的苔丝》；JudetheObscure《无名的裘德》。主题/人物：①ThemainthemeofHardy'novelsistheconflictbetweenthenecessitytoexpresshonestlywhathumanbeingsareactuallylikeandthetabooondoingsoincontemporaryEnglishsociety.（TessandJudearedestroyedbyVictorianprudery,hypocrisy,andintolerance,that'swhyHardy'snovelswereattackedbythecriticsathistime.）;②AnotherthemeofHardy'novelisonenesswithNature.③ManyofHardy'scentralcharactersweredescribedaspsychologicallydisturbedandspirituallyanguished.Theypursuepassionateemotionandrichspirituallife.Theyaretormentedbythefrustrationinloveandthedifficultyinfindingharmonyofmindandbody.特点：①HisprincipalworksaretheWessexNovels,i.e.,thenovelsdescribingthecharactersandenvironmentofhisnativecountryside.②AccordingtoHardy'pessimisticphilosophy,mankindissubjectedtotheruleofsomehostilemysteriousfate,whichbringsmisfortuneintohumanlife.JohnGalsworthy（赏析）iiSagaNovels（世家小说）ThesagaisamedievallegendofIcelandandScandinavia,usuallynarratingaboutthelifeofafamousheroorthehistoryofaprominentfamilyoranexpeditionoflegendarykingsandwarriors.人物：TheManofProperty,thefirstnoveloftheForsyteSaga,presentsJohnGalsworthy'sdefinitionofFosytismreferringtothetypicalEnglishkindofbourgeoismoralityandsocialattitudes.Hereby,theauthorcriticizesForsytes'consciousnessonpropertythroughacharacternamesSoamesForsyte,whoisathoroughlymaterialistmanwithacompulsiontoownthings.福尔赛世家代表了：GalsworthysawtheForsytesasarchetypicallyEnglish,andtheirdynasticdevelopmentasamicrocosmofEnglishhistoryinrealtime.TheForsytesagepreservesaviewofthecontemporaryuppermiddleclassinGalsworthy'slife.技法：①Galsworthyisremarkableforhispowerful,brilliantcharacterizationwithdeeppsychologica