现代英语词汇学概论课件

.1Chapter3(构词法)3.1GeneralRemark概述3.2Compounding复合构词法3.3Derivation派生构词法

3.3.1Prefixation加前缀

3.3.2Suffixation加后缀3.4Conversion词类转换法.1Chapter3(构词法)3.1GeneralR.2Thedifferencesbetween“root”,“stem”and“base”?Root/词根:isnotfurtheranalyzable,eitherintermsofderivationalorinflectionalmorphologyStem/词干:thepartoftheword-formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.Base/词基:anyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded..2Thedifferencesbetween“roo.3undesirables=un+desire+able+sBase:desirable→desire(base)undesirable→desirable(base)undesirables→undesirable(base)Base/词基:anyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded..3undesirables.42)denationalizeddenationalized=de+nation+al+ize+dRoot:nationStem:denationalizeBase:national→nationnationalize→nationaldenationalize→nationalizedenationalized→denationalize.42)denationalized.5desirable:desire(rootorbase,notstem)undesirable:desirable(base,notroot,notstem)undesirables:undesirable(stemorbase,notroot)desired:desire(root,stemorbase).5desirable:desire.63.2Compounding复合构词法Questions:1.Whatiscompounding?2.Whataretherelativecriteriaofacompound?3.Theclassificationofcompounding?.63.2Compounding复合构词法Questi.7Whatiscompounding?Compounding/composition:aword-formationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewunit.e.g.flowerpot=flower+potmachine-independent=machine+independentback.7Whatiscompounding?Compound.8Therelativecriteriaofacompound1.Orthographiccriterion:Compoundsarewritteninthreeways,thatis,solid,hyphenatedandopen.

E.g.flowerpot

Solid:flowerpot

Hyphenated:flower-pot

Open:flowerpot.8Therelativecriteriaofac.92.Phonologicalcriterion:

Compoundaccent:amainstressonthefirstelementandsecondarystressonthesecondelement.

Normalphraseaccent:asecondarystressonthefirstelementandthemainstressonthesecondelement.

E.g.blacklistblackboardbluebottle.92.Phonologicalcriterion:.103.Semanticcriterion:Semantically,compoundscanbesaidtohaveameaningwhichmayberelatedtobutcannotalwaysbeinferredfromthemeaningofitscomponentparts.E.g.

.103.Semanticcriterion:.11E.g.flowerpotworkdaybackyardNote:wecan

inferthemeaningfromthemeaningofitscomponentpartsredtape(官样文章，烦琐拖沓的公事程序)dogdays

（thehottestdayoftheyear）flatfoot(apoliceman)blueblood(thequalityofbeinganoblemanbybirth)blueribbon(anhonorgiventothewinnerofthefirstprize)Note:wecannot

inferthemeaningfromthemeaningofitscomponentparts

back.11E.g.redtape.12Theclassificationofcompounding?Compoundsareclassifiedaccordingtopartsofspeechofthecompoundsandsubdividedbythesyntacticrelationofthecompoundingelement.a.Ppoundsb.Syntacticrelationsubjectandverb主谓关系verbandadverbial动宾关系verbandadverbial谓状关系restrictiverelation限制关系coordinatingrelationship并列关系

…….12Theclassificationofcompo.13thunder-struck(houses)housesarestruckbythunder/thunderstruckthehouseswell-behaved(person)Thepersonbehavehimselfwell.peacelovingpeoplepeoplelovepeaceanocean-going(ship)Ashipgoacrossocean..13thunder-struck(houses).14Apartfromcaringforherchildren,shehastotakeonsuchheavy_____houseworkascarryingwaterandfirewood.A.time-consumedB.timely-consumedC.time-consumingD.timely-consuming答案：C.14Apartfromcaringforherc.15风蚀岩石

weather-beatenrocks日晒的健康肤色

suntanned(skin)吹毛求疵的人

afault-findingperson破纪录的速度

arecord-breakingspeed免税的

tax-free无忧无虑的

care-free防火的

fire-proof隔音的

sound-proof滴水不漏的

water-tight密封的，不漏气的

air-tight没膝深的

knee-deep齐肩高的

shoulder-high终身的

lifelong晶莹剔透的

Crycle-clear苦乐参半的

bittersweet谈论的话题

talked-abouttopic杜撰的故事

made-upstory24小时看守

round-the-clockwatch作现场勘查

makeanonthesopinspection.15风蚀岩石没膝深的.163.3Derivation派生构词法Questions:1.Whatisderivation?2.Whatiscombiningform?Andwhatdifferencebetweenacombiningformandanaffix?3.Theclassificationofderivation.back.163.3Derivation派生构词法Questi.17Derivation/affixation:aprocessofformingnewwordsbytheadditionofawordelement,suchasaprefix,suffixorcombiningform,toanalreadyexistingword.e.g.recover=re+coverworker=work+erback.17Derivation/affixation:a.18Acombiningform[构词成分]:aboundmorpheme,whichwasoriginallyafullwordinLatinorGreek,butwhichnowoccursonlyinderivatives.e.g.autobiographyhydromechanicstelevisionautobiographyauto-=autos(Gk)=selfself+life+writeautoalarmautocracy(auto+alarm)(auto+cracy)(self+to+weapon)(self+ruling)hydromechanicshydro-=hydòr(Gk)=waterhydro-airplanehydrographydehydratehydrogentelevisiontele-=tele(Gk)=farofftelecontroltelephone.18Acombiningform[构词成分]:ab.19Combiningformsaredistinguishedfromaffixesbytheirabilitytooccurasoneconstituentofawordwhoseonlyotherconstituentisanaffix.e.g.autocracyhydrographytelephoneautocracy=auto[构词成分]+cracy(suffix)hydrography=hydro[构词成分]+graphy(suffix)telephone=tele[构词成分]+phone(suffix)Fromthepointofviewofderivation,nodistinctionshouldbemadebetweencombiningformsandaffixesinthisbook,inwhichallthecombiningformsarelabeledeitherasprefixesorsuffixes.back.19Combiningformsaredisting.203.3.1PrefixationQuestion:1.Whatisprefixation?2.Theclassificationofprefixes3.SomeproductiveprefixesPrefixation:addingaprefixorcombiningformtothebase.donotgenerallyaltertheword-classofthebase.203.3.1PrefixationQuestion:.21Classificationofprefixes:1.negativeprefixes（反意前缀）:un-,non-,in-(im-,il-,ir-),dis-,a-2.reversative/privativeprefixes（相反动作前缀）:un-,de-,dis-,3.pejorativeprefixes（贬义前缀）:mis-,mal-,pseudo-4.prefixesofdegreeorsize（等级与大小前缀）:arch-,super-,out-,sub-,over-,under-,hyper-,altra-,mini-5.prefixesofattitude（态度取向前缀）:co-,counter-,anti-,pro-6.locativeprefixes（方位前缀）:super-,sub-,inter-,trans-7.prefixesoftimeandorder（时间顺序前缀）:for-,pre-,post-,ex-,re-8.numberprefixes（常用数字前缀）:uni-/mono-,bi-/di-,tri,multi-/poly-9.miscellaneousprefixes:auto-,neo-,pan-,proto-,semi-,vice-back.21Classificationofprefixes:.22SomeGreekPrefixes1.ant-/anti-Anti-JapaneseWar

抗日战争抗体

antibodyant-/anti-:against

非正统艺术

anti-art

非传统英雄

anti-heroant-/anti-:unliketradition2.aster-,astr-,astro-astronautaster-,astr-,astro-:star

占星家

astrologer

小行星

asteroid3.aut-,autoautobiographyaut-,auto-:self

独裁者

autocrat

自治权

autonomy.22SomeGreekPrefixes1.ant-.234.bio-bio-:life

生物学

biology

传记

biography5.chron-,chronochron-,chrono:time

编年史

chronicle

在时间上一致

synchronize

时代错误

anachronism6.dem-,demo-dem-,demo-:people

民主政治的

democratic

流行的

epidemic7.derm-,dermato-derm-,dermato:skin

真皮

dermis

表皮

epidermis

皮下的

hypodermic.234.bio-6.dem-,demo-.248.geo-

地质学

geologygeo-:earth

几何学

geometry9.gen-,genea-gen-,genea-:race

家系，谱系

genealogy

起源，发生

genesis

庞杂的，异类的

heterogeneousheteromorphy[生]异态性

heteronomy

他治，不自治

heterosexual10.meter-,metr-meter-,metr-:measure

计时器

chronometer

体温计

thermometer

十进制

metrication11.onym-,onomatro-onym-,onomatro-:word

匿名的

anonymous

笔名，假名

pseudonym

同义词

synonym

受支配词

hyponym.248.geo-10.meter-,metr-.2512.ortho-ortho-:correct

orthography

正字法正统的

orthodox

整形外科医生

orthopedist13.pan-,panto-pan,panto-:complete

泛美洲

Pan-America

宽屏幕电视/电影

panavision

全景

panorama

万灵药

t-,proto-prot-,proto-:first

原型

prototype

原始形式

protomorph15.therm-,thermo-therm-,thermo-:heat

体温计

thermometer

热核

thermonuclear

热的，温泉的

t-,proto-.26Someproductiveprefixes1.a-,an-+表述性v.a-,an-:1）处于某状态

2）缺乏

alive

不讲道德

amoral

无政府

anarchy2.co-,con-,col-,cor-+n./v.co-,con-,col-,cor-:1)结合，联合，共同

2)相互的关系合作

cooperate

同时发生

concur

符合，相称

correspond

同事

colleague.26Someproductiveprefixes1..273.counter-+v./抽象n.counter-:与……相反，反反击

counterattack

对应一方

counterpart

反主流文化分子

counterculturist4.dis-+adj./v.dis-:与…相反，不不诚实

dishonest

不遵守

disobey5.eco-+adj./n.eco-:生态生态危机

ecocrisisecocide

生态灭绝6.fore-+n.fore-:1)前部2)先前额

forehead

预言

forecast

首要的

foremost.273.counter-+v./抽象n.5..287.in-+adj./v./n.in-:1)不，与相反

2)向内不完全

incomplete

不礼貌

impolite

不合逻辑

illogical

雕刻

inscribe

移入

er-+v./n./er-:在之间政府间的intergovernmental调停者intermediary州际的interstate.287.in-+adj./v./n.8.i.299.mini-+n.P46mini-:1)小，微

2）短暂超短裙

miniskirt

微型汽车

minibus

短暂危机

minicrisis10.mis-+v./分词/抽象名词mis-:错误，歧途误解

misunderstanding

引入歧途

mislead

不幸

mislead.299.mini-+n.P4610.mis-.3011.out-+n./v.out-:超过活得比长

outlive

以智取胜

outwit12.over-+v./adj./n.over-:1）过于，过分

2）上方过分自信

overconfident

溢出

overflow

高估

overestimate13.post-+n./adj.post-:在…之后附言

postscript

博士后

post-doctor14.pre-+n./adj.pre:在…之前预习

preview

史前

prehistory.3011.out-+n./v.13.post-.3115.sub-+adj./n.sub:下、次小标题

subtitle

低于正常

subnormal16.trans-+n.trans-:跨越，穿过运输

transport

移植

transplant

变形

transform17.super-+adj./n.super:1）超，极

2）顶级

3）在…之上超级明星

superstar

上层建筑

superstructure18.under-+n./v./ved.under:在之下；不足下划线

underline

公共设施不足

under-serviced.3115.sub-+adj./n.17.sup.32NumberPrefixes1.oneone:mon(o)-(G)uni-(L)

独白

Monologue

一夫一妻制

Monogamy

不分性别的

Unisex

独一无二的

unique2.twotwo:di-(G)/bi-(L)

对话

dialogue

二氧化物

dioxide

双语

bilingual

双边

bilateral.32NumberPrefixes1.one2.two.333.doubledouble:amphi-(G)ambi-(L)

两栖

amphibian

模棱两可

amphibology

歧义

ambiguity4.threethree:tri-(L)

三角形

triangle

三轮车

tricycle5.fourfour:quadri-(L)

四边形

quadrangle6.fivefive:pent(a)-(G)quint-(L)

五角大楼

pentagon

五重奏

quintet.333.double5.four.347.sixsix:hexa-(G)/sex-(L)

六角形

hexagon

六重奏

sextet7.Ninenine:enne-(G)non-(L)

九边形

enneagon/nonagon

九重奏

nonet8.tenten:deca-(G)/deci-(L)

十年

Decade

十进制

Decimalism9.halfhalf:hemi-(G)/semi-(L)

半球

Hemisphere

半圆

Hemicycle/semicircle

半殖民地

semicolonial.347.six8.ten.3510.manymany:poly-(G)/multi-(L)

多元的

polycentric

多民族的

multi-racial11.hundredhundred:hecto-(G)/cent-(L)

百米

hectometer

厘米

centimeter

蜈蚣

centipedeback.3510.many11.hundred.363.3.2Suffixation加后缀Questions:1.Whatissuffixation?2.Theclassificationofderivation.3.Someproductivesuffixes..363.3.2Suffixation加后缀Ques.37ProductivesuffixesonP501.ablechangeable,variable,knowledgeablechangeable=beabletobechanged

vt.+ableadj.Variable=abletovary

vi.+ableadj.knowledgeable=knowalot

n.+ableadj.

havingthestatedqualityorcondition.37ProductivesuffixesonP501.382.–er

他教书教得很好。

Heteachesverywell.Heisagoodteacher..382.–er.393.ride-in,swim-in

v.-in:

protestingagainstracialdiscriminationpublicdemonstrationsit-in,lie-in,work-inbe-in,drop-in,sing-in,

socialgatheringdrive-in.393..404.–yrisky,dirty

n.-yadj.

fullof,coveredwith,characterizedby…Sleepy

v.-yadj.

havingatrendyto,inclinedto….404.–y.41harmful,wonderful,useful,meaningful,joyfulhandful,mouthful,spoonful1.n.+-ful=adj.-ful=befullofahelpsuggestion=asuggestionisfullofhelparesentfullook=alookisfullofresentaeventfullife=alifeisfullofevents2.n.+-ful=n.

-ful=所容的量

ahandfulofnuts

.41harmful,wonderful,useful,.42postal,sensational,tropical,philosophical

n.+-al=adj.

-al=about.42postal,sensational,tropica.43ambitious,desirous,dangerous

n.+-ous=adj.

-ous=befullof.43ambitious,desirous,danger.44同根近义词(P54)continuance,continuation,continuityContinuance=continue+ancethestateofcontinuingContinuation=continue+actiontheactofcontinuingContinuity=continue+itythequalityofbeingcontionuous.44同根近义词(P54)continuance,con.45sensible/sensitiveA.

Ithinkitisavery____thingforyoutodounderthecircumstances.B.

No,Ididn’tmeanthat.Youaretoo______..45sensible/sensitive.46Sensitive/sensibleSensitive=sense+tivebefullofsense(n.)e.g.asensitiveskin=theskinisfullofsense1)敏感的

besensitivetoridiculebesensitiveaboutone’sappearance2)灵敏的；神经过敏的；容易生气的Sensible=sense+able=canbesensed(vt.)e.g.asensibleerror1)感觉得到的，明显的

Iamsensibleofyourkindness.2)知道的

3)明智的

asensible.46Sensitive/sensible.473.–ish/-likeN.→Adj.e.g.childish/childlike-ish:derogatory.473.–ish/-like.481.Thetalkshadbeen___butmuchremainedtobedone.A.fruitfulB.effectiveC.advantageousD.validfruitful:producinggoodresults

富有成效的，收效很多的effective:havingapleasingeffect

有效的

E.g.takeeffectivemeasures答案：A.481.Thetalkshadbeen___b.492.Thecomingoftherailwaysinthe1830s___oursocietyandeconomiclife.A.transformedB.transportedC.transferredD.transmittedHehopedthefirmwould_____himtotheParisbranch.A.exchangeB.transmitC.transferD.remove

答案：CSomediseasesare_____bycertainwateranimals.A.transplantedB.transformedC.transportedD.transmitted

答案：DAmericanfootballandbaseballarebecomingknowtotheBritishpublicthroughtelevised_____fromtheUnitedStates.A.transferB.deliveriesC.transportationD.transmissions

答案：D.492.Thecomingoftherailwa.50Retirementisobviouslyaverycomplex_____period;andtheearlieryoustartplanningforit,thebetter.A.transitionB.transactionC.transmissionD.transformation

答案：ＡThereismuchIenjoyaboutthechangingseasons,butmyfavoritetimeisthe_____fromfalltowinter.A.transmissionB.transformationC.transitionD.transfer

答案：ＣHeattendstothe_____ofimportantbusinesshimself.A.transactionB.transitionC.transmissionD.transformation

答案：ＡItwillbesafertowalkthestreetsbecausepeoplewillnotneedtocarrylargeamountsofcash;virtuallyallfinancial_____willbeconductedbycomputer.A.transactionsB.transmissionsC.transitionsD.transformations

答案：Ａ.50Retirementisobviouslyav.51transform:tochangecompletelyinform,appearance,ornaturee.g.transformheatintopowertransport:tocarry(goods,people,etc.)fromoneplacetoanother..51transform:tochangecomple.52transfer:1.tomovefromoneplace,job,position,toanother;2.tomovefromonevehicletoanotherinthecoursee.g.transferproductionofthenewspapertoitsnewplanttransferthatfootballplayertoanotherteamtransferfromthetraintoabustransmit:1.tosendout(electricsignals,messages,etc.)byradio;2.tosendorpassfromoneperson,place,orthingtoanothere.g.Thisinfectionistransmittedbymosquitoes.Theinformationistransmittedfromonecomputertoanotherthroughatelephoneline..52transfer:.531.variety/variationA.Therearewideregional____inhouseprices.B.TheT-shirtsareavailableinawide____ofcolors.2.incredible/incredulousA.Thewaysheescapedisanabsolutely

____story.B.

Icouldtellsheknewhewaslyingbyher___smile.C.Theyalllooked______whentheyoungwomansaidthatshecouldgettheirfactorytomakeaprofitwithinfivemonths.

.531.variety/variation.543.imaginary/imaginativeA.

____workscanalwaysattractalotofreaders.B.

Itisonlyan____story,soyou’dbetternotbelieveit.4.sensible/sensitiveA.

Ithinkitisavery____thingforyoutodounderthecircumstances.B.

No,Ididn’tmeanthat.Youaretoo______.5.exciting/excited/excitableA.Nevermindhim.Heisavery_____person.Hedoesn’tknowwhatheistalkingabout.

.543.imaginary/imaginative.556.subtle/delicateA.

Thereisavery_____differencebetween“citizenrights”and“humanrights”.B.

Thisisa_____situation.Wemusthandleitwithgreatcare.C.Shelookedvery______,butshewasveryenergeticandhadastrongwill.7.worth/worthy/worthwhileA.

Icanfixit.Butitisn’t_____.Whydon’twegoandgetanewone?B.

Hiseffortwas_____ofgreatpraise.C.Howmuchdoyouthinkapearlofthatsizewillbe_______?

back.556.subtle/delicate.56–al/–ation/-mentV.→N.-al:theactionof某行为

E.g.arrival,approval-ation:theact,state,orresultof动作导致的状态或机构

E.cation,interpretation,organization-ment:动作的过程

E.g.arrangement,development,movement(选讲该页).56–al/–ation/-ment.57–ity/-nessAdj.→N.-ity:thequalityoranexampleofbeing品质或实例

e.g.diversity,equalitywithgreatregularity=regularlySuchstupidities=stupidactionsorremarks-ness:thecondition,quality,ordegreeofbeing状态、品质、程度e.g.carelessness,frankness,selfishness(选讲该页).57–ity/-ness.581.variety/variationA.

Therearewideregionalvariationsinhouseprices.B.TheT-shirtsareavailableinawidevarietyofcolors.-ity:thequalityoranexampleofbeing品质或实例

variety:anumberorcollectionofdifferentsortsofthesamegeneraltype种类-ation:theact,state,orresultof动作导致的状态或机构

variation:(adegreeof)thefactofvarying差异，变动程度back.581.variety/variation.592.incredible/incredulouscred(it):believeincredible=can’tbebelievedincredulous=befullofunbelief=showingdisbelief

A.Thewaysheescapedisanabsolutely_____story.

incredibleB.

Icouldtellsheknewhewaslyingbyher_____smile.

incredulousC.Theyalllooked______whentheyoungwomansaidthatshecouldgettheirfactorytomakeaprofitwithinfivemonths.

incredulousback.592.incredible/incredulous.603.imaginary/imaginativeA.

_____workscanalwaysattractalotofreaders.imaginativeB.Itisonlyan_____story,soyou’dbetternotbelieveit.

imaginarycustomary-ary:concerning;aboutback.603.imaginary/imaginative.614.sensible/sensitiveA.

Ithinkitisaverysensiblethingforyoutodounderthecircumstances.B.No,Ididn’tmeanthat.Youaretoosensitive.P33back.614.sensible/sensitive.625.exciting/excited/excitableA.Nevermindhim.Heisaveryexcitableperson.Hedoesn’tknowwhatheistalkingabout.Excitable:(ofapersonoranimal)easilyexcitedExcited:fullofstrongfeelingsofexpectationandhappiness;nitcalme.g.TheexcitedchildrenwereopeningtheirChristmaspresents.back.625.exciting/excited/exc.636.subtle/delicateA. Thereisaverysubtledifferencebetween“citizenrights”and“humanrights”.B. Thisisadelicatesituation.Wemusthandleitwithgreatcare.C. Shelookedverydelicate,butshewasveryenergeticandhadastrongwill.back.636.subtle/delicate.64Subtle:adj.a.noteasytonotice,understand,orexplain

difficulttounderstand

难理解→微妙的

e.g.subtledifferencesinmeaningb.cleverinarrangement,esp.soastodeceivepeople精妙的

e.g.asubtleplanc.verycleverinnoticingandunderstandinge.g.asubtlemindback.64Subtle:adj..65Delicate:adj.a.needingcarefulhandling,esp.becauseeasilybrokenordamagede.g.Becarefulwiththosewineglassesthey’reverydelicate.b.needingcarefultreatmentinordertoavoidfailureortroublee.g.adelicatesituationThenegotiationsareataverydelicatestage.c.easilymadeille.g.adelicatechildd.finelymadeinawaythatshowsgreatskille.gadelicatepieceofworkmanshipe.(ofataste,smell,etc.)pleasingbutnotstrongandperhapsnoteasytorecognize.e.g.adelicateflavour/smellback.65Delicate:adj..66

7.worth/worthy/worthwhileA.

Icanfixit.Butitisn’tworthwhile.Whydon’twegoandgetanewone?B.

Hiseffortwasworthyofgreatpraise.C.Howmuchdoyouthinkapearlofthatsizewillbeworth?back.66

7.worth/worthy/worthw.67worth:prep.(esp.afterbe)havingthestatedvaluee.g.It’sworthmuchmorethanIpaidforit.Thispieceoflandisworth$44,500.Howmuchisyoucarworth.worthy:adj.1.[A(attributive)]deservingrespectorseriousconsideratione.g.Sheprovedherselfaworthysuccessortotheformerchampion.2.[+of/to-v]deservinge.g.aperformanceworthytoberememberedworthyofadmirationworthwhile:adj.deservingtheeffortneededthetimeormoneyspent,etc.e.g.Wehadalongwait,butitwasworthwhilebecausewegotthetickets.back.67worth:prep.(esp.afterbe.683.4Conversion词类转换法Questions:1.Whatis“conversion”?Whatisthedifferencebetweenconversionandsuffixation?2.Thetypesofconversion.683.4Conversion词类转换法Questio.69词类转换法

conversionfunctionalshiftderivationbyzerosuffixfunctionalshift:concernedwithusageonlynotwithword-formationderivationbyzerosuffix:longandcumbersome;clarifyonlysomethingminor,notcrucial.69词类转换法.70P703.illustratetheaxiom,“Theactualgrammaticalclassificationofanywordisdependentuponitsuse.”.70P703.illustratetheaxiom,.71Thetypesofconversionnoun→verbconversion(themostproductive)verb→nounconversionadj.→verbconversionadj.→nounconversionotherconversions.71Thetypesofconversionnoun.72noun→verbconversionWhyistheconversionfromnountoverbthemostproductiveprocessofconversion?1)apreponderanceofnounsoververbs2)thereareonlyafewverb-formingaffixesinEnglish.72noun→verbconversionWhy.73Majortypesundern.→v.conversionTheworkerscanned

apples.putapplesincansThisroomwasflooredwithtitles.cagebirdsThequestioncertainlycorneredme.Hepocketedhiswallet.(a)

toputin/onN..73Majortypesundern.→v.c.74Theyshelteredtheorphans.

givesheltertotheorphanspillscoatedwithsugarsugaredpillsThebottleislabeledpoison.Thechildrosefromthegroundplasteredoverwithyellowclay.(b)

togive/provideN..74Theyshelteredtheorphans..75Billweededthegarden.

cutoffweedsinthegardencoreanapplepeelanorangedustacap(c)

toremoveN..75Billweededthegarden..76Johnbrakedthecar.stoppedthecarwithabrakescrewthetwopiecestogetherelbowone’swaythroughthecrowd(d)todosth.withN..76Johnbrakedthecar..77Shemotheredtheorphan.(h