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20180830阅读整理1.公司系统【文章类型】驳论文【第一段】论述老观点manyexpertscontendsthat使用sanctioningsystem可以提升员工的道德水准有利于员工做出一些有利于组织的行为benefitthewholeorganizations,这样有利于企业进行全面的管理，这种方法得到了很多企业的认可。【第二段】的弊端实际上公司的员工做出决策通常来说会从两个角度：1.全公司的角度cooperative,2.从自己的利益的角度。通过行为学家的研究发现：通常情况下，采用系统的公司会起到反效果：weaksanctionsystem的公司的员工的道德水准要比不设置道德水准要低，通常情况下，采用系统的员工更有可能选择利己行为。很明显，系统的使用会影响员工的决策2而最终影响员工的表现。所谓的20180830阅读整理1.公司系统【文章类型】驳论文【第一段】论述老观点manyexpertscontendsthat使用sanctioningsystem可以提升员工的道德水准有利于员工做出一些有利于组织的行为benefitthewholeorganizations,这样有利于企业进行全面的管理，这种方法得到了很多企业的认可。【第二段】的弊端实际上公司的员工做出决策通常来说会从两个角度：1.全公司的角度cooperative,2.从自己的利益的角度。通过行为学家的研究发现：通常情况下，采用系统的公司会起到反效果：weaksanctionsystem的公司的员工的道德水准要比不设置道德水准要低，通常情况下，采用系统的员工更有可能选择利己行为。很明显，系统的使用会影响员工的决策2而最终影响员工的表现。所谓的【Q1】主旨：一个新的研究成果】可以推断infer出什西？：如果公司引进一个很强的系统，员工会表现出更好的合作。【Q3】为什系统让员工不想合作：合作会让自己的薪水变低。】文章支持哪一个观点inferimply：weak的公司的员工相对于严格的公司的员工更有可能做出利于集体的选择{ —负相关关系}【类似的一篇文章】AccordingtoP.F.Drucker,themanagementphilosophyknownasTotalQualityManagement(TQM),whichisdesignedtobeadoptedconsistentlythroughoutanorganizationandtoimprovecustomerservicebyusingsamplingtheorytoreducethevariabilityofaproduct'squality,canworksuccessfullyinconjunctionwithtwooldermanagementsystems.AsDruckernotes,TQM'sscientificapproachisconsistentwiththestatisticalsamplingtechniquesofthe"rationalist"schoolofscientificmanagement,andtheorganizationalstructureassociatedwithTQMisconsistentwiththesocialandpsychologicalemphasesofthe"humanrelations"schoolofmanagement.However,TQMcannotsimplybegraftedontothesesystemsorontocertainothernon-TQMmanagementsystems.Although,asDruckercontends,TQMshareswithsuchsystemstheultimateobjectiveofincreasingprofitability,TQMrequiresfundamentallydifferentstrategies.Whiletheothermanagementsystemsreferredtouseuppermanagementdecision-makingandemployeespecializationtoizeshareholderprofitsovertheshortterm,TQMenvisionstheinterestsofemployees,shareholders,andcustomersasconvergent.Forexample,lowerpricesnotonlybenefitconsumersbutalsoenhanceanorganization'scompetitiveedgeandensureitscontinuance,thusbenefitingemployeesandowners.TQM'semphasisonsharedinterestsiscustomersasconvergent.Forexample,lowerpricesnotonlybenefitconsumersbutalsoenhanceanorganization'scompetitiveedgeandensureitscontinuance,thusbenefitingemployeesandowners.TQM'semphasisonsharedinterestsisreflectedinthedecentralizeddecision-making,integratedproductionactivity,andlateralstructureoforganizationsthatachievethebenefitsofTQM.Question#01:Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto(A)pointoutcontradictionsinaagementsystemcompareandcontrasttheobjectivesofvariousmanagementsystemsidentifytheorganizationalfeaturessharedbyvariousmanagementsystemsexplaintherelationshipofaparticularmanagementsystemtocertainothermanagementsystemsexplaintheadvantagesofaparticularmanagementsystemovercertainothermanagementsystemsQuestion#02:Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestherelationshipofthesecondparagraphtothefirstparagraph?Itpresentscontrastingexplanationsforaphenomenonpresentedinthefirstparagraph.Itdiscussesanexceptiontoageneralprincipleoutlinedinthefirstparagraph.Itprovidesinformationthatqualifiesaclaimpresentedinthefirstparagraph.Itpresentsanexamplethatstrengthensaclaimpresentedinthefirstparagraph.Itpresentsanalternativeapproachtosolvingaproblemdiscussedinthefirstparagraph.Question#03:Accordingtothepassage,therationalistandhumanrelationsschoolsofmanagementarealikeinthattheyareprimarilyinterestedinincreasingprofitsplacelittleemphasisonissuesoforganizationalstructureusestatisticalsamplingtechniquestoincreaseprofitabilityareunlikelytolowerpricesinordertoincreaseprofitabilityfocuschieflyonsettingandattaininglong-termobjectives2Giantstar周围有3颗行星【文章类型】现象解释【第一段】讲现象。有一个编号X的恒星，观测到恒星在发出一种脉冲（pulse），恒星周围有三颗行星围绕着转，由于行星的引力作用对恒星位置有影响，因此恒星的位置会发生变动，产生观测到的脉冲行为。【第二段】分析这个恒星和行星星系的形成这一星系形成应该是超supernova 的结果，后面好像是说了一下这一过程，从红巨星redgiant到超爆发的这个事~~（恒星年老的时候体积膨胀很大成为redgiant，比如太阳成为redgiant后由于体积膨胀会把地球吞掉~然后redgiant会有一个超爆发的过程，之后形成一个nebula，往往由于引力的作用坍缩，孕育新的恒星，形成新的恒星行星星系）分析红巨星的半径大小应该比地球到太阳的距离大，而实际上地球到太阳的距离要比这一星系中的任何一颗行星到那个编号的恒星的距离要大，所以应该是supernova 后的产物。（因为要是之前的行星就被redgiant吞掉了）【第三段】举例类⽐说的形成举了太阳系的例⼦做类⽐，就是超 之后如作⽤下坍塌成【Q1】第⼀段的功能phenomenon【Q2】giantstar是什 ？【Q3】文章主题：研究XX的origin【720】【V34】【V38740】【Q4】因此恒星的位置会发生变动，产生观测到的脉冲行为。这句话出了一个细节题【Q5】第三段highlight阳成为redgiant后由于体积膨胀会把地球吞掉~然后redgiant会有一个超爆发的过程，之后形成一个nebula，往往由于引力的作用坍缩，孕育新的恒星，形成新的恒星行星星系）分析红巨星的半径大小应该比地球到太阳的距离大，而实际上地球到太阳的距离要比这一星系中的任何一颗行星到那个编号的恒星的距离要大，所以应该是supernova 后的产物。（因为要是之前的行星就被redgiant吞掉了）【第三段】举例类⽐说的形成举了太阳系的例⼦做类⽐，就是超 之后如作⽤下坍塌成【Q1】第⼀段的功能phenomenon【Q2】giantstar是什 ？【Q3】文章主题：研究XX的origin【720】【V34】【V38740】【Q4】因此恒星的位置会发生变动，产生观测到的脉冲行为。这句话出了一个细节题【Q5】第三段highlight求功能？：举例子类比说【Q6】可推测：三个行星到编号的形成。【V38740】【V41】V41】giantstar到psr>>三个planet到PSR的距离。【V40】【Q7】下关于三个planets的说法哪个正确？”3planets到PSR【V40】干扰选项：planetaroundGX1273subtlyshiftitsposition3work-class女性【第⼀段】学者研究19女性生活和 的地位和他们对政治的影响是依据19世纪middleclass女性自己写的东西。然后说一下她们虽然不没有他们的是middleclass，有良好的权，但是她们还是对政治和 的一些圈子又一定影响力的，因为神马的（总之她们是有钱的）。这段后面说但是学者开始对依赖这种证据有点狭窄，只能代表一个群体的女性。【第⼆段】有一个学者叫什stanlle(，提出研究19世纪女性生活地位等不能光看middleclass的女人，其实，workingclass的女人和middleclass的女人是应该区 的，不能以偏概全。workingclass的很多地方和middleclass的不一样的。她们没有这 多的，生存方式有着比较显著的不同。【第三段】就是细讲一下stanlle对19centuryworkingclass女人的research结果。workingclassmen,theyhavelessopportutofind""classmen,theyreceivelowerwages".还扯了一些别的，但是大意思就是说她们的没权益，没钱，和middleclasswomen不一样，在挣得面和workingclassmen也不一样。我记得这一段还提到一种女性的社团，我忘了是说workingclass不能像middleclass女人那样组织社团，还是反过来说恰恰是他们的低地位促使他们组织这个社团。author的总结stanlle的research的依据比较薄弱，虽然很好的依赖了19世纪关于workingclasswomen的“courtevidence"但是其他很多都是依赖third面author圆了一下场说了一些对stanlleparty说法的，总之stanlle的研究依据的东西比较薄弱。但是，后的看法和贡献肯定的东西。大概意思就是想透露说，stanlle虽然researchmethod有不足，但是毕竟她是第一个提出要区分stanlle的research的依据比较薄弱，虽然很好的依赖了19世纪关于workingclasswomen的“courtevidence"但是其他很多都是依赖third面author圆了一下场说了一些对stanlleparty说法的，总之stanlle的研究依据的东西比较薄弱。但是，后的看法和贡献肯定的东西。大概意思就是想透露说，stanlle虽然researchmethod有不足，但是毕竟她是第一个提出要区分middleclass女人和别的女人的第一个学者（不能以偏概全）。所以还是很有意义的。【Q1】NYCworkingclass女人和NYCworkingclass男人有什 区别。：比较确定是选working的女的比男的要lowerwage【V42】【Q2】author对stanlle的东西的看法的。：就是author觉得stanlle虽然证据不足，但是是一个先驱者。【V42】【Q3】牵涉到stanlle用的courtevidence，【Q4】原文第二段那个人做了什 事情：将socialstatus融入研究。【V42】【Q5】战前对妇女的看法：战前比战后更加注重她们工作那一方面的褒奖【Q6】作者态度influentialand (一个positive的词)(一个positive的词butoutdatedthought-provkingbutunconvincingsignificant(好像是这个单词butflawed4文学（好像没有出题）【第⼆段】主要support了b这个地⽅出现⽂献的可能性。说b是很多中国和的crossboarder，⼏千年前很多⽂化交流从这⾥经过，所以⽂献的出现是⾮常有可能的。考古学家们正在研究⽂献的这种language,包括研究这种language在coin上的印记【第三段】interlinearnotationof"copied"的意思是说这个⽂献是⼀个被遗弃的⽂献，有⼀个replacementof这个被遗弃⽂献，这种被遗弃并且replace的现象表是在这⾥翻译的。【Q1】第⼆段出题了。问哪个关于这个language是正确的？language现在没有⼈⽤和说了备选选项：表明了有librarysystem那个选项。⼲扰选项：有⼀个选项是说infer了这是个被replace过的。因为interlinearnotation的意思是被replaced过的，但是infer出了有librarysystem）【Q2】问interlinearnotationinfer了什？明那个地⽅和年代就已经有了librarysystem。也说明中国的很多【第一段】manuscriptnewfindsinB这个地⽅让B成为了第五个发现原始佛【Q3】这个⾼亮的copiedindicate了什麼？”：themanuscriptswerediscardedonesthathadbeenreplacedbyfreshlymadeones【原⽂考古⼀】请重点看！！！Throughsomestunningfindsoverthelast【Q3】这个⾼亮的copiedindicate了什麼？”：themanuscriptswerediscardedonesthathadbeenreplacedbyfreshlymadeones【原⽂考古⼀】请重点看！！！Throughsomestunningfindsoverthelastdecade,researchersstudyingearlyBuddhistmanuscriptshereattheUniversityofWashingtonandattheBritishLibraryareconfirmingalongstandinghypothesisthatanancienttraditionofBuddhistliteratureexistedinGandhari,adialectofPrakrit,anearlyIndiclanguagethatdevelopedfromSanskrit.TheyareconfidentthatthatcanonmaysoontakeitsplacenexttothefourothergreattraditionsofBuddhisttexts:thelivingtraditionsofPali,,andan,andtheancient,fragmentaryoneofSanskrit.说⼀种未被认可的、证据不够充分的，literature和世界其他四⼤传统应该同等重要，所以就可以知道阅读的topic肯定是anancienttraditionofBuddhistliterature。TheGandharicanonmayprovetobeacruciallinkinunderstandingthewayBuddhismmovednorthwardalongtheSilkRoad,intoCentralandEastAsia,evenasitlargelydiedout,whereitwasborninthefifthorfourthcenturyBC."We'reputtingthislanguageonthemapofmajorlanguagesoftheancientworld,whichitreallywas,"saysRichardG.Salomon,aprofessorofAsianlanguagesandSanskrithere,andthedirectoroftheBritishLibraryUniversityofWashingtonEarlyBuddhistManuscriptsProject.这⼀段不太有印象⼀系列关于这个language的存在过的证据的找寻以及其重要性的探讨。AlthoughnoothersubstantialGandharimanuscripthadcometolight,Mr.Salomonwasamongahandfulofresearcherswhostudiedthelanguage,fromtheBroughedition,fromseculardocumentsinarelatedlanguage,andfrominscriptionsonpots,coins,andarchaeologicalruins.Mr.Salomonspecializedinthosearcaneinscriptions,whichareinKharosthi,ascriptbasedontheAramaicalphabet.个⼈觉得这⼀段其实也没有太重要，同样意会，就是说在这个阶段证据依然不充分，但是这废墟⾥⾯寻找这种language(或者说traditionalliterature存在过的证据)。In1994,ananonymousdonorhadgiventhelibrary29fragileandfragmentsofmanuscriptonbirchbarkrolls."aperandvellumarelikecastironbycomparison,"saysMr.Shaw."Thesheerfactthatanykindsofmanuscriptsonthismaterialhavesurvivedisamiracle."对应这段话后⽂似乎在⼀道题有专门考，不太记得了。只是很清楚的记得“，反正要麼是这段话专门考了⼀道题，要麼就是这段话成为了某道题的⼀个选项。Onesuchfindeightsmall,contiguousfragments,makingapieceaboutthesizeofapagefromastandardpaperback,fromalargecommentaryonthebenefitsofmeditationhasjustbeenacquiredbytheUniversityofWashingtonLibraries,whiletheothermanuscriptsareattheBritishLibrary.Becausethedocumentsaresofragile,theWashingtonresearchersstudydigitalandphotographicimagesofthem.Interlinearnotationssuchas"copied"indicatethatthemanuscriptswerediscardedonesthathadbeenreplacedbyfreshlymadeones.Apparently,saysMr.Salomon,themonasterieshadwellorganizedscriptoriumsandlargelibrariesevenatthatearlystage.我碰到的考题当中有⼀道是吧copied这个单词highlight了。然后问这个词为什麼要打引号。找到这篇⽂章就更好了，因为中的阅读题把这⼀段换了个形式表达，虽然也⽤引号强调了copied这个单词，但是并没有后⾯的indicate.⽽题⽬就是问“这个⾼亮的copiedindicate了什麼？”找到原⽂的各位⽐我幸福太多，我是⾃⼰绞尽脑汁被改的体⽆完肤的上下⽂才选出“themanuscriptswerediscardedonesthathadbeenreplacedbyfreshlymadeones”，如果碰到这道infer题⼀定⼀定不要⼤错啦！送分的噢！Wonderful,agreesMr.ShawoftheBritishLibrary,becausethewritingsintheuscriptsPalicanon,areprovingto碰到这道infer题⼀定⼀定不要⼤错啦！送分的噢！Wonderful,agreesMr.ShawoftheBritishLibrary,becausethewritingsintheuscriptsPalicanon,areprovingtobeclosertothoseinBuddhistversionsthantothoseinthewhichhasgenerallybeenregardedasthestandard."TherewereobviouslyvariousBuddhistcanonscirculatinginearlydaysindifferentdialects,"hesays.ThemanuscriptsalsothrowlightonthewaythatBuddhisttraditionwastransmitted.“Oraltransmissionhadbeenthepreferredornormalwaymemorization,recitation,andsoforth,"saysMr.Salomon."Whatwe'renowfindingoutisthat,inthefirstandsecondcenturyAD,thenotionofwritingthingsdowntookoffinabigway."【原⽂考古⼆】ALostBuddhistLiteraryTraditionIsFoundIncertaincliffhangersonlatenighttelevision,dashingandstrangelyunderdressedarchaeologistsinfarawayplacesunearthartifactsofuncertainprovenance.Thediscoveriescastnewlightonanancientcivilization.Inreality,archaeologistsarelessswashbuckling,butonceinagreatwhiletheydoturnupobjectseffect.ancientmanuscripts,say,inscribedinlittleknownlanguages thathavethatThroughsomestunningfindsoverthelastdecade,researchersstudyingearlyBuddhistmanuscriptshereattheUniversityofWashingtonandattheBritishLibraryareconfirmingalongstandinghypothesisthatanancienttraditionofBuddhistliteratureexistedinGandhari,adialectofPrakrit,anearlyIndiclanguagethatdevelopedfromSanskrit.TheyareconfidentthatthatcanonmaysoontakeitsplacenexttothefourothergreattraditionsofBuddhisttexts:thelivingtraditionsofPali,,andan,andtheancient,fragmentaryoneofSanskrit.Throughsomestunningfindsoverthelastdecade,researchersstudyingearlyBuddhistmanuscriptshereattheUniversityofWashingtonandattheBritishLibraryareconfirmingalongstandinghypothesisthatanancienttraditionofBuddhistliteratureexistedinGandhari,adialectofPrakrit,anearlyIndiclanguagethatdevelopedfromSanskrit.TheyareconfidentthatthatcanonmaysoontakeitsplacenexttothefourothergreattraditionsofBuddhisttexts:thelivingtraditionsofPali,,andan,andtheancient,fragmentaryoneofSanskrit.TheGandharicanonmayprovetobeacruciallinkinunderstandingthewayBuddhismmovednorthwardalongtheSilkRoad,intoCentralandEastAsia,evenasitlargelydiedout,whereitwasborninthefifthorfourthcenturyBC."We'reputtingthislanguageonthemapofmajorlanguagesoftheancientworld,whichitreallywas,"saysRichardG.Salomon,aprofessorofAsianlanguagesandSanskrithere,andthedirectoroftheBritishLibraryUniversityofWashingtonEarlyBuddhistManuscriptsProject.Mr.Salomonisinchargeofreconstructing,decoding,andpublishingacollectionofmanuscriptsofakindthatheandhiscolleaguesfearedtheywouldneverlivetosee.Untilrecently,concreteevidenceoftheGandharitraditionconsistedofasinglemanuscript,discoveredin1892andpublished70yearslaterasTheGandhariDharmapada(OxfordUniversityPress),editedbythelateUniversityofCambridgescholar,JohnBrough.Specialistsknewthatothermanuscriptsexisted.Inthe1830s,forexample,oneFrencharchaeologistwroteoffindingsome,"butwhentheytouchedthem,theyliterallycrumbledintheirhands,"saysGrahamW.Shaw,thedirectoroftheBritishLibrary'sOrientalandIndiaOfficeCollections.AlthoughnoothersubstantialGandharimanuscripthadcometolight,Mr.Salomonwasamongahandfulofresearcherswhostudiedthelanguage,fromtheBroughedition,fromseculardocumentsinaCollections.AlthoughnoothersubstantialGandharimanuscripthadcometolight,Mr.Salomonwasamongahandfulofresearcherswhostudiedthelanguage,fromtheBroughedition,fromseculardocumentsinarelatedlanguage,andfrominscriptionsonpots,coins,andarchaeologicalruins.Mr.Salomonspecializedinthosearcaneinscriptions,whichareinKharosthi,ascriptbasedontheAramaicalphabet.In1994,hispreparationpaidoffwhenhewascontactedbyofficialsattheBritishLibrary,whohadacquiredacollectionofwhatappearedtobemanymoreGandharidialectmanuscriptswritteninKharosthi.Ananonymousdonorhadgiventhelibrary29extremelyfragileandbrittlefragmentsofmanuscriptonbirchbarkrolls."aperandvellumarelikecastironbycomparison,"saysMr.Shaw."Thesheerfactthatanykindsofmanuscriptsonthismaterialhavesurvivedisamiracle."LibraryexpertsandMr.SalomondeterminedthatthemanuscriptsdatedfromthefirstcenturyAD,andthatmadethemtheoldestknownBuddhistmanuscriptsanywhere,andtheoldestIndicmanuscriptsknowntohavesurvived.Judgingbycomparisonswithotherartifactsandbycommentsintravelers'andearlyarchaeologists'journals,Mr.SalomondeducedthatthemanuscriptsprobablyhadbeenfoundinajarinacavenearJalalabadinwhatisnoweasternAfghanistan,closetotheancientregionofGandhara.GandharawastheseatofaseriesofpowerfuldynastiesfromthethirdcenturyBCtothefourthcenturyAD.Wellknownfromabundantarchaeologicalremains,itwasacrossroadsofculturalinfluencesfromIndia,theWest,China,andEastAsia,andameltingpotofGreeks,descendantsofScythianinvadersfromtheNorth,andmanyothers.ArchaeologicalremainsandotherevidenceshowthatitwasalsoanimportantcenterofBuddhism."Itonlystoodtoreasonthatthere'dbealiterarycomponentofthatculture,"saysMr.Salomon."Someofthepieceswereinplace,andnowtheliterarylanguagefallsrightintoplace,too."Mr.Salomon,whosecurlyhairandheavyspectaclesmakehimappearrathermorebookishthanswashbuckling,visiblywincesashetakesstockofhowlongithastakenforthetraditiontoemerge."ManyGandharimanuscriptsweredestroyed,lost,thrownout,"hesays."Believeitornot,theywerenotrecognizedasvaluableobjects,evenbyscholarsshouldhaveknownbetter."certainarchaeologistswhoTheBritishLibrarycollectionhasgrownfrom29to57fragments,andtotripleitsoriginalvolume,withtheadditionofothergroupsofmanuscriptsthatweresittingunidentifiedinprivatecollections.Theyincludesermons,tales,andcommentaries,manyofwhicharewellknownfromotherBuddhistliterarytraditions.Onesuchfindeightsmall,contiguousfragments,makingapieceaboutthesizeofapagefromastandardpaperback,fromalargecommentaryonthebenefitsofmeditationhasjustbeenacquiredbytheUniversityofWashingtonLibraries,whiletheothermanuscriptsareattheBritishLibrary.Becausethedocumentsaresofragile,theWashingtonresearchersstudydigitalandphotographicimagesofthem.Todatethemanuscripts,researchershaveusedsuchtechniquesascomparingtheircontentswithinscriptionsoncoins,andnamesoreventsmentionedinothertexts.SimilarsleuthingsuggeststhattheKharosthiscrollscamefromthelibraryofaGandharanmonasteryoftheDharmaguptakasectofBuddhists;thattheydatefromthefirstcenturyAD;andthattheywerefoundinmoderndaynorthernPakistanoreasternAfghanistan.Interlinearnotationssuchas"copied"indicatethatthemanuscriptswerediscardedonesthathadbeenreplacedbyfreshlymadeones.Apparently,saysMr.Salomon,themonasterieshadwellorganizedscriptoriumsandlargelibrariesevenatthatearlystage.Thatleadshimandhiscolleaguestobelievethatthetextshaveenormoussignificancebecausetheysupportthe"Gandharihypothesis"Thatleadshimandhiscolleaguestobelievethatthetextshaveenormoussignificancebecausetheysupportthe"Gandharihypothesis"thatMr.Broughandsomeotherscholarslongagoproposed:thatsomeearlyratherthanSanskritoriginals.translationsofBuddhisttextswerepreparedfromGandhariGreetedwithskepticismatfirst,thatpossibilitynowappearscertain.Thenewdiscoveriesreveal"amissinglinkbetweenthebirthofBuddhismanditslaterformsandelsewhereinAsia,"saysMichaelWitzel,aprofessorofSanskritandIndianstudiesatHarvardUniversity.Thelinkisquitecomplicated,Mr.Witzelsays.Thenewlyfoundmanuscriptsare"notfromtheformativestagesofBuddhism."Thereligion'soriginallanguagewasprobablyalosteasternIndiandialect,aslaterPalitextsfromwesternIndiasuggest.Butsincethattraditionwasprobablyneverwrittendown,saysMr.Salomon,"thisbringsusascloseaswe'reevergoingtogettotheearliestwrittenformoftheBuddha'swords."EventhoughtheGandharanfindspredateallotherBuddhistholdings,thetraditionlinksupwiththeotherstrainsofBuddhismin"verycomplicated,messyways"thatdonottellanystraightforwardhistoricaltale,Mr.Salomonexplains."Inaway,that’sdisappointing.Butthat'sasuperficialreaction.Thenit'sdaunting.Andthenit'sexciting.Itreallydoesshakethingsup."Intryingtoidentifyexactlywhattherelationshipsare,heandhiscolleagues,includingCollettD.Cox,anassociateprofessorofBuddhiststudieshere,andMarkAllon,anAustralianResearchCouncilfellowattheUniversityofSydney,areminutelycomparingthemwithparallelsinPali,Sanskrit,and,andareevenfindingafewparallelsintheantradition,whichdevelopedlater,butfromadifferentstream.Forexample,amongthetextsinthecollectionistheAnavatapatagatha,acollectionofsermonsonthenatureofperceptionthattheBuddhaissaidtohavedeliveredonthebanksofLakeAnavatapata.ThoseareknownfromlaterversionsinSanskrit,,andan.AlsofoundwasaversionoftheversecompilationknowninPaliastheKhaggavisanasuttaoftheSuttanipata,theBuddha'ssermonsonthehornoftherhinoceros(suttanipata).InboththePaliandGandhari"RhinocerosSutra,"therhinoceros,asananimalthatwandersalone,symbolizesdetachmentfrommaterialthings.Manytextsinthecollection,however,donothavesuchanalogues."Alargeproportionofthisliterature,"saysMr.Salomon,"existedonlyinthatregion,andisnotpartofpanBuddhistliterature.Thatisagaindaunting"wonderful."becauseitmakestranslationevenharder "andyetWonderful,agreesMr.ShawoftheBritishLibrary,becausethewritingsintheuscriptsareprovingtobeclosertothoseinBuddhistversionsthantothoseinthePalicanon,whichhasgenerallybeenregardedasthestandard."TherewereobviouslyvariousBuddhistcanonscirculatinginearlydaysindifferentdialects,"hesays.ThemanuscriptsalsothrowlightonthewaythatBuddhisttraditionwastransmitted."Oraltransmissionhadbeenthepreferredornormalwaymemorization,recitation,andsoforth,"saysMr.Salomon.“Whatwe'renowfindingoutisthat,inthefirstandsecondcenturyAD,thenotionofwritingthingsdowntookoffinabigway."Forthosereasonsthemanuscriptsare,saysMr.WitzelofHarvard,"theQumranmanuscriptsofBuddhism."HisallusionistotheDeadSeaScrolls,andtheirimportanceinunderstandingearlyChristiaanditsJudaicroots.ScholarsinthebroadfieldofIndicstudiesgenerallyagreethatthecomparisonofthetwowritings,whichdatefromthesametime,isapt.Mr.Salomonconcurs,butheadds,referringtothefamoussquabblesthatChristiaanditsJudaicroots.ScholarsinthebroadfieldofIndicstudiesgenerallyagreethatthecomparisonofthetwowritings,whichdatefromthesametime,isapt.Mr.Salomonconcurs,butheadds,referringtothefamoussquabblesthathaveboggeddownthepublicationoftheDeadSeaScrolls:"Fromthebeginning,I'vestructuredthisproject'sstrategiestobetheexactoppositetotheDeadSeaScrolls.Thatentailsactuallydoingresearchandpublishingit,ratherthaneringaroundfor40years,orwhatevertheyweredoing."Settingabriskpacebyacademicpublishingstandards,theprojecthasreleasedonemajorvolumeayearsince1999inaseriesfromtheUniversityofWashingtonPress.Achievingthatefficiencyevenpublishingthetextsatall isamatterofoldfashioned"philologicalslogging,"saysMr.Salomon."Technologyhelps,butthebottomlineisknowingthewordsandthelettersandthelanguagesandthecultures."Heknows12ancientandmodernlanguages5.鸟类迁徙判定方向的方式【第⼀段】关于鸟类迁徙方向的识别，有很多争议，有的说鸟是通过地形的，有的说通过看太阳k的科学家研究说，某种鸟是通过太阳导航的，可以利用太阳的方向来识别k于是做了个笼子实验，笼子里的鸟都是无规律的乱跳动，但是当太阳照就子的方向飞过去了，所以说太阳是这种鸟导航的要素，但是一个问题是，太阳的位置似是考古里面的因为（randomly），但春秋天（反正是迁徙的季mirror反射阳光，鸟会反定向。【第二sun角度的不同的呢，这个可能是鸟自身的生物起作用。【Q1】主旨题：phenomenon那个选项【V42】备注：典型现象解释⽂章，并且确实如课上所说出现驳论类型的⼲扰选项：提出一种观点flaw。【Q2】如果遮住所有阳光鸟会怎样?：选根据干扰选项1：ceasetoflutter备注：确选项有提到阳光【Q3】为什sunlight：给出一个rhythmic现象的例子。【V42】【Q4】通过镜子的实验证明了什 ？其他：候鸟飞⾏⽅向受⼀些CLUE的影响【Q5】第⼆段的作⽤第⼆段提出了第⼀段没有考虑到的⼀个情况或者问题6黑人平权【第⼀段】⼆战的时候，美国⿊⼈的civilrights有所。因为导致城市⾥需要⼤量的Industrialworkers，所以⿊⼈从suburban地区⼤量来到城市，并且最终得到了⼀定的政治权⼒，随之⽽来的这些⿊⼈的voting participation增加了（“one, one vote”），且北边⿊⼈投票率是以前的2倍,南边是以前4倍。[此处有题]【第⼆段】organizedlabor对⿊⼈civilrights的提升也有所帮助。没有加⼊公会的美国⿊⼈受到civil rights提⾼的⿎舞加⼊了NAAPC.[此处还是有题：问有哪些关于NAAPC的说法是正确的]。与此同时，它了包括racialdiscriminationatwork6黑人平权【第⼀段】⼆战的时候，美国⿊⼈的civilrights有所。因为导致城市⾥需要⼤量的Industrialworkers，所以⿊⼈从suburban地区⼤量来到城市，并且最终得到了⼀定的政治权⼒，随之⽽来的这些⿊⼈的voting participation增加了（“one, one vote”），且北边⿊⼈投票率是以前的2倍,南边是以前4倍。[此处有题]【第⼆段】organizedlabor对⿊⼈civilrights的提升也有所帮助。没有加⼊公会的美国⿊⼈受到civil rights提⾼的⿎舞加⼊了NAAPC.[此处还是有题：问有哪些关于NAAPC的说法是正确的]。与此同时，它了包括racialdiscriminationatworkplace，especially在北⽅的⼯业城市⽩⼈和⿊⼈之间的wagedifference等⼀系列情况。[有题]【第三段】However，这种civil rights提⾼的好时光在结束前就被打破了。civilrightsprogress遇到各种sandtensions。其中包括1.⿊⼈⼯资，住房等⼀系列问题和⽩⼈形成竞争。2.⿊⼈内部有了和妥协.所以有了⼀些civilrights的活动。因此，后来laborunion就不再leadcivilrightsmovement,⽽变成church来。【⽂章整体框架】【⾸段】⼆期⿊⼈进程，⿊⼈的民权有，是导致⿊⼈⼯⼈的需求量增加，最后导致民权上升。【第⼆段】劳⼯组织NAAPC 帮助⿊⼈提升民权，最终使⿊⼈⼯资差距减少，减少。【第三段】然⽽前⼣变数又起，公会不管⿊⼈了。⿊⼈与⽩⼈竞争产⽣⽭盾，⿊⼈内部也存在【Q1】哪项说明了⼆和妥协。期⿊⼈civilrights的改变？：⼀个农村来的⿊⼈找到了defendfactory的job，得到unionwag【700】强⼲扰选项：⿊⼈⼯资达到了⽔平【Q2】第⼆段的NAAPC组织可以infer出什？为什，该组织的⼈数⼀下⼦增多了E:ThehugeamountofblackworkerjoiningNAAPCwanttohavefurtherearningbecausethepastexperiencesshowithasimprovedblack'scivilrelations“下⾯哪些可以体现⿊⼈的地位变化”选项有：⿊⼈和⽩⼈的⼯资区别⼩了【Q4】下⾯behavior哪个属于aninstance“下⾯哪些可以体现⿊⼈的地位变化”选项有：⿊⼈和⽩⼈的⼯资区别⼩了【Q4】下⾯behavior哪个属于aninstanceoftheconditionsmentionedinP1.,参考选项：industrialjob的机会，然后gotthejobandjoinedunionpay.理由这个选项符合P1⾥说的migratedtocitieswherelotsofindustrialworkersneeded】【Q5】主旨题选项：虽然⿊⼈⼿中有民权，但始终有限..civilrights...but…limited【Q6】问哪个不是⽂章中举的例⼦？备选：是法令什的；【740】【Q7】还有问哪个是civilright的表现？答题⽅向：感觉应该要结合全⽂看吧，选项1：有个选项说⼯资⼀样的提⽰740得主没选那个，因为这⾥只说了北⽅地区【背景资料】DuringWorldWarII,blackscomposedaboutone-eighthoftheU.S.armedforces,which matched their presence in the general population.Although disproportionatelyhighnumberofblackswereputinnoncombat,supportpositionsinthemilitary,manydid.TheArmyAirCorpstrainedblacksaspilotsinacontroversialsegregatedarrangementinTuskegee,Alabama.Duringthewar,allthearmedservicesmovedtowardequaltreatmentofblacks,thoughnoneflatlyrejectedsegregation.Intheearlywaryears,hundredsofthousandsofblacksleftSouthernfarmsforwarjobsinNorthernandWesterncities.InfactmoreblacksmigratedtotheNorthandtheWestduringWorldWarIIthanhadleftduringthepreviouswar.Althoughtherewasracialtensionandintheirnewhomes,blackswerefreeoftheworstracialoppression,andtheyenjoyedmuchlargerincomes.AfterthewarblacksintheNorthandWestusedtheireconomicandpoliticalinfluencetosupportcivilrightsforSouthernblacks.Blackscontinuedtoworkagainstdiscriminationduringthewar,challengingvotingregistrarsinSoutherncourthousesandsuingschoolboardsforequaleducationalprovisions.ThemembershipoftheNAACPgrewfrom50,000toabout500,000.In1944theNAACPwonamajorvictoryinSmithv.Allwright,whichoutlawedthewhiteprimary.Aneworganization,theCongressofRacialEquality(CORE),wasfoundedin1942tochallengesegregationinpublicaccommodationsintheNorth.7doll的实验【第一段】找这个玩具，小朋友就找不到了。试验人员说这是由于这些孩子太小（2岁以下），不能分辨实体和模型之间的一个represent的作用。【第二段】解释说是因为幼儿能够分别识别实物和微缩模型，但是不能够辨别两者之间的。【第三段】第三段说又作了一个试验，让小朋友们先看到沙发后的娃娃，然后把他们带出这间房子，并告诉他们试验人员可以用什东把房子缩小，希望他们在缩小后的房子里再找到玩具。接着研究人员把房子的微缩模型拿来了，小朋友们很轻松的就找到了微缩玩具娃娃。【Q1】第二段的作用是什麼(function)，：給予第一段描述的實驗一個理論化說明。【Q2】实验说明2岁的小孩子不能做什麽？說幼兒不能从照片中认出缩小版模型玩具，找这个玩具，小朋友就找不到了。试验人员说这是由于这些孩子太小（2岁以下），不能分辨实体和模型之间的一个represent的作用。【第二段】解释说是因为幼儿能够分别识别实物和微缩模型，但是不能够辨别两者之间的。【第三段】第三段说又作了一个试验，让小朋友们先看到沙发后的娃娃，然后把他们带出这间房子，并告诉他们试验人员可以用什东把房子缩小，希望他们在缩小后的房子里再找到玩具。接着研究人员把房子的微缩模型拿来了，小朋友们很轻松的就找到了微缩玩具娃娃。【Q1】第二段的作用是什麼(fu