微生物复习题具答案

微生物复习题具答案微生物复习题具答案微生物复习题具答案V:1.0精细整理，仅供参考微生物复习题具答案日期：20xx年X月Test1:DevelopmentofMicrobiologyMultiple-choice:Thefundamentalunitofalllivingorganismsisthe:A.membraneB.cellC.nucleusD.cellwallOrganismsthatdonotcontainatruenucleusarereferredtoas:A.fungiB.eukaryoticC.prokaryoticD.nankaryoticThethreekingdomclassificationsystemoforganismswasproposedby:A.PasteurB.BaconC.WinogradskyD.WoeseFungidifferfrombacteriainanumberofcharacteristics.Thecellwallsinfungiarecomposedof,whilethecellwallsofbacteriaarecomposedofpeptidoglycanA.chitinB.phospholipidsC.proteinD.glucosamineThefirstmicroscopesweredevelopedby:A.EhrlichB.MetchnikoffC.LeewenhoekD.ListerTheterm"antibiotic"means:A.asubstanceproducedbythelaboratorythatkillsorinhibitsothermicroorganismsB.asubstanceproducedbymicroorganismsthatkillsorinhibitsmoldsC.asubstanceproducedbymicroorganismthatkillsorinhibitsothermicroorganismsD.asubstanceproducedbymicroorganismsthatkillsorinhibitscancercellsThegeneticmaterialofabacteriaislocatedinthemolecule:RNAB.DNAC.proteinD.lipidFILLINBLANKS:Organismsthatcontainatruenucleusarecalled_eukaryotic______Bacteriadonothaveatruenucleusandareconsidered_prokaryotic______Bacteriacanbedividedintotwogroups,the_archaeaandthe_eubacteria_.4._anaerobes_areorganismsthatcangrowwithoutusingmolecularoxygen.5.MicroorganismsthatcansynthesizecomplexorganiccompoundsfromCO2arecalled_autotroph_.6._phototrophsaremicroorganismsthatobtaintheirenergytosynthesizeorganiccompoundsfromlight.7.Heterotrophrequireorganiccompoundsforgrowth.8.Organismsthatsurviveonlyatveryhightemperaturesarereferredtoas_thermophile_.9._methanogen_areorganismsthatproducemethanefromCO2.10._halophile_____organismsgrowunderconditionsofhighsalinity.11.Eubacteriacanexhibitanumberofmorphologicalshapes.Identifyfour:a._sphericalorcocci_____b._cylindricalorrod_____c._spirals_____d._irregularorfilament____丝状体_12.Fungi,algaeandprotozoacanbedifferentiatedfrombacteriabythefollowingcharacteristic:_eukaryotic______.13.Fungihavecellwallconsistingof_chitin______.Virusesconsistof_nucleicacid_____surroundedbyaproteincoat.Theprocessusedtoreducethenumberofviableorganismsbymoderateheatingiscalled:_pasteurization_.18.An_antibiotic______isasubstanceproducedbymicroorganismsthatinhibitsorkillsothermicroorganisms.19.Theprocessofstimulatingtheimmunedefensesofthebodyisreferredtoas__immunization_____.20.Asubstanceinserumthatcanneutralizeforeignmaterialisreferredtoas_antitoxin_____or__antibody____.22.Exchangeofgeneticinformationbydirectcontactisreferredtoas__conjugation____.23._thansformation_____istheprocessinwhichDNAistransferredfromonebacteriatoanother.l.AntonLeeuwenhoeka.immunization2.LouisPasteurb.threekingdomclassificationbasedonrRNA3.RobertKochcstructureofDNA4.AlexanderFlemingd.firstmicroscope5.EdwardJennere.rabiesvaccine6.WatsonandCrickf.penicillin7..CarlWoeseg.establishedthatbacteriacancausediseaseTest2:OrganizationandStructureofMicroorganismsThearrangementofproteinsandlipidsinthemembraneisreferredtoasthe:A.bilayermodelB.fluidmosaicmodelC.trilayermodelD.permeablemodelThemovementofwatermoleculesacrossthemembraneinresponsetoaconcentrationgradientisreferredtoas:A.diffusionB.osmosisC.translocationD.transportThemembraneofacellisabletodifferentiatemoleculesthatenterorexitthecellandactasa____barrier.A.semipermanentB.SemitransparentC.SemipermeableD.semidiffuse5.Movementofmoleculesatanenhancedrateacrossthemembraneiscalled:A.facilitateddiffusionB.passivediffusionC.OsmosisD.permeationWhichofthefollowingmechanismstransportsmoleculeswithchemicalalteration?A.activetransportB.grouptranslocationC.facilitateddiffusionD.bindingproteintransportWhichofthefollowingtransportmechanismsoccursonlyinprokaryotesA.activetransportB.grouptranslocationC.facilitateddiffusionD.bindingproteintransportLysozymeandpenicillinhaveactivityagainstthecellwall.Lysozymebreaksthiscomponent;penicillinpreventsitsformation.A.lipopolysaccharideB.PhospholipidC.PeptidoglycanD.teichoicacidPartialdestructionofthecellwallwithlysozymeleavesacellcalleda:A.protoplastB.spheroplastC.periplastD.capsule10.DNAtransfersinformationtomakeproteinsinmoleculesreferredtoas:A.iRNAB.mRNAC.rRNAD.tRNA11.Theendoplasmicreticulum(ER)isamembranousstructurewithineukaryoticcells.Itisthesiteforproteinsynthesisandforstorageandtransportationofmoleculesoutofthecell.WhichpartoftheERisusedforproteinsynthesis

A.golgiapparatusB.roughERC.smoothERD.microbodyGram-positivebacteriacanbedifferentiatedfromGram-negativebacteriasincethepeptidoglycanlayercomprises____%ofthecellwall.A.90B.50C.3013.Whichofthefollowingisnotfoundinallbacterialcell?

A.cellmembraneB.anucleoidC.ribosomesD.capsule14.Piliaretubularshaftsinbacteriathatserveasameansof.A.gram-positive,geneticexchangeB.gram-positive,attachmentC.gram-negative,geneticexchangeD.gram-negative,protection15.Whichofthefollowingisaprimarybacterialcellwallfunction?A.transportB.motilityC.supportD.adhension16.Whichofthefollowingispresentinbothgram-positiveandgram-negativecellwall?

A.anoutermembraneB.peptidoglycanC.teichoicacidD.lipopolysaccharides17.MesosomesareinternalextensionsoftheA.cellwallB.cellmembraneC.chromosomeD.capsule18.BacterialendosporesfunctioninA.reproductionB.survivalC.ProteinsynthesisD.storage19.Abacterialarrangementinpacketsofeightcellsisdescribedasa.A.micrococcusB.tetradC.DiplococcusD.sacina20.Ingeneral,iftwohaploidcellsfuse,willresult.A.agermcellB.mitosisC.adiploidzygoteD.meiosis21.Thecellwallisfoundinwhicheukaryotes:A.fungiB.algaeC.ProtozoaD.AandB22.Yeastsarefungi,andmoldsarefungi.A.macroscopic,microscopicB.unicellular,filamentousC.motile,nonmotileD.water,terrestrial23.Ingeneral,fungiderivenutrientsthroughA.photosynthesisB.engulfingbacteriaC.digestingorganicsubstratesD.parasitism24.Ahyphadividedintocompartmentsbycrosswallsiscalled.A.nonseptateB.imperfectC.septateD.perfect25.Aconidiumisa/anspore,andazygosporeisa/anspore.A.sexual,asexualB.free,endoC.ascomycete,basidiomyceteD.asexual,sexual26.AlgaegenerallycontainsometypesofA.sporeB.chlorophyllC.locomotororganelleD.toxin27.MitochondrialikelyoriginatedfromA.archaeaB.invaginationsofthecellmembraneC.purplebacteriaD.cyanobacteria28.AvirusisatinyinfectiousA.cellB.livingthingC.particleD.nucleicacid29.VirusareknowntoinfectA.plantsB.bacteriaC.fungiD.allorganisms30.ThecapsidiscomposedofproteinsubunitscalledA.spikesB.virionsC.protomersD.capsomers31.Theenvelopeofananimalvirusisderivedfromtheofitshostcell.A.cellwallB.cellmembraneC.glycolyxD.receptors32.ThenucleicacidofavirusisA.DNAonlyB.RNAonlyC.bothDNAandRNAD.eitherDNAorRNA33.ThegeneralstepsinaviralmultiplicationcycleareA.adsorption,penetration,replication,maturation,andreleaseB.endocytosis,uncoating,replication,assembly,andbuddingC.adsorption,uncoating,duplication,assembly,andlysisD.endocytosis,penetration,replication,maturation,andexocytosis34.Aprophageisanearlystageinthedevelopmentofa/anA.bacterialvirusB.poxvirusC.lyticvirusD.envelopedvirus35.EnvelopedvirusescarrysurfacereceptorscalledA.budsB.spikesC.fibersD.sheaths36.VirusescannotbecultivatedinA.tissuecultureB.livemammalsC.birdembryosD.bloodagar37.Theproteincoatstructureofthevirusiscalleda:A.coatB.envelopC.receptorD.capsid38.Thecompositionoftheenvelopofsomevirusesis:A.phospholipidsandproteinscodedbytheviralgenomeB.phospholipidsandproteinscodedbythehostgenomeC.phospholipidscodedbythehostgenomeandproteinscodedbytheviralgenomeD.phospholipidscodedbytheviralgenomeandproteinscodedbythehostgenome39.Insomecasesintactvirusesarenotneededtoinfectacell.Infectiousproteinmoleculesthatcancausediseasearegiventheterm:A.prionsB.viroidsC.CapsomersD.VirionsFILLINBLANKS:Mostcellsuseenergyintheformof_ATP__torunthecell.2.TheregionbetweentheoutermembraneinGram-negativebacteriaandthecellwalliscalledthe_periplasmicspace___.ExtrachromosomalDNAelementsfoundinbacteriaarecalled_plasmids_______.Thefluidinsideacellisreferredtoasthe_cytoplasm_______.Thehereditaryorganelleofeukaryoticcellsiscalledthe_nucleus_____.Bacteriastainedbythegrammethodfallintotwogroups:Grampositivebacteria(G+),appeardeepvioletincolor;Gramnegativebacteria(G-)appearredincolor.Staphylococcusaureus金黄色葡萄球菌stainedbythegrammethodappeardeepvioletincolorEscherichiacoli大肠杆菌stainedbythegrammethodappearredincolor.ThecellwallsofmostGram-positiveeubacteriahavepeptidoglycanandteichoicacids.TheoutermembraneoftheGram-negativecellwallcontainsphospholipidonitsinnersurfaceandlipopolysaccharide(LPS)onitsoutersurface.AmongthemoreprominentbacterialinclusionsareCarbonstoragepolymers–PHBandglycogen、Phosphatepolymer、SulfurGranules、GasVacuoles。BacterianormallyreproducebyTransversebinaryfission.ThetermnucleoidisusedtodescribeaggregatedDNAintheprokaryoticcell.Thebacterialchromosomeisusuallyasinglecovalentlyclosedcircularmolecule.Plasmidsdon’tcontainthegeneticinformationfortheessentialmetabolicactivitiesofthecell,buttheygenerallydocontaingeneticinformationforspecialfeatures.ThemajortypesofplasmidsareResistantplasmids、Colplasmids、Conjugativeplasmids、Metabolicplasmids、Virulenceplasmids。Bacteriathatproduceextensivefilaments丝状体,suchasNocardia诺卡氏菌属species,reproducebyfragmentationofthefilaments.Themethanogens甲烷微生物,extremehalophiles嗜盐微生物andthermoacidophiles嗜酸微生物existedinextremeenvironmentsaretermedasarchear.Mycorrhiza菌根isasymbioticassociationofafunguswiththerootsofahigherplants.Lichens地衣arecompositeorganismscomposedoffungiandalgae,eachcontributingtothebenefitofboth.1.Compareandcontrasttheprokaryoticandtheeukaryoticcell.Listthepropertiesthatarecommontobothtypes.Listthepropertiesthataredifferentinthesetwocelltypes.

2.Thediscoveryofthebacterialendosporewasofgreatpracticalimportance.Why?

3.Whataretheuniquefeaturesofmicroorganism?

4.Listseveralappliedareasofmicrobiology

Describetheimportanceofmicroorganismsineachoftheseappliedfields.

5.Discussthedifferencesbetweenprokaryoticandeukaryoticcells.6.Whataresomemajordifferencesbetweengram-positiveandGram-negativebacteria.7.Drawatypicalbacterialcellandidentifyallparts.8.Listthesexualsporesandasexualsporesoffungi.9.Definethefollowingtermsarchaea,flagellum,bacterialchemotaxis,capsule,spore,mesosome,plasmid,simplestaining,Gramstaining,colony,lyticbacteriophage,temperatebacteriophage,Virus,HIV,SARS,Actinomycetes,cyanobacteria,Lichen,mycorrhizaMicrobialecologyAgroupofmicroorganismscoexistingtogetherinagivenlocationisreferredtoasa:A.ecosystemB.populationC.clonesD.communityAnativepopulationiscalled:A.indigenousB.neutralC.obligatoryD.communityAforeignpopulationisreferredtoasa________population.AutochthonousB.allochthonousC.xenochthonousD.chorochthonousTherhizosphereeffectisanexampleof:commensalismsB.competitionC.synergismD.cometabolismOrganismsthatgrowonthesurfaceofotherorganismsarecalled:symbioticB.epiphytic附生的C.lichensD.lichensLichensaresymbioticrelationshipbetweenfungiand:algaeB.eubacteriaC.protozoaD.archeabacteriaBgcteriathatlivewithinprotozoaareandexampleofan:A.nonobligatoryendosymbioticrelationshipB.nonobligatoryautochthonousrelationshipC.obligatoryendosymbioticrelationshipD.obligatoryautochthonousrelationshipWhichofthefollowingbacteriaarecapableoffixingnitrogenA.RhizobiumB.XanthomonasC.AgrobacteriumD.AgrobacteriumRuminantbacteriautilizebacteriatodegradewhichofthefollowingsubstrates?A.chitinB.keratinC.galactoseD.celluloseLuminescentbacteriaengageinasymbioticrelationshipwithinvertebratesandfish.InthisrelationshipthefishcontributewhichofthefollowingA.energyB.foodC.oxygenD.nitrogenWhichofthefollowingdescribesparasitismandnotendosymbiosisA.parasitismisarelationshipinwhichbothhostandparasiteareharmed.B.parasitismisarelationshipinwhichtheparasiteisharmedandthehostisunaffectedC.parasitismisarelationshipinwhichthehostisharmedandtheparasiteisunaffected.D.parasitismisarelationshipinwhichboththehostandparasitebenefit.Bacterialplantpathogensarecalled___________bytheUSDA.A.bacteroidsB.plantpestsC.plantbugsD.plantgermsWhichofthefollowingorganismscausescrowngalltumorsA.AgrobacteriumB.XanthomonasC.ErwiniaD.

SpiroplasmaMostplantdiseasesarecausedby:A.fungiB.bacteriaC.virusesD.viroidsWhichofthefollowingisnotaneffectivebiologicalcontrolmethodforcontrollingplantpathogensA.useofresistantcropsB.useofviralpesticidesC.useofbacterialpesticidesD.useoffungalpesticidesThegreenhouseeffectisdueto:A.excessproductionofCO-OHbyburningoffossilfuelsB.excessproductionofCO2byburningoffossilfuelsC.excessproductionofCObyburningoffossilfuelsD.excessproductionofCH4byburningoffossilfuelsWhichisthelowesttrophiclevelinthefoodwebA.primaryproducersB.grazersC.predatorsD.hetertrophicorganisms24.Decompositionoforganicmatterinstreamsandlakesleadstoadecreasein:A.CO2B.O2C.CH4Test10:GeneticVariation:MutationandRecombinationBacterialgenesareconsidered:A.homozygousB.heterozygousC.diploidD.haploidExtrachromosomalelementsthatcanbeexchangedbetweenbacteriaarecalled:A.transposonsB.plasmidsC.allelesD.probesExtrachromosomalelementsareknowntocontaingeneticinformationforallthefollowingexcept:A.nitrogenfixationB.toxinproductionC.antibioticresistanceD.cellwallrepairWhichofthefollowingmutationswouldhaveahigherprobabilityofcodingforalethaleventA.suppressorB.silentC.nonsenseD.missenseWhichofthefollowingmutationswouldresultinachangeintheaminoacidinthepolypeptidchainA.suppressorB.silentC.nonsenseD.missenseThetechniqueofreplicaplatingisoftenusedtodetectnutritionalmutations.Microorganismsthatgrowoncompletemediabutfailtogrowonminimalmediaarecalled:A.autotrophsB.auxotrophsC.symbiontsD.heterotrophsThetechniqueofreplicaplatingwasdevelopedby:A.CrickB.WatsonC.LederbergD.CollinsUVlightinducesmutationsby:A.causingbreaksintheDNAchainallowingforthesubstitutionofadditionalbasesB.causeslinksbetweenthymidinemoleculesonthesameDNAchainC.causeslinksbetweenthymidinemoleculesondifferentDNAchainsD.causesanincreaseinmelaninintheskinVariouschemicalscaninducemutationsbymodifyingthenucleotides,causingbasedeletionsormimickingbasesandsubstitutingforthemintheDNAchain.Anexampleofthelatteris:A.acridineB.5-bromouracilC.mitomycinCD.nitrousoxideTheAmestestisusedtoscreenchemicalsformutagenicandcarcinogenicpotential.WhichbacterialstrainisutilizedinthisprocedureA.EscherichiacoliB.ShigelladysenteriaeC.SalmonellatyphimuriumD.StreptococcuspyogenesAfterinfectionofacellbytheHIVvires,aDNAcopyoftheviralgenomemaybeinsertedinthehostchromosome.Thisisanexampleof:A.viralrecombinationB.disparaterecombinationC.homologousrecombinationD.nonhomologous--recombinationMultiplecopiesofanantibioticresistancegenewasfoundonthechromosomeisolatedfrombacteriaX.WhatisthemostlikelyexplanationforthisoccurrenceA.MultiplecopiesofanantibioticresistancegenewasfoundonthechromosomeisolatedfrombacteriaX.WhatisthemostlikelyexplanationforthisoccurrenceB.thebacteriamatedwithnumerousbacteriacontainingplasmidswiththeantibioticresistancegeneC.thebacteriacontainedtheantibioticresistancegeneonatransposonthatunderwentreplicativetranspositionD.thebacteriacontainedmultiplecopiesoftheantibioticresistancegenefromrecombination15.Virusesthatarecapableofinsertingtheirgenomeintothehostchromosomearecalled:A.lyticvirusesB.temperatevirusesC.permissivevirusesD.competentviruses16.IsolationofrecombinantDNArequirestheuseofspecificenzymesthatcuttheDNAatspecificsequences.Theseenzymesarecalled:A.ligasesB.recombinationenzymesC.restrictionenzymesD.excisionenzymes17.MessengerRNAwasisolatedfromabacteriaandusedtoidentifyaspecificgene.WhichofthefollowingtechniqueswouldbeutilizedforthisprocessA.NorthernblottingB.SouthernBlottingC.WesternBlottingD.PCR1.Fermentationisaprocesscarriedoutbymicroorganismsthatconverts~tousableproducts.A.inorganiccompoundsB.organiccompoundsC.CO2andH2OD.N2andH2O2.Themostimportantreasonformaintainingstockculturesis:A.tohaveareadysupplyofmicroorganismsB.tomaintaincontrolofthefermentationprocessC.tomaintainthegeneticstrainusedinthereactionD.touseforpatentidentification3.Allofthefollowingareusedinthescreeningprocessformicrobialfermentationexcept:A.screenorganismsforthedesiredproductB.determineiftheproductisusefulC.determineiftheproductismadeinsufficientquantitiesD.screenproductsformarketability4.Themostimportantphaseofthescreeningprocess:A.determinestheoptimalconditionsformaximalyieldB.determinesifthemicroorganismhasbeenusedbeforeC.determinesifapatentexistsontheproductD.sdeterminesthesideeffectsoftheproduct5.WhyisaerationusedinmostfermentationreactionsA.aerationpreventssettlingofthefermentationmixtureB.mostfermentationreactionsneedairC.fermentationreactionsareanaerobicD.aerationpreventsbuildupofdissolvedgases6.HowisthepHcontrolledinafermentationreactionA.byaddingacidstomaintainalowpHneededforfermentationB.byalteringthecarbondioxidelevelsC.byusingabufferD.byalteringthetemperature7.ControloftemperatureiscriticalforfermentationreactionsbecauseA.cellsdieathightemperaturesB.cellsdieatlowtemperaturesC.enzymesareinactivatedathightemperaturesD.enzymereactionsareoptimalatlowtemperatures8.WhichofthefollowingfermentationprocessesismoreefficientA.batchB.kettleC.continuousflowDincubator9.MostantibioticsareproducedbyallofthefollowingA.StreptococcusB.BacillusC.StreptomycesD.Aspergillus10.TheaccumulationofpenicillinoccursatwhichphaseofthegrowthcycleofthefungiA.trophophaseB.logC.growthD.stationary11.MostofthemajorantibioticsusedinmedicineareproductedbyA.StreptococcusB.BacillusC.StreptomycesD.Aspergillus13.ThetaqpolymeraseusedinPCRreactionswasisolatedfromwhichofthefollowingorganisms?A.EscherichiacoliB.ThermusaquaticusC.XanthomonuscampestrisD.Saccharomycescerevisiae14.Whichofthefollowingisconsideredasyntheticfuel?A.alcoholB.gasolineC.hydrogenD.Kerosene15.Methanogensproducemethanefromdecompositionofwastesunder:A.aerobicconditionsB.anaerobicconditions16.Thefermentationofcreamtosourcreamproduceslacticacidbywhichofthefollowingbacteria?A.CandidaB.LactobacillusC.StreptococcusD.Saccharomyces17.Whichofthefollowingorganismsisusedtoleavenbread?A.LactobacillusB.StreptococcusC.SaccharomycesD.rennin18.Theuseofgeneticallyalteredbacteriainbioremediationtocleanupoilspillsisenhancedbyprovidingwhichofthefollowing:A.oilB.oxygenC.nitrogenD.waterTEST3NUTRIENTSANDMETABOLISMMultiple-choice:Anorganicnutrientsessentialtoanorganism’smetabolismthatcannotbesynthesizeditselfisteameda/anA.traceelementB.micronutrientC.GrowthfactorD.essentialnutrient2.AnorganismthatcansynthesizeallitsrequiredorganiccomponentsfromCO2usingenergyfromthesunisaA.photoautotroph.B.photoheterotrophC.chemoautotrophD.chemoheterotroph3.AnobligatehalophilerequireshighA.pHB.temperatureC.saltD.pressure4.Chemoautotrophscansurviveonalone.A.mineralsB.CO2C.mineralandCO25.Whichofthefollowingstatementistrueforallorganisms?A.theyrequireorganicnutrientsB.theyrequireinorganicnutrientsC.theyrequiregrowthfactorsD.theyrequireoxygengas6.ApathogenwouldmostaccuratelybedescribedasaA.parasiteB.commensalC.saprobeD.symbiont7.Whichofthefollowingistrueofpassivetransport

?A.itrequiresagradientB.itusesthecellwallC.itincludesendocytosisD.itonlymoveswater8.ActivetransportofasubstanceacrossamembranerequiresA.agradientB.theexpenditureofATPC.waterD.diffusion9.EnvironmentalfactorssuchastemperatureandpHexerttheireffectontheofmicrobialcells.A.membranesB.DNAC.enzymesD.Cellwall10.ThetimerequiredforacelltoundergobineryfissioniscalledtheA.exponentialgrowthrateB.generationtimeC.growthcurveD.lagperiod11.Inaviableplatecount,eachrepresentsafromthesamplepopulation.A.cell,colonyB.hour,generationC.colony,cellD.cell,generation12.Duringthephase,therateofnewcellsbeingaddedtothepopulationhassloweddown.A.stationeryB.deathC.lagD.exponentialgrowth13.isanothertermforbiosynthesis.A.catabolismB.metabolismC.anabolismD.catalyst14.Catabolismisaformofmetabolisminwhichmoleculesareconvertedintomolecules.A.large,smallB.aminoacid,proteinC.small,largeD.food,storage15.Manycoenzymesare.A.mentalsB.proteinsC.vitaminsD.Substrates16.Energyiscarriedfromcatabolictoanabolicreactionintheformof.A.ADPB.coenzymesC.high-energyATPbondsD.inorganicphosphate17.MostoxidationreactioninmicrobialbioenergeticsinvolvetheA.removalofelectronsandhydrogensB.additionofelectronsandhydrogensC.additionofoxygenD.removalofoxygen18.FermentationofaglucosemoleculehasthepotentialtoproduceanetnumberofATP.A.4B.2C19.CompleteoxidationofglucoseinaerobicrespirationcanyieldanetoutputofATP.A.40B.6C.3820.ThecompoundthatenterstheTCAcyclefromglycolysisisA.citricacidB.oxaloaceticacidC.pyruvicacidD.acetylcoenzymeA1.Whatarethenutrientsthatmicroorganismsrequireandwhatarethefunctionsofthesenutrients

2.Distinguishbetween(a)phototrophsandchemotrophs,(b)Lithotrophsandorganotrophs,and(c)autotrophsandheterotrophs.3.Explaintheterm“medium”.Whatisthepurposeofmakeaselectivemedium?Typesofmedia.4.underwhatcircumstancemightyouwishtousesilicalgelasasolidifyingagentforaculturemedium?5.Yeastcangrowbothunderaerobicandanaerobicconditions.Whatisthedifferenceinenergyproduction.6.Describetheprocessoffacilitateddiffusion.7.Howispassivediffusiondifferentiatedfromfacilitateddiffusion?8.Howisgrouptranslocationsimilartoanddifferentfromactivetransportofsolutes?Test6:BacterialGrowthandReproductionInbacterialcultures,growthcanbedemonstratedbyanincreasein:A.massB.cellsizeC.cellnumberD.celllengthDNAreplicationinbacteriaiscontrolledby:A.cellsizeB.celldivisionC.cellseparationD.cellinitiationDuringwhichphaseofbacterialgrowthisthereanincreaseincellsizebutnotincellnumberA.lagB.logC.stationaryD.exponentialThegenerationtimeforbacteriaisdeterminedby:A.measuringthetimeittakestodoublethenumberofbacteriafromthetimetheculturewasinitiateduntilthebeginningofstationaryphaseB.measuringthetimeittakestodoublethenumberofbacteriafromlagphasetodeathphaseC.measuringthetimeittakestodoublethenumberofbacteriafromlogphasetotheendofstationaryphaseD.measuringthetimeittakestodoublethenumberofbacteriafromlogMostpathogenicbacteriaareconsidered:A.psychrophilesB.mesophilesC.thermophilesD.merophilesIntimesofnutrientdeficiencies,thebacteriaClostridiumproduce____untilconditionsarepermissiveforvegetativegrowth.A.prosthecaeB.sporesC.stalksD.fruitingbodiesHalophilesareclassifiedasorganismsthatrequire____forgrowth.A.sugarB.saltC.waterD.airThepressureexertedonacellduetohighsoluteconcentrationsisreferredtoas:A.osmoticpressureB.hydrostaticpressureC.barometricpressureD.surfacetensionFungicanbedifferentiatedfrommostbacteriabyculturingat:A.marineB.lowpHC.neutralpHAllphototacficbacteriarespondtolightby:A.movingawayfromthesourceoflightB.movingtowardthesourceoflightC.increasingthemovementoftheirflagellaD.creatinggasvesiclestorisetothesurfaceFILLINTHEBLANKS:Organis