句子成分和非谓语动词

句子成分和非谓语动词句子成分和非谓语动词句子成分和非谓语动词句子成分和非谓语动词编制仅供参考审核批准生效日期地址：电话：传真:邮编:句子成分:主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语一、主语:主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句(当主语不是疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如:Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.(名词)WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.(代词)One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.(数词)Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.(不定式短语)Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.(动名词)Therichshouldhelpthepoor.(名词化的形容词)WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.(主语从句)Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.(it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式)Itisreportedthat5000peoplewerekilledintheearthquake.(it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的主语从句)二、谓语:谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下:Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.（动词或动词短语）Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.（情态动词+V原）Hehascaughtabadcold.（助动词+V）Wearestudents.（系动词+表语）三、表语:表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如:OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.(名词)Isityours(代词)Theweatherhasturnedcold.(形容词)Thespeechisexciting.(分词)Threetimessevenistwentyone(数词)HisjobistoteachEnglish.(不定式)Hishobby(爱好)isplayingfootball.(动名词)Themachinemustbeoutoforder.(介词短语)Timeisup.Theclassisover.(副词)Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.(表语从句)四、宾语:宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。Theywenttoseeanexhibition(展览)yesterday.(名词)Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.(代词)HowmanydictionariesdoyouhaveIhavefive.(数词)Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.(名词化形容词)Hepretendednottoseeme.(不定式短语)Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.(动名词短语)Ithink(that)heisnotsuitableforthispost.(宾语从句)Lendme(间接宾语)yourdictionary(直接宾语),please.(双宾语)Theyelectedhim(宾语)theirmonitor(宾补).(复合宾语)五、宾语补足语:英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补语,才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般是某些及物动词(如see/watch/observe/notice/hear/feel/make/find/name/call/elect/have/get/leave/keep等+宾语+宾补)和with+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。HisfathernamedhimDongming.(名词)Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.(形容词)Letthefreshairin.(副词)Youmustn'tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.(不定式短语)Wesawherenteringtheroom.(现在分词)Ihavetohavemyhaircut.（过去分词）Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.(介词短语)Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.(从句)六、定语:修饰名词或代词。Guilinisabeautifulcity.(形容词)Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.(分词)Therearethirtywomenteachersisourschool.(名词)HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.(代词)Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttogettotheschool.(不定式短语)Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.(动名词)HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.(介词短语)Thebuildingbeingrepairedisourlibrary.(现在分词短语)Thebuildingcompletedlastmonthisourlibrary.(过去分词短语)Thenewsthatyoutoldmeyesterdayisreallyexciting.（从句）七、状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分.Lighttravelsmostquickly.(副词及副词性词组)Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.(介词短语)Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.(不定式短语)Heisintheroom,makingamodelplane.(分词短语)Waitaminute.(名词)Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.(状语从句)状语种类如下:Howaboutmeetingagainatsix(时间状语)Lastnightshedidn'tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.(原因状语)Ishallgothereifitdoesn'train.(条件状语)MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.(地点状语)Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.(方式状语)Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.(伴随状语)Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.(目的状语)Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.(结果状语)Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.(让步状语)Iamtallerthanheis.(比较状语)八、同位语:解释说明前面另一个名词或代词I’mLiHua,presidentofStudents’Unionofouruniversity.（名词短语）MrSmith,ournewteacher,isverykindtous.（名词短语）WeChinesepeoplearebraveandhardworking.（名词短语）Thenewsthathepassedthedrivingtestsurprisedus.（从句）不定式（do/todo）非谓语动词分词（现在分词doing,过去分词done）动名词（doing）考点1非谓语动词作状语★★★★★1.不定式作状语功能用法原因状语多用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后目的状语可与soasto/inorderto替换,但soasto一般不可置于句首结果状语常表示意想不到的结果,常用onlytodoIwassatisfiedtohearthenews.(原因状语)TomeetthemoviestarIgotupveryearly.(目的状语)Irushedtoschoolonlytofindnobodywasthere.(结果状语)不定式表结果的固定结构:only/justto...;too...to...;so/such…asto...;...enough(forsb.)to...Hewastooscaredtosayaword.Thegirlwassokindastohelptheoldmanoffthebus.I’mnotsuchafoolastobelievethat.Iwasluckyenoughtobeemployed(雇佣)asasecretary(秘书).2.分词作状语功能用法现在分词作状语,用来表时间、条件、原因、伴随、结果等现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系,且含有进行之意功能用法过去分词作状语,用来表时间、条件、原因、伴随等过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系,且含有完成之意源于系表结构的部分过去分词作状语,不表示被动关系,表示句子主语所处的一种状态常见的有:seated(坐在……)、hidden(躲藏于……)、located(位于……)、buriedin(埋头于……专心于……)、devotedto(奉献于…)、lost/absorbedin(全神贯注于…，沉浸于…)、bornin(出身于)、dressedin(穿着)、tiredof(厌烦了)、facedwith（面临……）、addictedto(沉溺于……)、occupiedin(忙于……)accustomedto(习惯于……)等Hearing(hear)thegoodnews,hejumpedwithgreatjoy.Notknowing(know)whattodo,Ihadtowaithere.Thegirlscamein,following(follow)theirparents.Theteachercamein,followed(follow)bysomestudents.Seen(see)fromthehill,thecitylookslikeagarden.Seeing(see)fromthehill,wecanenjoytheviewofthecity.Given(give)moreattention,thechildrencouldhavegrownbetter.Absorbed(absorb)inreading,wealldidn’thearthesound.Havingdriven(drive)allday,wewererathertired.【点津】①把握分词与句子逻辑主语之间的关系,区别现在分词与过去分词;②不定式作结果状语为主观上意想不到的结果,现在分词作结果状语为客观上、顺其自然而产生的结果;Thepooroldmandied,leavingnothingtohischildren.③准确理解形容词化的过去分词作状语的用法;④如果分词的动作和句子主语之间是主动关系,同时分词动作发生在谓语动词之前时，则用完成式havingdone。Nothavingfinishedherworkintime,shewasfiredbyherboss.⑤分词短语作状语时，通常与主句中的主语在逻辑上一致，但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。Herfatherbeingill(Becauseherfatherwasill),shehadtostayathometolookafterhim.Weatherpermitting(=Ifweatherpermits),wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.3.有些分词或不定式短语作状语,其形式的选择不受上下文的影响。常见的有:generallyspeaking一般来说franklyspeaking坦白地说judgingfrom/by...根据……来判断considering.../oconsideration考虑到……totell(you)thetruth说实话tobehonest老实说supposing/supposethat…假设,如果assumingthat…假使provided/providingthat...如果考点2非谓语动词作定语★★★★定语形式功能1.现在分词一般式doing表示动作是主动进行的行为或者正在进行当中2.现在分词一般式的被动结构beingdone表示动作是被动行为且正在进行当中3.过去分词一般式done表示动作是被动完成的行为或者单纯表示已经完成4.动词不定式todo表示将要发生的动作5.动词不定式一般式的被动结构tobedone表示将要被做的动作1.TheboysittingbythewindowisTom.2.Thematterbeingdiscussednowisofgreatimportance.3.Sofarnobodyhasclaimed(认领)themoneydiscoveredinthelibrary.4.Thereisnothingtoworryabout.Pleasegivemeaknifetocutwith.Sheisnowlookingforaroomtolivein.5.Theconferencetobeheldnextyearisaboutglobalenvironment.【点津】①准确判定非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系还是被动关系;②准确判定非谓语动词表示的动作发生的时间,即是正在进行或已经完成还是将要发生。考点3非谓语动词作补语★★★1.在“看、听、感觉”的感官动词see,watch,observe,notice,hear,feel等后面的宾语补足语常见的有三种非谓语动词形式(do/doing/done)。do表主动和完成(被动句中要加to),doing表主动或正在进行,done表被动或完成。Heisoftenheardtosingthesong.Themissingboywaslastseenplayingneartheriver.TheyonceheardthesongsunginEnglish.2.动词make,have,get,leave,keep,find后可接非谓语动词形式作补语。即动词+宾语+宾补Tomakehimselfheardbythestudentsatthebackoftheclassroom,hespokeasloudlyashecould.Pauldoesn’thavetobemadetolearn.Healwaysworkshard.Whatmadehimsofrightenedhavesb.dosth.让某人做某事havesb./sth.doing让某人或某物一直做某事（使……处于某种状态）havesth.done/getsth.done请人做某事;主语遭遇到某事Peterhadthecomputerfixed,becausehedoesn’tknowmuchaboutcomputers.Wehadthefireburningallday.我们让火燃烧了一整天。Don’tforgettohaveMr.Browncometoourparty.getsb.todosth.get.CanyougetustodotheexperimentImustgetmybikerepaired.leave.使某人/某物处于某种状态leavesb./sth.Hehurriedtoschool,leavingthebreakfastuntouched.Don’tleaveherwaitingoutsideintherain.keepsb./sth.doing让某人/某物一直……keepsb./sth.done(adj.)I’msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.不好意思让你久等了。Lucyhasagreatsenseofhumorandalwayskeepsherfriendsamusedwithherstories.Shefoundawalletlyingontheground.Theyfoundthestreetlinedwithpeople.他们发现大街两侧站着人。3.固定短语,如advise/ask/tell/order/force/allow/encourage/request/wouldlike/want/require/warnsb.todosth.等。4.with复合结构常用形式:sb./sth.doing(表主动且进行，或表特征)withsth.done（表被动且完成，或表状态）sth.todo（表将来）Johnreceivedaninvitationtodinner,andwithhisworkfinished,hegladlyacceptedit.Withalotofdifficultproblemstosettle,thenewlyelectedpresidentishavingahardtime.Withthelittleboyleadingtheway,wehadnodifficultyfindingthevillage.【点津】①注意作补足语的三种非谓语动词形式todo,doing,done之间的区别,把握动作是主动、被动还是进行。②具体分析作宾语补足语的动词与逻辑主语即句子宾语之间的逻辑关系,再结合动作发生的时间(未发生、正在发生或已经发生)来选择合适的形式。考点4非谓语动词作宾语★★★非谓语动词中能作宾语的有动名词和不定式:1.只能跟动名词作宾语的动词和短语:suggest,imagine（想象）,mind（介意）,admit（承认）,resist（抵制）practice,allow,advise,risk（冒险）,keep,avoid（避免）,escape（逃脱）,enjoy,consider（考虑）,appreciate(感激)，excuse（原谅）,finish,miss（错过）,giveupdongsth.（放弃）,beworthdoing(值得做某事),delaydoingsth.(延迟)，putoffdoingsth.(推迟)，denydoing（否认）,insistondoingsth.（坚持）,keepondoingsth.(不断做某事)，lookforwardtodoingsth.,feellikedoingsth.（想做做事）,getdowntodoingsth.,（着手做某事）objecttodoingsth.（反对做某事）,can’thelpdoingsth.,can’tstanddoing,leadtodoing,havetrouble/difficultyindoingsth.(做某事有困难)，befondof…等。2.只能跟不定式作宾语的动词:afford,wish,hope,decide,refuse,promise,pretend,manage,plan,fail,choose,wouldlike,want,expect,learn,offer,agree等3.既可用动名词作宾语、又可跟不定式作宾语的动词和短语:①like,love,dislike,hate,prefer,begin,start,continue后面接doing或todo都行，意思无太大差别。表示一种倾向用doing，表示某一特定的或具体的行为用todo.②remember,forget,regret,stop,goon,mean,try后面接todo或doing意思不同。forgettodosth.忘记要去做某事（此事未做）forgetdoingsth.忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）Iforgottotellyouaboutit.Nowhereitis.Iforgotgivingittoyouyesterday.stoptodosth.停下来去做某事（另外一件事）stopdoingsth.停止做某事（正在做的事）Hestoppedtolistentohertalking.Ithasstoppedraining.remembertodosth.记住去做某事（未做）rememberdoingsth.记得做过某事（已做）Remembertoturnoffthelightsbeforeyougotobed.Irememberseeingheroncesomewhere.regrettodosth.对将要做的事抱歉/感到遗憾(常跟say,tell,inform等)regretdoingsth.对做过的事后悔Weregrettoinformyouthatyourapplicationhasnotbeensuccessful.我很遗憾地告知你你的申请没有成功。Iregretnothavingworkedhard.我后悔没努力学习trytodosth.设法做某事trydoingsth.尝试做某事Wemusttrytogeteverythingdone.Hetriedchanginghisunhealthylifestyle.meantodosth.打算做某事meandoingsth.意味着……IhadmeanttogoonMonday.Thatwillmeanfloodingsomefarmland.goontodosth.继续做某事(去做另外一件事)goondoingsth.继续做(原来没有做完的事)Aftertheyreadthetext,thestudentswentontodotheexercises.Afterhavingarest,Iwentondoingmyhomework.4.it作形式宾语,代替真正作宾语的动词不定式或动名词。IthinkitimportanttolearnEnglishwell.5.有些动词(teach,decide,wonder,show,learn,forget,know,ask等)后可以接“疑问词+不定式”.YaoMinglearnthowtoplaybasketballwhenhewasyoung.Wehaven’tdecidedwheretogothisweekend.考点5非谓语动词作主语、表语或其他★★1.非谓语动词中能作主语的有动名词和不定式。(1)动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的或习惯性动作,不定式作主语表示具体的、一次性的或尚未做的动作。(2)it作形式主语,代替真正作主语的动词不定式或动名词。常见句型有:Itis+adj./n.+todosth.Ittakessb.sometimetodosth.Itisnouse/good+doingsth.(做某事没有用/没有好处)等。2.非谓语动词中能作表语的有现在分词、过去分词、动名词和不定式。注意现在分词作表语意为“令人感到……的”,而过去分词作表语意为“本身感到……的”。MyjobistoteachEnglish.Hishobbyisplayingbasketball.Thenewswasexcitingandwewereexcitedthewholenight.3.动词不定式在but（表“除了”）后面时，如果前面谓语动词有行为动词do的各种形式时，后面不定式不带to.否则要带to.Hecoulddonothingbutcry.Whatcanyoudobuttakebackwhatyousaid除了收回你的话外，你还能做什么几个含but的句型:can’thelpbutdosth.只能做某事，不得不做……Whenaclosefrienddies,wecan’thelpbutfeelsad.(不能不难过)can’tchoosebutdosth.只能做某事Ican’tchoosebutobey.我无从选择只能服从。havenochoicebuttodosth.除了做……外别无选择Shehadnochoicebuttowait.非谓语形式习题1.(2014·天津高考)Anxiously,shetookthedressoutofthepackageandtriediton,only(find)itdidn’tfit.2.(2014·福建高考)____________(spend)thepastyearasanexchangestudentinHongKong,Lindaappearsmorematurethanthoseofherage.3.(2014·湖南高考)_______(free)ourselvesfromthephysicalandmentaltensions,weeachneeddeepthoughtandinnerquietness.4.(2014·天津高考)Clearlyandthoughtfully_______(write),thebookinspiresconfidenceinstudentswhowishtoseektheirownanswers.5.(2014·四川高考)—Ihopetotakethecomputercourse.—Goodidea._______(find)outmoreaboutit,visitthiswebsite.6.(2014·重庆高考)Groupactivitieswillbeorganizedafterclass______(help)childrendevelopteamspirit.7.(2012·四川高考)Tomtookataxitotheairport,only______(find)hisplanehighupinthesky.8.(2014·山东高考)There’sanotepinnedtothedoor______(say)whentheshopwillopenagain.9.(2014·北京高考)Therearestillmanyproblems__________(solve)beforewearereadyforalongstayontheMoon.10.(2014·大纲版全国卷)Todaytherearemoreairplanes________(carry)morepeoplethaneverbeforeintheskies.11.(2014·浙江高考)AnnieSalmon,disabled,isattendedthroughoutherschooldaysbyanurse_________(appoint)toguardher.12.(2014·北京高考)Lastnight,thereweremillionsofpeople________(watch)theopeningceremonyliveonTV.13.(2014·重庆高考)Theproducercomesregularlytocollectthecameras________(return)toourshopforqualityproblems.14.(2013·辽宁高考)LaurawasawayinParisforoveraweek.Whenshegothome,therewasapileofmail_______(wait)forher.15.(2013·天津高考)Insomelanguages,100wordsmakeuphalfofallwords____(use)indailyconversations.16.(2013·陕西高考)Thewitnesses__________(question)bythepolicejustnowgaveverydifferentdescriptionsofthefight.17.(2014·江西高考)Heisthought(act)foolishly.Nowhehasnoonebuthimselftoblameforlosingthejob.18.(2014·四川高考)Themanagerwassatisfiedtoseemanynewproducts_________(develop)aftergreateffort.19.(2013·陕西高考)Letthoseinneed__________(understand)thatwewillgoallouttohelpthem.20.(2013·北京高考)Whenwesawtheroad_______(block)withsnow,wedecidedtospendtheholidayathome.21.(2012·辽宁高考)Theoldcoupleoftentakeawalkaftersupperintheparkwiththeirpetdog________(follow)them.22.(2014·陕西高考)It’squitehottoday.Doyoufeellike_______(go)foraswim23.(2014·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)Onemorning,Iwaswaitingatthebusstop,worriedabout_____(be)lateforschool.24.(2014·北京高考)Thefilmstarwearssunglasses.Therefore,hecangoshoppingwithout_______________(recognize).25.(2014·辽宁高考)Keep_______(hold)yourpositionforawhile.Ithelpsdevelopyourstrengthandflexibility.26.(2014·江西高考)Whenitcomesto________(speak)inpublic,noonecanmatchhim.27.(2013·上海高考)Youngpeoplemayrisk_____(go)deafiftheyareexposedtoveryloudmusiceveryday.28.(2013·江苏高考)Shortlyaftersufferingfromamassiveearthquakeand_____________(reduce)toruins,thecitytookonanewlook.29.(2012·安徽高考)Iremembered______(lock)thedoorbeforeIlefttheoffice,butforgottoturnoffthelights.30.(2014·福建高考)Forthosewithfamilymembersfaraway,thepersonalcomputerandthephoneareimportantinstaying(connect).31.(2014·广东高考)Wegotalittle__________________(sunburn),butthedayhadbeensorelaxingthatwedidn’tmind.32.(2014·湖南高考)_____________(understand)yourownneedsandstylesofcommunicationisasimportantaslearningtoconveyyouraffectionandemotions.33.(2014·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)Ittookyearsofwork________(reduce)theindustrialpollutionandcleanthewater.34.(2014·山东高考)It’sstan