泵和泵站课件

2.5PumpsandPumpStations泵和泵站重点单词calibratevt.校正，标定horsepowern.马力，功率Pign.清管器miscellaneousa.混杂的bypassn./v.旁通；设旁通comminglev.混合，掺和Isolaten./v.切断，隔离Scrapern.刮管器，清管器Sharplyad.锐利地，严格地Splitn./v.分裂，剖分Unduea.过度的，非常的重点短语arangeof......的范围beinphase同相的，协调的beselectedfrom从...挑选出来smoothout消除，使平滑1990年美国州际管道输送了114亿桶原油和成品油。液体输送公司管理的集油管道的长度超过了32000mile，原油干线管道约为56000mile，成品油管道在80000mile以上。这些液体管道的设备投资估计为260亿美元。In1990,U.S.interstatepipelinesdelivered11.4billionbblofcrudeandproducts.Liquidspipelinecompaniesoperatedmorethan32000miofgatheringlines,almost56000miofcrudeoiltrunklines,andover80000miofpetroleumproductslines.Theinvestmentinequipmentrelatedtotheseliquidspipelineswasestimatedat$26billion2.5.1InvestmentDistributions2.5.1投资分配Theshareofthistotalinvestmentrepresentedbycrudeoilpipelinesinclude27.3%forlineandfittings,40.2%forpipelineconstruction,21.39%forpumpstationandequipment,2.86%forlandandrightofway(ROW),and8.25%formiscellaneouscosts(Fig.2-5).以原油管道表示的总投资份额为：管子和管件占27.3%，管道施工占：40.2%，泵站和设备占21.39%，征用土地、获得管道通过权占2.86%，杂费占8.25%(图2-5)。misc杂费8.25%landandrow道通过权2.86%linepipeandfittings管子和管件27.30%pipelineconstruction管道施工40.20%pumpstationsangequipent泵站和设备21.39%Indesigningapipelinesystem,·thelocationofpumpstationsmustbedeterminedaswellassizeofindividualpumpswithineachstation.Environmentalprotectionandsafetyconsiderations-aswellasengineeringdesigncriteria-areveryimportantinselectingthestationsite.Thenumberandlocationofstationsdependonthelengthofthepipelineandhowmuchenergymustbeaddedtothefluidtotransporttherequiredvo1umeatthedesireddeliverypressure.

在管道系统设计中，必须确定泵站位置以及泵站内各台泵的大小。在选杯泵站站址时，环保、安全和工程设计准则十分重要。泵站数和站址取决于管道长度，以及必须对液体施加多少能量才能在期望交付压力下以要求的液体输量输送。2.5.2PumpStations2.5.2泵站TheNumberofPumpStations泵站数

ingeneral,fluidleavesapumpatagivendischargepressure.Asthedistancefromthestationincreasethepressureinthepipelinedecreasesduetofrictionandelevationlosses.Pressureinthepipelinecannotbeallowedtofallbelowthedeliverypressureattheendofthepipelineorflowwillcease.Soifthelengthofthelineissuchthatpressuredropwillconsumeenoughoftheenergysuppliedbythepumptodropoperatingpressurebelowthedeliverypressure,anotherpumpstation-aboosterstation-isrequired.由泵排出的液体，一般有一定的排出压力。随着离站距离的增加，由于摩阻和高程损失，管道内的压力下降。管内压力不允许降至管道终点交付压力以下，否则液体会停止流动。因而，若管道长度上的压降足以消耗泵所给能量，使操作压力低于交付压力，就需要设置另一个泵站，即增压站。在增压站增加压力时，其压力不能超过管道的允许操作压力。液体流出泵后的近站点是该站与下一站间管段上操作压力的最高点。Whenpressureisincreasedataboosterstation,itcannotbeincreasedabovetheallowableoperatingpressureofthepipeline.Nearthestation,afterthefluidleavesthepump,isthepointatwhichoperatingpressureishighestinthesegmentofthepipelinebetweenthatstationandthenext.

Inacrudeorproductspumpingstation,themainitemsarepumpsandtheirdrivers.Manypumpingstationshaveseveralpumps.Thenumberdependsonthetotalhorsepowerrequiredandtheindividualcapacityratingsofeachpump.Itcanalsodependonthedesigner'spreference.Itmaybemoredesirabletohaveseveralsmallerpumps,forexample,thanonelargepump.Thiscanprovideflexibilityofoperationorasparepumpforusewhenoneofthepumpsfailsorrequiresperiodicmaintenance.在原油和成品油泵站上主要是泵和泵的原动机。许多泵站有几台泵，其台数取决于所需的总功率和每台泵的额定功率。泵的台数也可由设计者的爱好确定。例如，不希望只用一台大泵而愿意使用几台小泵，这样可提供操作的灵活性，或当一台泵失效或需定期维修时使用一台备用泵。Manystationsincludescrapertraps.Scrapers,orpigs,arefrequentlyrunthroughpipelinesforcleaningandotherpurposes.Andsmartpigsareusedtoinspectthepipeline1nteriorforcorrosion.Pointsalongtheline,suchaspumpstationswherepipingmanifoldsareinstalled,makeconvenientpointsforinsertingscrapersandinspectionpigsintothelineandremovingthem.Thesetraps"catch"thepigsanela,tlowthemtoberemovedfromthelinewithouttakingtheentirepipelineoutofservice.

Inadditiontothesekeyequipmentitems,acrudeorproductspumpstationoftencontainsacomplexarrayofpipingandpipingmanifoldsthatpermittheflowpathtobedirectedtothepumps,tostorage,ortootherequipment.Themanifoldsalsoallowcertainequipmenttobebypassedwhenoutofserviceformaintenanceorrepair.Installedinthispipingsystemisavarietyofvalvesandvalvecontrollers.Someareoperatedmanually;othersoperatedautomaticallybymonitoringflowconditionsandreactinginapredeterminedmanner.许多站上还有清管器收发筒。常使用清管器在管道内运行，以清扫管道或完成其他日的。智能清管器用于检查管道内部的腐蚀情况。沿线的若干地点，例如在泵站上，安装了管汇，以便将清管器和检查清管器放入管道和从管道内取出。收发尚可截获清管器，在整条管道不停产的情况下从管道内取出清管器。

除上述关键设备外，原油或成品油泵站还常有复杂的管排和管汇，允许流道通向泵、储罐或其他设备。管汇也允许旁路(使流体绕过)某种设备，可对该设备进行停产维护或修理。在这类管东中，安装有各种各样的阀门和阀门控制器。某些阀门由人工操作，另一些则由检测的流动条件和设定的作用方式实施自动操作。Asophisticatedcomputer-basedcontrolanddataacquisitionsystemispartofmodernstations.Thesophisticationoftheequipmentinapumpstationdependsinpartonwhetherornotitis"attended"or"umattended".Ifanoperatorvisitsthestationdaily,foTinstance,theequipmentinthestationisgenerallylesscomplex,andmorevalvesandotherequipmentmaybeoperatedmanually.1funattendedforlongperiodsandmonitoredfromacentrallocation,stationequipmentisgenerallymoresophisticatedandroutinechangesinvalveposition,forexample,maybemadeautomatically.Controlequipmentatpumpstationalsoincludesshutdownsystemsthatautomaticallycauseindividualpumps-ortheentirestation-tobeshutdownifconditionsexceed.operatinglimits.Forexample,ifrotatingequipmentoverspeeds,automaticshutdownoccurs;excessivepressureinthepipelinealsomaycausestationshutdown.完善的、以计算机为基础的控制和数据采集系统是近代泵站的组成部分。泵站上设备的复杂程度，部分取决于有人操作或无人操作。如果操作人员每天管理泵站，站上设备一般较为简单，较多阀门和设备可以由人工操作。对长期无人值守、由中央控制室监控的泵站，设备一般较为复杂，例如常需自动完成阀位的正常变化。

泵站上的控制设备还包括停运系统。当工况超出操作范围时，该系统可使单台泵或整个泵站停运。例如，当旋转设备超速时，自动停运该旋转设备；当管道超压时，也可能引起泵站的停运。Inpumpinganyliquid,thegoalistoaddenergytotheliquidtocauseittomovethroughapipelinebyovercomingtheresistanceoffrictionandchangesinelevation.Energyissuppliedtotheliquidthroughthepumpbythepump'sdriver-eitheranengine,aturbine,oranelectricmotor.Theamountofenergytransferredfromthepump'sdrivertotheliquiddependsprimarilyontheoperatingspeedofthepumpandthedimensionsandgeometryofthepump'sliquid-handlingparts.Pumpefficiency,anoverallindicationoftheenergytransferredbythepump,dependsontheseandotherfactors.

泵送液体的目的是给液体增加能量，克服摩擦阻力和高程变化，使液体沿管道流动。通过由原动机驱动的泵给液体施加能量，原动机可以是内燃机、透平或电动机。泵的原动机传输给液体能量的大小，主要取决于泵的运行速度、泵内液体过流部件的大小和几何形状。泵效是泵传递能量的总指标，它取决于上述因素和其他因素。2.5.3Pumps

2.5.3泵Severaltypesofpumpsareusedinhandlingcrudeandpetroleumproducts.Thecapacityofeachtypecancoverawiderange.Thedesigneralsohasavarietyofpumpsizesandgeometriestoselectfromwhenchoosingapumpforaspecificapplication.Onebasisforpumpselectionistheratingcurvedevelopedforeachpumpasaresultoftestsconductedbythemanufacturer.Ratingcurves-alsocalledefficiencycurvesandhead-capacitycurves-showhowthepump'shead,efficiency,andpowerconsumptionvarywithitscapacity.Thetermheadwhenusedinpumpdesign,referstopressureorpressuredifferential.Itcomesfromtheuseofacolumnofliquid(waterisnormallyusedasastandard,orbase)torepresentpressure.,Theheadexertedbyliquidsotherthanwaterdependsontheirspecificgravity.Acrudeoilwithaspecificgravityof0.85(specificgravity.ofwater=1)wouldexertapressureof0.85X0.4335=0.368psi/ftofheight(1ftofwaterexertsapressureof0.4335psi).输送原油和石油产品时，可使用若干类型的泵。每类泵的输送能力都有很宽的范围。设计者为某一使用场合选泵时，有多种几何形状和尺寸的泵可供选择。

选泵的基础是制造商进行实验而得到的各泵的额定曲线。额定曲线也称效率曲线和流量—扬程曲线，表示泵扬程、效率和功率消耗随流量的变化。

泵设计中所用术语“扬程”指压力或压差。由于使用液柱(常用水为标准液体或基准液体)表示压力，故得名扬程。其他液体(非水)施加的液头取决于液体的相对密度。相对密度为0.85的原油(水的相对密度为1)，1ft高度施加的压力为0.85×0.4335-0.368psi(1ft水柱在其底部施加的压力为0.4335psi).Eachpumphasanoptimumoperatingrangeinwhichefficiencyisamaximum.Ideally,apumpwouldbechosenthatwouldoperatewithinthisrangethroughoutitslife.Butinmanycases,especiallypipelineapplications,capacitya