加拿大非营利组织和自愿者发展简况thecanadiannonprofitandvoluntary

THECANADIANNONPROFITANDVOLUNTARYSECTORANOVERVIEWSource:ImagineCanada2005加拿大非营利组织和自愿者发展简况thecanadiannonprofitandvoluntary共36页，您现在浏览的是第1页!DefinitionofaNonprofit/VoluntaryOrganizationFIVEkeystructural-operationalfeatures(acc.toJohnsHopkinsUniversityComparativeNonprofitSectorProjectandImagineCanada).Thesecivilsocietyentitiesare:Organized:Structureandregularitytotheiroperationse.g.membership,regularmeetings,makingdecisions.(StatisticsCanadaalsosaystheyareincorporatedorregistered).Private:Ornon-governmental.InstitutionallyseparatefromGovernment,butmayreceivesupportfromgovernmentalsources.加拿大非营利组织和自愿者发展简况thecanadiannonprofitandvoluntary共36页，您现在浏览的是第2页!NotProfit-Distributing:Donotdistribute“profits”todirectors,stockholdersormanagers.Self-Governing:Theyhavetheirownmechanismsforinternalgovernance;incontroloftheirownaffairs.Voluntary:Membershipisnotpulsoryorcoerced.(StatisticsCanadadefinition:Benefittosomedegreefromvoluntarycontributionsoftimeandmoney.)加拿大非营利组织和自愿者发展简况thecanadiannonprofitandvoluntary共36页，您现在浏览的是第3页!environmentalprotection,promotionofhumanrights,religiousexpression,representationofinterestsandpoliticalexpression–aswellasthoseperformingessentiallyservicefunctions–suchastheprovisionofhealth,educationorwelfareservices.”(ImagineCanada2005)加拿大非营利组织和自愿者发展简况thecanadiannonprofitandvoluntary共36页，您现在浏览的是第4页!Canada’sjurisdictionaldivisionandnonprofitandvoluntaryorganizations:Formation,operationanddissolutionofnonprofitandvoluntaryorganizationsisgovernedbyprovinciallaw.Grantingofspecial“charitable”statusishandledatthefederallevel.LEGALISSUESFORNONPROFITANDVOLUNTARYORGANIZATIONS加拿大非营利组织和自愿者发展简况thecanadiannonprofitandvoluntary共36页，您现在浏览的是第5页!INCORPORATEDvs

UNINCORPORATEDWhyIncorporate?LiabilityProtectionWhichNonprofitsshouldbeincorporated?加拿大非营利组织和自愿者发展简况thecanadiannonprofitandvoluntary共36页，您现在浏览的是第6页!Withouthospitals,universitiesandcolleges,thesectorstillprovided34.7billionor4.0%ofGDP.AsanEmployer:Canadiannonprofitandvoluntaryorganizationsemployover2millionfull-timeequivalent(FTE)workers,twothirdsinpaidpositionsandtheremainderasvolunteers.Thisisapprox.12.1%ofCanada’seconomicallyactivepopulation(about13.2%ofthenon-agriculturalemployment).IntermsofemploymentthesectorisassignificantasCanada’sentiremanufacturingsector,2.5timesasmanyastheconstructionindustry,twiceasmanyasthetransportationindustry,etc.加拿大非营利组织和自愿者发展简况thecanadiannonprofitandvoluntary共36页，您现在浏览的是第7页!Answer:ThesheersizeofCanada’sNPVsector.WhentheabsoluteamountofvolunteereffortinCanadaisexamined,Canadaexceedsbothinternationalanddevelopedcountryaverages(3%oftheeconomicallyactivepopulationinCanadavs.1.6(international)and2.7(developed).CanadastilltrailsSweden,Norway,UKandUSinthatarea,however.加拿大非营利组织和自愿者发展简况thecanadiannonprofitandvoluntary共36页，您现在浏览的是第8页!Serviceactivitiesdominate:74%ofallCanadiannonprofitandvoluntaryorganizationworkers,paidandvolunteerareengagedinserviceactivities.Thisissignificantlyhigherthanboththeinternational(64%)anddeveloped(65%)average.HealthandHousingmoreprominentinCanadathanelsewhere.Healthcareorganizationsabsorb31%oftheNPVsectorworkforceinCanada(14%inothercountries;19%indevelopedcountries).ReflectshighlydevelopedhealthsysteminCanada.Housing=11%ofheNPVsectorworkforceinCanada,paredto8%inotherand6%indevelopedcountries.Cause:Housingassociationslikeco-operativesandcondominiumcorporations.加拿大非营利组织和自愿者发展简况thecanadiannonprofitandvoluntary共36页，您现在浏览的是第9页!RevenueDistributionfortheNPVSectorThreemainsources/typesofRevenue:Fees:feeforservice,membershipdues,servicecharges,investmentine.Philanthropy:individualgiving,foundationgiving,corporategiving.Governmentorpublicsectorsupport:grants,contracts,reimbursementforservicestoeligiblethirdpartiesfromalllevelsofgovernment.加拿大非营利组织和自愿者发展简况thecanadiannonprofitandvoluntary共36页，您现在浏览的是第10页!IfHospitals,universities,andcollegesareexcluded:Government:39%Fees:48%Philanthropy:12%Note:GovernmentfundingplaysadominantroleinfundingCanadianNPVorganizationsinhealth(80%),education(52%)andsocialservices(66%),becauseourwelfarestateishighlydeveloped.Feesaredominantforprofessionalassociations,unions(91%),cultureandrecreationalorganizations(63%)andhousingorganizations(54%).加拿大非营利组织和自愿者发展简况thecanadiannonprofitandvoluntary共36页，您现在浏览的是第11页!CanadainComparativeSummaryCanada’sNPVsectorresemblespatternofothercountrieswith“welfarepartnershipmodel”ofcivilsocietydevelopment,including:Netherlands,Belgium,France,GermanyandIreland.Thesehavesomemonfeatures:ArelativelylargeNPVsectorworkforce.Moreextensivepaidstaffandvolunteerstaff.AserviceorientationtoNPVemployment,focusingparticularlyonbasicsocialwelfareservices.ExtensivegovernmentsupportforNPVorganizationoperations.加拿大非营利组织和自愿者发展简况thecanadiannonprofitandvoluntary共36页，您现在浏览的是第12页!Withvolunteerworkincluded,philanthropicshareoftotalCanadianRevenueandGDP(19.6%and1.9%)arebelowboththeAnglo-Saxon(26.4and2.2%)andwelfarepartnership(25.9and2.1%).Canadacanbeclassifiedasanamalgambetween“welfarepartnership”and“Anglo-Saxon”models.加拿大非营利组织和自愿者发展简况thecanadiannonprofitandvoluntary共36页，您现在浏览的是第13页!InNewFrance,responsibilityforeducation,healthcareandassistanceforthepoorcarriedbytheRomanCatholicChurch.Churchreceivedsupportfrombothindividualsandthestate(FrenchCrown)EvenafterNewFrancewascededtoBritainin1763,theChurchcontinuedtodominatehealth,educationandsocialservices–untiltheQuietRevolutionofthe1960s.Thereafter,theQuebecgovernmentassumedfinancialresponsibility,whilethenonprofitorganizationsaffiliatedwiththechurchcontinuedwithservicedelivery.加拿大非营利组织和自愿者发展简况thecanadiannonprofitandvoluntary共36页，您现在浏览的是第14页!Theimmigrantgroupsandtheirchurcheshadtheirowncharitablemunitysupportorganizations.Itwasonlyoncethemunitiesbecamemoreintegratedthattheseorganizationsalsomerged.Eventuallythegovernmentstartedtocollecttaxestoassistthepoor(Maritimes)ortoestablishpublicschoolsorhospitals.Progresswasslow,inpartbecausetheBNAActof1867gavetheprovincesresponsibilityforeducation,hospitalsandcharities,butgavethefederalgovernmentaccesstotherevenue.加拿大非营利组织和自愿者发展简况thecanadiannonprofitandvoluntary共36页，您现在浏览的是第15页!StateinvolvementrequiredtoprovideservicestoasmallpopulationspreadacrossthevastCanadianexpanse.OtherDevelopmentalFactors:GreatDepressionofthe1930sFoundingoftheCo-operativeCommonwealthFederation(CCF)in1933onasocialistplatform.CCFcametopowerinSaskatchewanin1944andthreatenednationalpoweralso.McKenzieKingactedandintroducedunemploymentassistancein1940,familyallowancein1944,oldagesecurityin1952andpubliclyfundedhealthcarein1966.加拿大非营利组织和自愿者发展简况thecanadiannonprofitandvoluntary共36页，您现在浏览的是第16页!CURRENTISSUESFACINGCANADA’SNPVSECTOR:StrugglesandChallengesProblems:AbilitytoplanforthefutureRecruitmentofvolunteersandboardmembersObtainingfunding加拿大非营利组织和自愿者发展简况thecanadiannonprofitandvoluntary共36页，您现在浏览的是第17页!Frequentlychangingfundingpriorities.MandatedcollaborationswithotherorganizationsIncreasingrequirementsforfinancialaccountability.Resultingproblemsfromunstablefunding:Difficultytoengageinstrategicplanning.Constantstaffturnover:difficultyretaininghumanandintellectualcapital.Administrativeburdenincreasedwithoutfundstocover.加拿大非营利组织和自愿者发展简况thecanadiannonprofitandvoluntary共36页，您现在浏览的是第18页!ProspectsforPrivateGiving:VoluntaryContributionsaredeclining:Over75%ofCanadianscontributefinancially;over25%contributetheirtime.However:9%ofthepopulationisresponsiblefor46%ofdonationsand40%ofallvolunteerhours.Whiletherehasbeensomeincreaseindonations,thepercentageofdonorshasnot.NPVorganizationsaretrusted,butincreasingdemandforgreateraccountability.TheBusinesssectorisbeginningtoplayagreaterroleinsupportingtheNPVsector.加拿大非营利组织和自愿者发展简况thecanadiannonprofitandvoluntary共36页，您现在浏览的是第19页!“Thesefivefeaturesdefineacivilsocietysectorthatisquitebroad,enpassinginformalaswellasformalorganizations,religiousaswellassecularorganizations,organizationswithpaidstaffandthosestaffedentirelybyvolunteers,andorganizationsperformingessentiallyexpressivefunctions–suchasadvocacy,culturalexpression,munityorganizing,加拿大非营利组织和自愿者发展简况thecanadiannonprofitandvoluntary共36页，您现在浏览的是第20页!ManytermsusedinCanadaforthenonprofitsector,including:VoluntarysectorNonprofitsectorCharitablesectorThirdsectorCivilSocietysectorCommunity-basedorganizations加拿大非营利组织和自愿者发展简况thecanadiannonprofitandvoluntary共36页，您现在浏览的是第21页!CHARITABLEvs

NON-CHARITABLESTATUSCharitableagenciesmustberegisteredwithCanadaCustomsandRevenueAgencyEligibilityrequiresthatthemajorpurposeoftheorganizationberestrictedtooneofthefollowing:reliefofpoverty,advancementofeducation,advancementofreligion,orotherpurposesofacharitablenaturebeneficialtothemunityasawhole,includinghealth.

Socialclubs,recreationalassociations,orprofessionalorganizations,donotqualify.加拿大非营利组织和自愿者发展简况thecanadiannonprofitandvoluntary共36页，您现在浏览的是第22页!CANADA’SNONPROFITANDVOLUNTARYSECTORASASIGNIFICANTECONOMICFORCEEconomicContributor:AnetcontributiontoCanada’soutputof$61.8billion(1999)–grownsincethen.6.8%ofCanada’sGDPPLUSthevalueofthevolunteers,est.at$14billionor1.4%ofGDPCombinedvalueofthesector’scontribution=8.5%ofGDP加拿大非营利组织和自愿者发展简况thecanadiannonprofitandvoluntary共36页，您现在浏览的是第23页!Canada’sNonprofitandVoluntarySectorvs.theRestoftheWorldCanada’sNonprofitandVoluntarysectorat11.1%oftheeconomicallyactivepopulationisSecondLargestintheWorld–secondonlytotheNetherlandsat14.4%.(Mexicoislowestat0.4%;internationalaverageis4.5%.)Also:largerthantheUSat9.8%.VolunteershareofNPVsectorworkforcelowerinCanadathanmostothers:only25%oftheFTEworkforceinCanadaarevolunteersparedto38%inall37studiedcountriesbined.Why?加拿大非营利组织和自愿者发展简况thecanadiannonprofitandvoluntary共36页，您现在浏览的是第24页!Servicevs.Expressive

NPVSectorFunctionsServiceFunctions:DirectServicessuchaseducation,health,housing,housing,economicdevelopmentpromotion,etc.ExpressiveFunctions:cultural,spiritual,professional,orpolicyvalues,interests,andbeliefs.Includesalso:culturalinstitutions,recreationgroups,professionalassociations,advocacygroups,munityorganizations,environmentalorganizations,humanrightsgroups,andsocialmovements.加拿大非营利组织和自愿者发展简况thecanadiannonprofitandvoluntary共36页，您现在浏览的是第25页!Inparisontotheservicefunction,only22%oftheNPVsectorworkersengagedin“expressive”activities.Evenifhospitals,universitiesandcollegesareexcluded,theservicefunctionstilldominatesat64%ofworkforcevs.31%fortheexpressivefunction.PaidStaff:Service=79%;Expressive=17%Volunteers:Service=59%;Expressive=36%ExcludingHospitals,universitiesandcolleges:PaidStaff:Service=67%;Expressive=27%Volunteers:Service=57%;Expressive=38%加拿大非营利组织和自愿者发展简况thecanadiannonprofitandvoluntary共36页，您现在浏览的是第26页!TheRevenuePieWhoprovideshowmuch?Government:51%Fees:39%Philanthropy:9% -ifreligiousworshiporganizationsareincluded,philanthropyjumpsto13%.加拿大非营利组织和自愿者发展简况thecanadiannonprofitandvoluntary共36页，您现在浏览的是第27页!VolunteerTimeandPhilanthropy:Addingvalueofvolunteertimemorethandoublesthephilanthropyshareoftherevenuepiefrom9%to20%-butdoesnotchangeitsrank.Insomefields,however,philanthropydominates.e.g.Environmentalprotection.Itisalsothesecondlargestsourceforfoundations,cultureandrecreation,andsocialserviceorganizations.加拿大非营利组织和自愿者发展简况thecanadiannonprofitandvoluntary共36页，您现在浏览的是第28页!LiketheEuropean“welfarepartnership”countries,Canada’sNPVsectoralsoreceivesover50%governmentfunding.Canadadiffersfromtheotherwelfarepartnershipcountriesinsomeimportantways:Astrongervolunteerpresenceat2.7percentoftheeconomicallyactivepopulationinCanada(abovethe2.4%intheEuropeanwelfarepartnershipcountries.Itenjoysalevelofphilanthropicsupport(9.5%oftotalrevenueand0.7%ofGDP)moreinlinewiththeAnglo-Saxonpattern(9.3%)ofUS,UKandAustralia,paredto7.2%ofwelfarepartnershipcountries.加拿大非营利组织和自愿者发展简况thecanadiannonprofitandvoluntary共36页，您现在浏览的是第29页!UNDERSTANDINGTHENPVSECTORINCANADA:ANHISTORICALOVERVIEWVoluntarytraditionsonthiscontinenthavetheirrootsinthetraditionoftheAboriginalpeoplesLivedinsmallbands(usually20-50people);interdependencewasnecessaryforsurvival,GivingandsharingwereembeddedinAboriginalculture,somethingthatsurvivedthearrivaloftheEuropeans.加拿大非营利组织和自愿者发展简况thecanadiannonprofitandvoluntary共36页，您现在浏览的是第30页!Immigration:Firstmajornon-FrenchimmigrationmovementledbytheUnitedEmpireLoyalistsaftertheAmericanRevolution(1776).Inthe19thCenturymostimmigrantswerefromtheBritishIsles:IrelandandScotland–andalsotheUS.Late19thandearly20thCentury:Germans,Italians,UkrainiansandScandinavians.After2ndWorldWar,manyEuropeanscametoCanada.Since1971(aftermulticulturalismpolicy),mosthaveefromAsia,Caribbean,CentralandSouthAmericaandAfrica.加拿大非营利组织和自愿者发展简况thecanadiannonprofitandvoluntary共36页，您现在浏览的是第31页!TheRoleofGeography:Westwardexpansionfinancedbythegovernment(Macdonald’sNationalPolicy).Theimpactofthevastexpanserequiredassistance.OtherExplanations:CollectivegoalsinspiredbyUnitedEmpireLoyalists.(EnglishTories(collectiveapproach)vs.AmericanLiberalism(individualisticapproach).CanadiansneededtheStatetoensurepolitical,economicandculturalindependencefromtheUnitedStates.加拿大非营利组织和自愿者发展简况thecanadiannonprofitandvoluntary共36页，您现在浏览的是第32页!1960sand1970s:Governmentextendedfundingtoartsgroups,“identity”groups(e.g.multiculturalandlanguagegroups,women’sgroups,etc.).1960sto1980s,spendingbyalllevelsofgovernmentonhealth,educationandsocialservicesgrewrapidly.Wheneconomicgrowthslowed,governmentrevenuesdeclinedandcutbacksensued.1990sgovernmentsbeganreducingoreliminatingprogramsandservicesanddevolvingotherstothelocallevel.Supporttoindividu