大二下-精读1-4课课件与答案why historians disagree

WhyHistoriansDisagree

ThepresenttextisbasedontheintroductiontoabookentitledConflictandConsensus(意见等的一致）

inModernAmericanHistoryeditedbyAllenF.DavisandHaroldD.Woodman,professorsatTempleUniversityandPurdueUniversityrespectively,whoalsowrotetheintroduction.AuthorsWoodrowWilsonWoodrowWilson(1856-1924),America’s28thpresident(1913-1921),wasaprofessoroflaw,thepresidentofPrincetonUniversity,andthegovernorofNewJerseybeforehewaselectedtotheWhiteHouse.

ZimmermanNoteTheZimmermanNotewasacommuniqué（公报）authoredbyGermanForeignSecretaryArthurZimmermanandinterceptedbyAmericanIntelligence.Thenotehadbeendesignedtoentice（诱使）MexicointodeclaringwaragainsttheUnitedStatesshouldtheU.S.declarewaronGermany.Asareward,MexicowouldthenreceiveArizona,NewMexico,andTexasafterthewar.Fulltext：OnthefirstofFebruaryweintendtobeginsubmarinewarfareunrestricted.Inspiteofthis,itisourintentiontoendeavortokeepneutraltheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Ifthisattemptisnotsuccessful,weproposeanallianceonthefollowingbasiswithMexico:Thatweshallmakewartogetherandtogethermakepeace.Weshallgivegeneralfinancialsupport,anditisunderstoodthatMexicoistoreconquerthelostterritoryinNewMexico,Texas,andArizona.Thedetailsarelefttoyouforsettlement.ZimmermanNoteYouareinstructedtoinformthePresidentofMexicooftheaboveinthegreatestconfidenceassoonasitiscertainthattherewillbeanoutbreakofwarwiththeUnitedStatesandsuggestthatthePresidentofMexico,onhisowninitiative,shouldcommunicatewithJapansuggestingadherenceatoncetothisplan;atthesametime,offertomediate（斡旋）betweenGermanyandJapan.PleasecalltotheattentionofthePresidentofMexicothattheemploymentofruthlesssubmarinewarfarenowpromisestocompel（迫使）Englandtomakepeaceinafewmonths.Zimmerman(SentJanuary19,1917)immersev.

a.toputsth.underthesurfaceofaliquid使浸入b.toinvolveoneselfdeeply(insth.)使专心于

Heimmersedtheknifeinboilingwater.Immersetheclothinthedyefor20minutes.IwalkedintothestudyandfoundMr.Johnsonimmersedinhiswriting,asusual.Aseaof(peopleofthings):averylargenumberofTheimmensesquarewasaseaofflowersandhappyfaces.Bywayof:througha.

through,byrouteof,viab.asameansof;asatypeof;servingas

bywayofExamples:YoucangetthisinformationbywayoftheInternet.Hesenthersomeflowersbywayofanapology.Fat:1.肥沃的fatland肥沃的土地Afatcountry富裕的国家2.有利可图的Afatcontract(bargain)有利可图的合同（交易）3.thickandwell-filled厚的、大量的、内容充实的Makeafatprofit获得暴利Payafatprice付出很大的代价Afatjob肥缺4.nearlynonexistent不多、少Afatchance（notlikely)youknowafatlotaboutit.你一点儿也不懂。Fat:overweight,heavy,plump,chubby,stout（壮实的）obese(过分肥胖的）Thin:slim,slender,bonyMoststudentsareusuallyintroducedtothestudyofhistorybywayofafattextbookandequicklyimmersedinavastseaofnames,dates,eventsandstatistics.Moststudentsusuallycometohavetheirfirstexperienceofthestudyofhistorythroughthereadingofathickhistorytextbookandsoonareoverwhelmedbyalargenumberofnames,dates,eventsandstatistics.thick

(metaphor)agreatnumberofsimply:only;nothingbutItissimplyamatteroftime.bringtogether:collecton(upon)(fml.):directlyafter(andoftenasaresultof)Onhearingthenews,sheburstintotears.Disagree:Istronglydisagreewiththelastspeaker.BillandIoftendisagree,butwearegoodfriends.Sharply:clearlyanddefinitelyHisaggressivebehaviorcontrastedsharplywiththemildmannerofhisbrother.Stateofaffairs:asituation情形、情况Thereisnotmuchwecandointhepresentstateofaffairs.Thisisaveryunpleasantstateofaffairs.Theircommon-sensereactiontothisstateofaffairsistoconcludethatonehistorianisrightwhiletheotheriswrong.Whenapersonisfacedwiththiskindofsituation,thenormal,practicalresponsewillbethatonehistorianisrightwhereastheotheriswrong.“whereasorand”,implyingacontrasttheirresponsebasedoncommonsense

presumablyadv.usedtosaythatyouthinksomethingisprobablytrue据推测、大概可能a.presumablen.presumptionv.presumePresumablythere’sagoodreasonforherabsence,asshedoesn’tusuallystayawayfromwork.Wordformations

contendv.a.tostruggle,tobeinrivalry争夺、竞争

b.

to

argue,toassert争辩说

Iknowthecharmsofmyrivalaretoopowerfulformetocontendwith.Threearmedgroupsarecontendingforpower.Someastronomerscontendthattheuniversemaybeyoungerthanpreviouslythought.contendinghistorians:historianswhoarefightingordebatingMoreorless:almost;toanundetermineddegree1.或多或少Theyweremoreorlesswillingtohelp.

他们多少愿意帮忙。2.几乎、大约Theworkismoreorlessfinished.

。。。差不多完成了lookingatsth.fromacertainangleThenoveliswrittenfromachild’sperspective.Wehavetolookateverythingfromaninternationalperspective.Ifyoulookatthingsfromafeministperspectivetheyare,infact,notequal.fromafeminist/Christian/globalperspectiveFromdifferentpointsofview,angles,theoreticalstance,approaches,perspective(Theyallmeansimilarly.)

froma…perspectivecut-and-dried:alreadysettledandunlikelytobechanged1.事先安排好的、常规的、例行的；Acut-and-driedmeeting例会2.无生气的，呆板的Hisspeechwascut-and-driedbecausehehadnothingnewtosay.Acut-and-driedmatter:anordinarymatterThispositionishardlysatisfying.

Thisisnotahappysolutionorhappysituation.Studentsexpecttobegivenclear-cutanswers,eitheryesorno.Butnowtheyhavetoshoparound(到处寻找）fortheproperanswer.Theansweresapersonalchoice.Thismakesthemfeelveryfortable.

situationorstate;status

cannothelpbutdoLeecouldnothelpbutagreewithher.Icouldn’thelpbutnoticethebruiseshehadunderhereye.Similarexpressioncan’thelpdoingcannotbutdo

usedtosaythatsomeoneisunabletochangetheirbehaviororfeelings,ortopreventthemselvesfromdoingsomething不得不、不会不、情不自禁做某事Diametrically:completelydifferent在直径方面；正好、完全、截然Thetwoideasarediametricallyopposed.ThisisdiametricallyoppositetowhatIsaid.Diametricopinions截然相反的观点

tobeindiametriccontradictionDenote:toreferto意思是；是。。。的征兆,为。。。的名称Theword‘heart’denotesanorganthatpumpsblood.Inabroad/narrow/generalsense

从广义、狭义、一般意义上说

restricteda.

a.smallorlimitedinsize,area,oramount

It’sdifficulttryingtoworkinsucharestrictedspace.Thesaleofalcoholisrestrictedtopeopleovertheageof18.Thereisrestrictedaccesstothisinformation(=onlycertainpeoplecanhaveit).

v.

restrict

n.restriction

a.restrictiveWordformationsb.limitedorcontrolled,especiallybylawsorrulesHistorymaybedefinedasthatwhich…‘thatwhich’:somethingthat…orwhat…approximate:adj.Anapproximatenumberanapproximatefigurev.tocomenearinamount,nature,etc.Yourstoryonlyapproximatestotherealfacts.Youraccountofwhathappenedapproximatesthetruth,butthereareseveralsmallerrors.atbesttakingthemosthopefulview

持最乐观的看法；充其量Thisis,atbest,onlyatemporarysolution.

这充其量也不过是个权宜之计。

Hisanswerswereatbestevasive,atworstverymisleading.atits/his/their…bestinthebestcondition处于最佳状态；处于巅峰状态；在全盛期中ThegardenisatitsbestinApril.Hewasathisbestyesterdayeveningandkeptusallamused.Everyyear,whenthepeachblossomsareattheirbest,afestivalisheldattheBeijingBotanicalGarden.

questn.alongsearchforsomethingthatisdifficulttofind寻求、探求

thequestfortruthAttheirroots,thesequestsoriginatedoutofhumaninquisitiveness.Worldleadersarenowunitedintheirquestforpeace.Foreignpowershadlongpenetratedtheareainquestofwealthorinfluence,ortocounterthelustsoftheiradversaries.Thereforethehistoriancanonlyapproximatehistoryatbest.Noonecaneverclaimtohaveconcludedthequest.

tocomeclosetoThereforethebestthehistoriancandoistogetasnearaspossibletothehistoricaltruth.Butnoonecaneverboastthathe/shehascompletedthissearch.Itgoesonforever.takingthemosthopefulviewsearch;pursuitIfhistorianscannotknoweverything…availabletothem:

如果说历史学家不可能了解一切是因为有的事件没有没记录下来，那么同样也可以说，他们对可供利用的记录材料也没有充分利用。Deem:considerTopiecetogether:toformawholefromvariousparts把零碎的部分拼合成整体Sometimesthisappearstobeeasy,requiringverylittlesophisticationandsubtlety.不需要专门的训练、高深的知识以及理解复杂事件和细微差别的能力presentparticiplephrasesfunctioningascause

finedistinctions细微之处、细心Complexities老练、富于经验

crudeschemescrudeore

acrudeshelter cruderemarkscrudemanners crudeideascrudeoil/sugaraacca

bb

crudea.

a.notfinishedproperly;badlyworkedout粗略的b.(ofmaterials)inanaturalstate,notrefinedormanufactured天然的c.nothavinggrace,tasteorrefinement粗鲁的Thechoiceastowhichfacttouseisbasedonatheory—admittedly,inthiscasearathercrudetheory,butatheorynonetheless.Thechoiceconcerningwhichfacttouseisbasedonatheory.Iamwillingtoconcedethatthetheoryusedhereisunrefined,yetitisstillatheory.

withregardto;concerningwealladmit不可否认(fml)nevertheless;however

contemplate

v.

tohaveinviewasapurpose,intention

思考、盘算Contemplateone’sfutureContemplatewhattodo.

considerthinkabout/oftoywiththeideaofWordformationsShestoodcontemplatingherfigureinthemirror.Hecontemplatedherwithafaintsmile.

b.tolookat(withtheeyes,orinthemind)注视contemplativen.contemplationWordformationsItwouldgosomethinglikethis:Nationalleaderscontemplatingwararemorelikelytobeinfluencedbybelligerentactsagainstcountriesthanbytheirunhappinesswiththeirhaberdashers.ponderingovertheproblemofwar;consideringgoingtowarwithanthercountrywaracts,actsofwar

战争行为

unhappinesswiththeirhatmakersorhatshops;unhappinessaboutpersonaltrivialthingsunderstudy:beingstudiedunder:intheprocessofTheissueunderdiscussionaroadunderrepairunder(consideration/review/observation/construction/attackatwork:doingjoboraparticularactivity;operating在工作，在劳动Hehadbeenatworkonabook.忙着写一本书intheeventof:ifsth.happens;incasesth.shouldhappenIntheeventofrain,thepartywillbeheldindoors.Itoffersvitalfinancialcoverintheeventofyoubeingpermanentlydisabledinanaccident.

IwasshockedwhenIreadofhisdeath.

readof“read”phrases读到，阅悉tofindoutinformationfrombooks,newspapersetccf.readsb.alesson/lecturereadthrough/overreadsb.’smind/thoughtsreadbetweenthelinescf.训斥某人从头到尾细读一遍看出某人的心思体会字里行间的言外之意Whereby:bymeansofthis,inaccordancewiththis凭借这个，借此Thereisawaywherebyhecanbesaved.有一个可以使他得救的方法。concern:(about/over/with)Therecentriseincrimeisamatterofconsiderablepublicconcern.Theyareexpressingtheirdeepconcernabouttheworseningenvironment.toone’sdisadvantage:对。。。不利Herheightcouldbetoherdisadvantageifshewantstobeadancer.thereby:bythatmeans;bydoingorsayingthat由此、因此、从而toappearorcomeoutfromsomewhereb.(offacts,ideas)toappear;toeknownc.tocomeoutofadifficultexperience出现、（问题等）发生；（从困苦等中）露头

emergev.

Themoonemergedfrombehindtheclouds.Newevidencehasemergedtocontradictearlierclaims.Localgovernmenthasrecentlyemergedasamajorissue.Sheemergedfromthedivorceastrongerperson.Balanceofpower:

Itisapopulartheoryamongwesternpoliticalscientiststhatpeacewillbepreservedifnations’poweriswellbalanced,thatis,nocountryistoopowerfulortooweak---ifanycountryistoopowerfulitwillnotbeabletoresistthetemptationtotakeadvantageofothercountries;andifanycountryistooweak,itisboundtoinviteforeignaggression.Sotomaintainworldpeace,thebestwecandoistoachieveabalanceofpower.Whatthenarehistorianstomakeofthesefacts?Howthenwillhistoriansunderstandorlookatthesefact?tomakeofsth.:toregardasthenatureormeaningofsth.对待、处理、解释、理解Wedon’tknowwhattomakeofhisbehavior.That:becauseMendifferfrombrutesinthattheycanthinkandspeak.Thesefiguresdonottakeintoaccountthechangesintherateofinflation.

take…intoaccount/takeaccountofsth.“account”phrasestake…intoconsiderationcf.openanaccountsettleone’saccountgiveanaccountofaccountforonone’saccountonthis/thataccounttakenoaccountofcf.开户头结清欠帐，（喻）报复描述，叙述解释；说明；占百分比为一己的目的和利益为了这个/那个缘故对某事物不予考虑todevelopasaresultofsomethingelse

stemfrom

Hisheadachesstemmedfromvisionproblems.Italsotriestosaythatwomen’sproblemsstemfromeithertheirsexualityorthefamily.Muchofthefrictionstemmedfromadebateaboutwhichtechnologytouse.toeinvolvedinsth.becauseyouareinterestedinitorbecauseitworriesyou担心、牵挂；使忙于。。。

concernoneselfwithHelovedhiswife,and

concernedhimselfwith

herneedsanddesires.ForseveralweeksIdidnot

concernmyselfwith

anythoughtofthefuture.Ourcountry’sleadersmust

concernthemselveswith

environmentalprotection.maintain:torepeatedlysay坚持、断言、主张giveweightto:toconsidersth.importantWeshouldgivedueweighttotheenvironmentprotection.Similarlyathirdgroupofhistoriansmightmaintainthatthevariousitemsonthelistshouldnotbegivenequalweight.Similarlyathirdgroupofhistoriansmightarguethatthevariouspointsputonthelistshouldnotconsideredequallyimportant.forthesamereasontoconsidersth.Equallyimportanttocontinuetohavetheviewdisproportionate:toomuchortoolittleinrelationtosth.else不成比例的、不相称的

Adisproportionatenumberoffatalaccidentstakeplaceatnight.Intheexamplesgiven,historiansdisagreebecausetheybeginfromdifferentpremises.Intheexampleswehavegivenabove,wecanseethathistoriansdisagreebecausetheybeginfromdifferentassumptions.apropositionuponwhichanargumentisbasedorfromwhichaconclusionisdrawn前提、（作为先决条件的）假定fault:

挑剔、指责、批评Youcannotfaulthissincerity.他的真诚无可指责。Faultthegovernmentforfailingtotaketimelyactions.ground:

理由、根据Hehasgoodgroundsforwhathethinks.他的想法有充分的根据。onthegroundsthat:

以。。。为理由，根据。。。因为，由于Hewasawardedcompensationonthegroundsthatthedoctorhadbeennegligent.由于医生玩忽职守，他得到了赔偿。Neitherstatementcanbefaultedonthegroundsthatitisinaccurate.

Youcannotfindfaultwitheitherstatementandsayitisnotaccurate.(Neitherstatementcanbecriticizedonthegroundsthatitisinaccurate.)nounclauseservingasanappositiveof“grounds”reasonsorjustificationstobecriticized;tobeconsideredwrongProbe:探究、调查;用尖物刺穿BeforeFreud,poetshadprobedtheunconsciousandirrationalaspectsofhumanbehavior.Reportersbeganprobingformoreinformation.

probeforanswers/reasons/waystodosth.Probeintosb.’smisconductthemysteryofsb’sspeechUltimate:1.beingorhappeningattheendofaprocess,etc.Anultimateresult最终结果2.greatestTheultimateboundariesofhumanknowledge3.basicTheultimateresponsibility主要责任

theultimateprinciple基本原则Trace:追溯、跟踪TracearivertoitssourceTherumorwastracesbacktoajournalist.tocompletelygetridofsomethingthatisunnecessaryorunwanted排除、消除b.todefeatateamorpersoninacompetition,sothattheynolongertakepartinit淘汰c.tokillsomeoneinordertopreventthemfromcausingtrouble消灭

eliminate

v.

Thecreditcardeliminatestheneedforcashorcheques.Ourteamwaseliminatedinthefirstround.Thedictatoreliminatedanyonewhomightbeathreattohim.SynonymsgetridofabolishdoawaywitheradicaterootoutWecanifourknowledgecouldgiveusaperfectmodelthatcompletelyexplainedhumanbehavior.Unfortunatelynosuchmodelhaseverexisted.如果我们的知识水平能够给我们提供一种毋容置疑的有效模式，对人类行为作出全面解释，我们就能消除所有分歧。Ifthestateofourknowledgeweresuchthatitprovideduswithamodelofunquestionedvaliditythatcompletelyexplainedhumanbehavior,wecan.amodelthatisalwayseffective;afoolproofmodelavariationofthepattern“so…that”Moreexamples1.Theconditionsweresuchthatmanyyoungpeoplewantedtoleavetheplace.2.Theforceoftheexplosionwassuchthatwindowswereblownout.3.Thesituationwassuchthatpoliticalobserversfounditdifficulttopredict.局势如此，连政治观察家们也觉得难以预测。Weweredestinednevertomeetagain.Shewasnotdestinedtobeagreatpainterbutshehadtheconfidenceandlucktobeasuccessfulone.Atfirsttheirpredictionsseemeddestinedtocometrue.

bedestinedtoseemingcertaintohappenatsometimeinthefuture注定会

Butsincewedonothavesuchacompleteandfoolproofexplanation,disagreementsaredestinedtoremain.goto14

tobeboundtodosth.;tobepredeterminedorpreordainedtodosth.

alwayseffective;completelydependable;infallibleButsincewedonothavesuchacompleteandinfallibleexplanation,disagreementareboundtoexist.Shemanagedtogetaninterviewwiththatelusiveman.Sheenjoysafirmreputationinthiscountrybutwiderinternationalsuccesshasbeenelusive.Forme,thepoemhasanelusivequality.

elusivea.

a.(ofaperson)difficulttofindorsee躲避的b.(ofresult)difficulttoachievec.(ofideaorquality)difficulttodescribeorunderstandWhenstudentsrealizethat…“truth”isbutanelusiveyetintriguinggoalinanever-endingquest...agoalthatisextremelyattractiveyetforeveroutofreachaneverlastingorinterminablesearchWhenstudentsrealizethat…“truth”isonlyagoalthatisbeyondreachyetextremelyattractiveandshouldbesoughtinapermanentsearch.onlyThisisapieceofexpositorywriting.Thepurposeofexpositorywritingistoexplainortogivethereaderinformationtohelphimunderstandtheworldaroundhim.TextAnalysisForreferenceStyleTextAnalysisPleasefindsupportingdetailsinthetext.StylisticFeature

1.

longsentences2.formalwords3.impersonalstructuresTextAnalysisInthisessaythetwoauthorsdiscussthedefinitionofhistory,theroleofthehistoriansandthereasonswhyhistoriansdisagree.ThemeTextAnalysisStructure

PartI

(Paras.1—3)PartII

(Paras.4—10)PartIII(Paras.11—13)Theauthorssummarizethereasonswhyhistoriansdisagreeandthedisagreementiseverlasting.

HowthestudentsofhistorymajorstudyhistoryandwhatconfusethemHistoriansmayviewthesamehistoricaleventfromdifferentperspectivesTextAnalysisWhatarethethreedefinitionsofhistory?

inthebroadestsensethewholeofthehumanpastinarestrictedsense

inacommonsense

therecordedpartofhumanlife

whathistorianswriteaboutthepastTextAnalysisWhatistheroleofthehistorians?Historiansdonotjustcollectfacts.Theygivemeaningtothefacts.TextAnalysisWhydohistoriansdisagree?

Becausehistorianshavedifferentinterestsandadifferentunderstandingofhumanmotivationandhumanbehaviorwhichinturnisduetotheirdifferentbackgroundinage,sex,race,class,education,religion,politics,etc.,theytendnotonlytobeinterestedindifferentfactsbutalsointerpretthesamefactsdifferently.WritingDeviceExpositionWhatisexposition?Expositionmeansexpoundingorexplaining.2.Whoaremostlikelytousetheexpositorywritingstyle?Itismostfrequentlyusedbyastudent,ascientist,oraprofessional.WritingDeviceExposition3.Inwhichscopeandfielddotheyuseit?Anexpositorypaperexplainsorexploressth.,suchastheprocessofmakingamachine,thecausesofanaturalorsocialphenomenon,theplanningofaproject,orthesolutionofaproblem.Thatis,useanexpositorywritingwhenweexplainhowtheobjectismade,howitisused,andhowitmaychange.Itmainlydealswithprocessesandrelationships.WritingDeviceExposition4.Whatisthemostimportantqualityofexposition?Howtoachieveit?Themostimportantqualityofexpositionisclarity.Toachievethisthewritershould:1)Limithissubjectorthescopeofdiscussion,forit’simpossibletoexplainmanythingsclearlyinashortessay.WritingDeviceExposition2)Prepareenoughmaterial(detailsofexamples)tohelphisexplanation;thereaderoftenfindsabstractdiscussionshardtofollowiftheyarenotillustratedbyconcreteexamples.

3)Presenthisfactsandviewsinproperorder,intheorderoftimeoroflogicalsequencedependingonthenatureofthesubjects.4)Makehisexposition,ifpossible,interestingormoving;WritingDevice1)illustration—theuseofexampletoillustrateapoint,helpingtoclarifyawriter’sthoughtbymakingthegeneralspecific,andtheabstractconcrete;andalsoaddinginterestandhelptopersuadeorconvincethereader;Exposition5.Whatmethodsareadoptedforparagraphdevelopmentintheexpositorywriting?WritingDeviceExposition2)divisionandclassificationdivision—separatethingsintoparts(glasses—[\frame,lens);classification—organizethingswhichsharecertainqualities(courses—obligatoryandoptional);3)comparisonandcontrast(thesubject-by-subjectpattern,thepoint-by-pointpattern);WritingDeviceExposition4)analogy—showsthesimilaritiesbetweentwodifferentclass;5)causeandeffect;6)definition;Quiz11.

Inmyopinion,youcanwidenthe_____

oftheseimprovementsthroughyouractiveparticipation.A.dimensionB.magnitudeC.volumeD.scope2.Thetouristisforbiddentoenteracountryifhedoesnothavea(n)_____

passport.A.operativeB.effectiveC.validD.efficientDimension:规模、程度、尺寸等Magnitude:巨大、重要性

volume:卷、册、容积等Operative:操作的、起作用的、DCQuiz13.GonewiththeWinddealswithquestions

America’sCivilwarandtheexperiencesoftwocouplesoflovers.A.concernedB.concernedwithC.concerningwithD.concerningDQuiz15.Anthropology人类学isascience__anthropologistusearigorous缜密的setofmethodsandtechniquestodocument为。。。提供证明observationsthatcanbecheckedbyothers.A.inthatB.thatinC.that