考研 医学英语 翻译

考研医学英语翻译考研医学英语翻译考研医学英语翻译资料仅供参考文件编号：2022年4月考研医学英语翻译版本号：A修改号：1页次：1.0审核：批准:发布日期：Oneman’sgenesshowDNAisstillmysteryThefirstdetailedmapofaman’sgenesshowsthegeneticcodeisevenmorecomplexthananyonethought.Forinstance,sciencestillcannotpinpointwhatmakesaperson’seyesblue.InitialstudyofgenomeentrepreneurCraigVenter’sownDANmapshows4.1millionplaceswherehisgeneticcodeisdifferentfromthebasic“reference”humangenome.Thisismanymorethanhadbeenexpected,includingbigdifferencesthatextendfarbeyondthesingle-letterchangesthataccountformuchofthevariationseensofar.TheresearchersattheJ.CraigVenterInstituteinMaryland,alongwithteamsatTheHospitalforSickChildreninTorontoandtheUniversityofCaliforniaSanDiego,analyzedVenter’sgeneticcodetBoththe2001genomesusedDNAfromseveralvolunteers,pooledandthensequenced.WritinginthepublicLibraryofSciencejournalPLOSBiology,theresearcherssaiditwouldalsobeusefulasarareexercisetothoroughlyexamineasingleperson’sgenomeandcompareittotheseaverages.JamesWatson,whohelpeddiscoverthedouble-helixstructureofDNAin1953,hasalsohadhispersonalgenomesequencedandisofferingittootherscientistsforstudy.BothVenterandWatsonhavesaidtheywantedtoserveasexamplestoapublicoftenafraidofgeneticsequencing,inpartforfearofbeingdeniedjobsorinsurancecoverageandinpartbecauseofprivacyconcerns.Onethingtheresearcherswantedtofindwasifanindividual’sriskfordiseaseisone—ifapersoncarriesthemutatedHuntington’sgene,heorshewilldevelopthedeadlyandincurabledisease.Butmostotherdiseasesaretheresultofamorecomplexinteractionbetweengenesandenvironment.Venter,61,saidhisfatherdiedattheageof59ofsuddencardiacarrest.Venterhasversionsofthreegenesbelievedtolowertheriskofheartdiseaseandcarriestwocopiesofagenemutationthatraisetheriskofaheartattack,thestudyfound,Ventersaidhestartedtakingacholesterol-loweringstatindrugyearsago,eventhoughhischolesterollevelswerebelowthoserecommendedfortakingsuchmedications.“Idon’thavetohavea100percentchanceofheartdiseasetothinkoftalkingpreventativemeasures,”Ventersaid.Hismotheris84andstillactive,henoted.“Knowingsomethingdosen’tchangewhat’sinourgeneticcode.Butknowingthingsmaybegivesusachancetochangewhatcouldbepartofourgeneticdestiny,”Ventersaid.AnarticleaboutHIVIthinksomeoftheexcitementaboutthisrevolvesaroundthatverypoint.About10yearsago,webecamemuchmoreknowledgeableabouthowHIVgetsinsideofacell.Previoustothattime,wethoughtitwasaprettysimpleprocesswherebythevirussimplyattachedtoanoutsidemoleculeonthehumanTcellandthenbasicallygotpulledin.Wenowknowthattheprocessisalittlemorecomplexthanthatandincludesatleastthreedifferentsteps.Oneofthosesteps,themiddlestep,isoneinwhichthevirushastouseaspecifickindofreceptorontheoutsideofthecell.Thescientificnameforitisachemokinecoreceptor.Usingalock-and-keymechanism,thevirushastouseaspecifictypeofcoreceptortogainentranceintothecell.TheCCR5inhibitorsblockthatkey-and-lockmechanismsuchthattheviruscannotputitskey,sotospeak,intothelockontheoutsideofthecellandtheninteractwiththecellinakey-and-lockmechanismsortofwaytogainentranceinsidethecell.Thesenewmechanismsofactionhavebeenveryexcitingbecauseourpreviousclassesofanti-HIVmedicationshaveworkedonlyafterthevirushasgotteninsidethecellandhasalreadybeendoingsomeofitsinfectionprocesses.ThisnewclassofmedicationworksatamuchearlierpointintheHIVinfectioncyclesothatitblocksthevirus'sabilitytogetinsidethecelltobeginwith.Soit'sanentryinhibitor.Exactly.ItisclassifiedasatypeofentryinhibitoraswellasaCCR5inhibitor.我认为涉及这个热点的一些问题很重要。大约10年前我们对于HIV是如何感染细胞已的过程已经了解的很多了。在那之前，大家认为病毒是靠简单的粘附于T细胞分子表面然后侵入这样简单的过程感染细胞的。现在表明其实这个过程要比以前想的复杂一些，至少要包括3个步骤。中间的一步是这样的，病毒要利用细胞表面的一种特殊的受体。这种受体的学名叫趋化因子复合受体。病毒通过一种“开关”机制，利用一种特别类型的复合受体侵染进入细胞。CCR5抑制剂能够抑制此种“开关机制”，也就是说，病毒就不能用它的钥匙打开细胞外的锁，来用这种开关机制感染到细胞内部并作用与细胞。知道了这种新的机制是很欣喜的，因为我们先前对于控制HIV的经典药物都无一例外的是对已经感染了HIV的细胞并且已经干扰了细胞分化（还是已经进行感染过程）

的病毒起作用的。新的药物将在HIV感染周期的靠前的步骤起效，因此它阻止了病毒最初浸入细胞的步骤。所以可以说它是一种感染阻遏剂（不知道可以这样翻么？请高手指点）确切的说，它可以像CCR5抑制剂一样，把它划归为一类浸入抑制剂。2011医学英语考试辅导肝的消化功能

肝的消化功能

DigestiveFunctionoftheLiverSometimesreferredtoasthegreatchemicalfactoryofthebody，thelivercreates，regulates，andstoresavarietyofsubstancesusedbythegastrointestinalsystem，anditservesanumberofimportantdigestivefunctions.Themaindigestivechemicalsynthesizedbytheliverisbile.Duringameal，bileissecretedbylivercellsandtravelsthroughthehepaticductsystemintothesmallintestinewhereitisusedtobreakdownfatmolecules.Betweenmeals，bileisstoredinthegallbladder.Bilefurtherservesasawastedisposalsystemfortoxinsremovedfromthebloodbytheliver.Theliveralsoplaysamajorroleintheregulationofbloodglucose（bloodsugar）。Theliversynthesizes，dissolves，andstoresaminoacids，protein，andfat.ItstoresseveralimportantvitaminslikeB12andVitaminA.Theliveralsodisposesofcellularwasteandbreaksdownharmfulsubstances，likealcohol.肝的消化功能由于机体是一个大的化学工厂，肝脏产生、调节和储存一系列物质用于胃肠道，它有许多重要的消化功能。肝进行消化的化学性物质是胆汁。就餐时，肝细胞分泌的胆汁通过肝管系统进入小肠，消化脂肪微粒。在两餐之间，胆汁被储存在胆囊。胆汁还用于肝从血液排除毒素废物。肝脏在调节血液葡萄糖（血糖）的作用中也起着非常重要的作用。肝脏合成、分解和储存氨基酸、蛋白质和脂肪。它储存一些重要的维生素，如B12和维生素A.肝也代谢细胞废物和分解有害物质，如酒精。肝的微细结构2011医学英语考试辅导

TheLiverUpCloseWhenviewedunderamicroscope，theliverisseenaslargenetworkofunitscalledhepaticlobules.Thehepaticlobuleisverysmallandlookslikeasix-sidedcylinder.Thelobuleitselfissurroundedbyconnectivetissueandhas5to7clustersofvesselsarounditsedges.Thesevesselsincludeabranchoftheportalvein，abranchofthehepaticartery，andabileduct.Acentralveinrunsthroughthemiddleofthelobeandissurroundedbycordsoflivercellsthatradiateoutinalldirections.Betweenthesecordsarewidethinwalledbloodvesselscalledsinusoids.Alloftheblooddrainsintoahepaticveinwhichthencirculatesthroughoutthebody.肝的微细结构在显微镜下，肝脏是由肝小叶为单位的网状结构。肝小叶非常小，是六棱柱体。小叶的周围