呼吸科常用英文

wordword呼吸科常用英文询问病史casehistoryYouneedtogetadetailedhistoryincludingthetimingandacuityofonset,exacerbatingandalleviatingfactorsandenvironmenttriggerstohelpyouconfirmadiagnosisordiscardotherdiseases/developadifferentialdiagnosis.Askyourpatientwhetherthereisahistoryoftobaccouse,orothertoxicandenvironmentalexposuresandhisoccupationalhistory.General/biographicaldata,maritalstatus,nativity,occupation,informant,timeofadmissionandrecord,chiefcomplaint,historyofpresentillness,previoushealthstatus(well,ordinaryorbad),anyinfectiousdiseases,allergichistory,historyoftraumaorsurgery,smoking(abouthowmanyyears,averagehowmanypiecesperday,ceasedforhowmanyyears),alcoholintake(occasionalorfrequent),spouse'shealthstatus,menorrhea(menarcheage,cyclelastingforhowmanydays,menstrualcycle,lastmenstruationperiodorageofmenopause,anymenstrualpainorirregularcycle),childbearingorpregnancy(times,naturallabor,abortions,prematuredelivery,stillbirths,difficultlabor,familyhistory(anycongenitaldiseases,fatherandmother:stillalive,illness,orcauseofdeath,siblingsandchildren)常用的症状symptomsfeverCough咳嗽Sputum(dry,purulent脓性的,copiousgreensputum大量绿色痰，tenaciousyellowsputum黄粘痰，frothywhitesputum白色泡沫痰，rustysputum铁锈色痰wheezingDyspneaduringexertionoratrest呼吸困难Orthopnea端坐呼吸Paroxysmalnocturnaldyspnea夜间阵发性呼吸困难Shortnessofbreath(SOB)Chesttightness胸部紧迫感Exerciseintolerancepleuriticchestpain胸膜型胸痛Pharyngalgia;pharyngodynia咽痛Hemoptysis咯血Bucking呛咳Sneeze喷嚏snore打鼾malaise不舒服myalgia肌痛insomia失眠hoarseness声嘶dysphonia发声困难常见的体征physicalsignsclubbedfingers杵状指:increasedlongitudinalandtransversecurvature,lossofconcavenailfoldangle,bogginessofnailbedandincreasedsofttissuebulkofdistalphalanx,drumstick-likenicotinestainingcyanosis:bluediscolourationofmucosalmembranesandskin,causedwhenmeancapillaryconcentrationofdeoxyhemoglobinmorethan5g/dl,O2saturationlessthan85%,PaO2lessthan8KPaperipheralcyanosis:coldblueperipheries,e.g.nailbedsduetocoldexposurescentralcyanosis:warmperipheries,bluetongueorlipshandflap:duetoCO2retentionasterixis扑翼样震颤papilloedema视乳头水肿chemosis球结膜水肿enlargedsupraclavicularandaxillarylymphnodesincreasedrespiratoryratetachycardia心动过速pulsusparadoxus:>10mmHgOoninspiration(seeninsevereasthma)barrelchesthyperexpanded,decreasedexpansionkyphosis驼背，脊柱后凸Inspection:tachypnea呼吸急促accessorymusclesofrespiration:sternocleidomastoidmuscle,armsupport,alaeflaringwideornarrowintercostalspacetactilevocalfremitus触觉语颤subcutaneouscrepitus皮下捻发感Percussion:resonancedullnessflatnesshyperresonancetympanylowerborders:scapularlineXleft/rightintercostalspacerangeofmobilityAuscultation:vocalresonance语音共振ronchi:wheeze,stridor,crackles,Velcro-likesoundesmoistrales:coarse,medium,fine,crepitus捻发音pleuralfrictionrubscompleteabsenceofbreathsoundsankleedemaweightloss,cachexia恶病质，cachectic恶病质的decreasedfoodappetite,lossofappetite,anorexia食欲减退常做的检查examinationsorlaboratoryfindings(totake,undergo,perform,receiveorhave)temperaturecharts体温图(takeone'sbodytemperature)sputumpot痰盂Blood/urine/stoolroutine,occultbloodtestBloodbiochemistrySputum/bloodcultureanddrugsensitivitytestsputumcytologyPulseoximeter脉氧计：continuousmonitoringofbloodoxygensaturationArterialbloodgasanalysis(ABG):arterialbloodsampling,radial/femoralarterypuncturePaCO2:partialpressureofcarbondioxideinarterialbloodhypercarbiaPaO2:partialpressureofoxygeninarterialbloodhypoxemiarespiratoryfailure:type1:decreased02supply,PaO2V60mmHg(millimetersofmercury)duetodiffusionfailureorV/Qdismatch(ventilation-perfusion(quotient)ratio)pulmonaryedema,pneumonia,infarction,fibrosis,orpulmonaryembolism，pulmonaryhypertension,shunttype2:decreasedCO2removal,PaCO2〉5OmmHg(millimetersofmercury)duetoalveolarventilationfailureobstructive:COPD,asthma,bronchiectasisrestrictive:neuromuscular(sedatives,myasthenia),structural(ankylosingspondylitis),pleuraldiseases,obesityChestX-ray/radiograph:reticulo-nodularshadowing(reticular,linear,militarynodules粟粒样结节)coinlesions硬币样cavities空腔：amphoric空翁音的(breathinglikeblowingoverabottletop)opacification浑浊：consolidation(airspaceinfiltrate):confluentshadowingandairbronchogramcollapse:lobar(upper,middle/lingual,lower)segmentalatelactasispleuraleffusionmediastinalmass:thyroid,thymoma,teratoma,TBlymphnodes,terriblediagnosesincludinglymphomaandaneurysmChestCTscan(computedtomography)HeadMRI(magneticresonanceimaging)PET-CTofthewholebody(positron-emissiontomography)Abdominalultrasoundskinpricktest皮肤点刺试验(dustmites尘螨，pollen花粉，cockroach蟑螂)tuberculinskintest(purifiedproteinderivative(oftuberculin)test,PPDtest)Pulmonaryfunctiontest:Spirometry呼吸量测定法，肺量测定法obstructivelungdiseases:airflowlimitationFEV1/FVCFVCRVandTLCKCO<0.70个0restrictivelungdiseases:decreasedlungcomplianceandsmalllungvolumesintraparenchymal>0.750000extraparenchymalvariable000normalFEV1:forcedexpiratoryvolumein1secondFVC:forcevitalcapacityTLC:totallungcapacityRV:residualvolumeKCO:transferfactor(diffusionrate)PEFR:peakexpiratoryflowrateflow-volumeloop(inspirationandexpiration)bronchoprovocation/challengetest支气管激发试验：histamineormethacholine-inhalationbronchodilatation支气管舒张试验:salbutamol沙丁胺醇fiberopticbronchoscopy:biopsies,bronchialbrushsamplesforpathologicalexamation,bronchialwashings)bronchoalveolarlavage(BAL)protectedspecimenbrush(PStransthoracicpercutaneousneedleaspirationpercutanousneedlebiopsyunderCTguidance(forperipheraltumours)video-assistedthoracoscopic-guidedlungbiopsyopenlungbiopsypleuralbiopsybiopsyofenlargedlymphnodesD-Dimerselectrocardiogram(ECG)echocardiogram超声心动图V/Qisotopescan(ventilation/perfusionscanning)spiralCT/MRA(MagneticResonanceAngiography)pulmonaryangiographyDopplerUSSthighandpelvis(USS:ultrasoundscanning)cardiacmonitorPSG(polysommography)常见的病名diseasesacuteupperrespiratorytractinfection急性上呼吸道感染commoncold普通感冒influenza流感pharynigitis咽炎acutebroncho-bronchitis急性气管-支气管炎pneumonia肺炎communityacquiredpneumonia(CAP)社区获得性肺炎hospitalacquiredpneumonia(HAP)医院获得性肺炎nosocomicalpneumonia(NP)医院内肺炎bronchiectasis支气管扩张chornicbronchitis慢性支气管炎pulmonaryemphysema肺气肿chronicobstructivepulmonarydisease(acuteexacerbating)AECOPDCOPD急性发作bronchialasthma支气管哮喘allergicrhinitis过敏性鼻炎respiratoryfailure呼吸衰竭lungabscess肺脓肿pulmonarytuberculosis肺结核病lungcancer:肺癌primarybronchogeniccarcinoma原发性支气管肺癌squamouscellcarcinoma鳞癌adenocarcinoma腺癌bronchoalveolarcellcarcinoma支气管肺泡细胞癌smallcelllungcarcinoma(SCLC)小细胞肺癌pulmonarymetastasis肺转移瘤pulmonaryembolism(PE)肺栓塞pulmonarythromboembolism(PTE)肺血栓栓塞症pulmonaryinfarction肺梗死deepvenousthrombosis,DVT深静脉血栓形成empyema脓胸pneumothorax气胸pyopneumothorax脓气胸chronicsuppurativedisease慢性化脓性疾病congenitalcyanoticdisease先天性紫绀性心脏病corpulmonale肺源性心脏病pulmonaryhypertension肺动脉高压pulmonaryencephalopathy肺性脑病rightheartfailure;right-sidedheartfailure右心衰竭pulmonaryvasculardiseases肺血管疾病interstitiallungdisease,ILD弥漫性间质性肺疾病idiopathicpulmonaryfibrosis,IPF特发性肺纤维化cryptogenicfibrosingalveolitis,CFA隐源性纤维化性肺泡炎connectivetissuerelatedlungdiseases结缔组织相关性肺疾病systemiclupuserythematosus,SLE系统性红斑狼疮rheumatoidarthritis,RA类风湿性关节炎systemicsclerosis,SSc系统性硬化scleroderma硬皮病sjoren'ssyndrome感知综合征polymyositis多发性肌炎dermatomyositis皮肌炎sarcoidosis结节病Pulmonaryalveolarproteinosis,PAP肺泡蛋白沉积症Idiopathicpulmonaryhemosiderosis特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着病Langerhanscellgranulomatosis朗格汉斯细胞肉芽肿病Eosinophilicgranuloma嗜酸性肉芽肿HistiocytosisX组织细胞增多症XWegenergranulomatosisWegener肉芽肿extrinsicallergicalveolitis外源性过敏性肺泡炎pneumoconiosis尘肺drug-inducedlungdisease药物性肺病aspergillosis曲菌病：allergicbronchopulmonaryaspergillosis(ABPA)pleuraldisease胸膜疾病broncho-pleuralfistula支气管胸膜瘘oralcandidiasis口腔念珠菌病，鹅口疮osteoporoticbonechange骨质疏松样改变glaucoma青光眼cataract白内障acutelunginjury，ALI急性肺损伤acuterespiratorydistresssyndrome,ARDS急性呼吸窘迫综合征urticaria荨麻疹eczema湿疹hypertension高血压diabetes糖尿病常用的药物drugsoragentsbeadministered,treatsb.withempirical经验性的,prophylactic预防性,remedial治疗性Expectorant祛痰药Mucolytics粘液溶解剂bronchodilatorB2-agonists:short-acting:salbutamol沙丁胺醇long-acting:salmeterol沙美特罗muscarinicantagonists:ipratropiumbromide异丙托溴胺aminophylline氨茶碱steroidsinhaled:budesonide布地奈德，beclomethasone倍氯米松，fluticasone氟替卡松systemic:prednisolonepo.,hydrocortisoneiv.mastcellstabilizers:cromoglycatesodium色甘酸钠leukotrienereceptorantagonists:montelukast孟鲁司特respiratorystimulants:lobelinenikethamidecardiactonic强心剂diuretics利尿剂albumin白蛋白antitussiveagents镇咳药ammoniumchloride氯化铵ambroxol氨溴索(mucosolvan沐舒坦)常用的治疗措施loworhighflowoxygen:nasalcannulae鼻导管，Venturiface-masknebulizer喷雾器:finerparticlesize(3to20um)allowstracheobronchialdepositionmetereddoseinhaler(MDI)continuouspositiveairwaypressure(CPAP)-tight-fittingmask(non-invasive)intermittentpositive-pressureventilation(IPPV)non-invasivepositive-pressureventilation(NIPPV)mechanicalventilation:non-invasiveorinvasive(viaintubation插管，tracheostomy气管造口术，tracheotomy气管切开术)synchronizedintermittentmandatoryventilation,SIMV同步间歇指令通气pressuresupportventilation,PSV压力支持通气thoracocentesis胸腔穿刺术chestdrain/drainage引流术chemotherapy化疗radiationtherapy放疗pneumonectomy肺切除术lobectomyoflung,pulmonarylobectomy肺叶切除术thoracotomy开胸术，胸廓切开术pleurodesis胸膜剥脱术pleurectomy胸膜切除术pleuraladhesion胸膜粘连术thromboendarterectomy血栓动脉内膜切除术inferiorvenacavafilter下腔静脉过滤器常见的疾病chornicbronchitis:procuctivecough,mostdaysof3monthsoftheyear,foratleast2consecutiveyears,coughwithwhiteorpurulentsputumbronchiectasis:cystic囊性的/varicose曲张样/cyclindrical柱状-tram-tracks轨道样hemoptysisphysiotherapy:chestwallpercussionwirhhead-downposturaldrainagelongtermoxygeninhalation:topreventcorpulmonalemedical:bronchodilators,mucolytics,rotatingcoursesofantibioticssurgical:resection,arteryembolizationforhemoptysislungabscessusuallyonrightside,asrightbronchusisshorterandmorevertical;inthesupinepatient,abscessdevelopsinapicallowerlobeorposterialupperlobe.pneumothoraxaccumulationofairinpleuralspace,withsecondarypartialcollapseofsubpleuralblebruputurelactrogenic:positivepressureventilation,bronchoscopy,esp.biopsytypes:closed,open,tensionmediastinaldeviation:tracheaandapexshiftcontralaterallyCXR:translucency+collapse:visiblerimbetweenlungandchestwall〉2cm=>50%lungvolumelossaspiration吸引术，intercostaldrainrefractoryorrecurrent:pleurodesis,pleurectomy,bullastaplingorlaseringpleuraleffusionchestpainandprogressivelyworseningofshortnessofbreathTransudate漏出液：redistributionofStarlingforcesacrossmicrocirculation,diureticscanresultinrapidresolution,protein<30g/Lorpleura:serumprotein<1/2orpleura:serumLDH<2/3;oftenseenincardiacfailure,hypoalbuminemia,embolism,superiororinferiorvenacavaobstruction,hypothyroidism.Exudate渗出液：capillarypermeabilityincreasesorlymphdrainagedecreasesoftenseenininfection,neoplasia,surgeryortrauma.CXR:meniscus-shaped,risestowardsaxillaAppearance:clear,straw-coloured:suggeststransduateturbid,green:indicatesexudates(puscells)orempyema(bacterialinfection)bloody(haemothorax血胸):tumor,pulmonaryembolism,acutepancreatitis,traumawhite(chylothorax乳糜胸)：lymph‘blockedthoracicduct,usuallyduetotumourTherapy:transudate:diureticsexudates:repeateddrainage(thoracocentesis)intrathoracicstreptokinaseviachestdrain:tolysefibrinousadhesionspleuraladhesion:tetracycline.bleomycinlungcancerhoarseness:duetoleftrecurrentlaryngealnervepalsydysphagiapancoasttumorinfiltratesT1stellateganglionresultinginHornersyndromehypertrophicpulmonaryosteoarthropathysuperiorvenacavaobstruction(SVCO):headache,shortnessofbreath;conjunctivaledema,plethora,veindilation,pericardialtamponade(JVP个,ABPO’quiethSparaneoplasticsyndromes:endocrine(ACTH:Cushing's;B-HCG:gynaecomastiaandbodyhairloss;PTH:hypercalcaemiaespeciallysquamouscellcarcinoma),skin(dermatomyositis)immunocompromisede.g.shingles带状疱疹squamouscellcarcinoma:30%ofallprimarylungtumours,butdecreasingincidence,relativelygoodprognosisiflocalized,squamousmetaplasiawithkeratinwhorls,centrallocation,clubbing,hypercalcemia(PTH-rpsecretion)adenocarcinoma:30%,increasingincidence,esp.women,lessassociationwithsmoking,poorprognosis,metastasisearly,gland-likeandmucin-secretion,peripherallocation,pleuraleffusions,hypercoagulablestatesmallcellcarcinoma:20%,poorprognosis,metastasisoccurearly,smallAUPDcellswithneurosecretorygranules,centrallocation,paraneoplasticsyndromescommonbronchoalveolarcellcarcinoma:variantofadenocarcinomathatisassociatedwithchroniclunginflammation,e.g.fibrosing,copiousclearmucoidsputumNSCLC:surgicalresectionpossibleatfirst,adjuvantchemotherapySCLC:radiotherapy+chemotherapy(etoposide+cisplatin)secondarylungcancer:breast,oesophago/gastric/head-neck(+coloniflivermetastasis),melanoma,bone(sarcoma),thyroid,renal,prostate,ovary,choriocarcinoma,testesetc.obstructivesleepapnoeaobstructionofupperairwayoccursatnightwithlossofmuscletoneinsleep,snoring,sleepinessduringday,aponeicspells(O2O,patientawakesfromsleep),awakeningwithnocturia,daytimesomnolence,decreasedmemoryandattention,increasedaccidentrisk,polycythaemia,systemichypertensionandpulmonaryhypertensionCauses:centralobesity(fatdepositionaroundupperairwayleadstoairwaynarrowing,abdominalfatelevatesdiaphragm),structuralfeaturesofupperairway(nasalobstruction:rhinitis,polyps,deviatedsputum;adenotonsillarhypertrophy,micrognathia;macroglossiaduetohypothyrodism/amyloid/Down's;cervicalmasses:goiter,laryngealstenosis),smoking(exacerabateshypoxia),alcohol(actsasasedativetherebyreducingupperairwaytone),neuromuscularorCNSdiseasesPSG(polysommography):overnightsleepstudyTherapy:conservative:weightloss,avoidalcohol/smoking/sedatives,avoidsupinepositioncontinuouspositiveairwaypressure(CPAP)mandibularadvancementdevice(MAD)adenoidectomy(curativeinchildren)uvulopalatopharyngoplasty悬雍垂-腭-咽成形术maxillomandibularosteotomyobesity-hypoventilationsyndrome:collapseofalveoliatend-expiration,decreasedcomplianceduetoweightofabdomenandchestwall,centralrespiratorydrive。常用的化疗药cisplatin顺铂Gemcitabine吉西他滨：Gemzar（盐酸吉西他滨注射剂）paclitaxel;taxinol紫杉醇（Taxol泰素）docetaxel多西他赛（泰素帝）常见的抗生素beta-lactamantibiotics:inhibitcellwallsynthesispenicillinskintestamoxicillin阿莫西林piperacillin/tazobactamsodium哌拉西林/他唑巴坦钠ticarcillin/clavulanatepotassium替卡西林/克拉维酸钾cephamycin头孢菌素类cefradine头孢拉啶cefaclor头孢克洛cefoperazone/sulbactam头孢哌酮/舒巴坦ceftriaxone头孢曲松cefpiramide头孢吡啶ceftazidime头孢他定ceftizoxime头孢唑污carbopenems碳青霉烯类azactam氨曲南meropenem美罗培南imipenemandsodiumcilastatin亚胺培南/西司他丁钠（泰能tienam）Glycopeptides糖肽类inhibitcellwallassemblyvancomycin万古霉素norvancomycin去甲万古霉素teicoplanin替考拉林Macrolides大环内酯类：inhibitproteinsynthesisroxithromycin罗红霉素clarithromycin克拉霉素azithromycin阿奇霉素erythromycin红霉素Aminoglycosideantibiotics:氨基糖苷类reno-andototoxicinhibitinitiationandelongationprocessduringproteinsynthesisamikacin阿米卡星（丁胺卡那）gentamicin庆大霉素streptomycin链霉素Sulfamido磺胺类sulfamethoxazolecompound（SMZ.CO）Quinolones喹诺酮类：inhibitDNAgyrasenorfloxacin诺氟沙星ofloxacin氧氟沙星levofloxacin左氧氟沙星gatifloxacin加替沙星moxifloxacin莫西沙星ciprofloxacin环丙沙星Tetracycline四环素类minocycline美满霉素Nitromidazole硝基咪唑类metronidazole甲硝唑tinidazole替硝唑ornidazole奥硝唑Antitubercularagents抗结核药rifampicin利福平rifapentine利福喷丁isoniazide,isonicotinichydrazideacidINH异烟肼pyrazinamide吡嗪酰胺ethambutol乙胺丁醇Antifungal/antimycoticdrug抗真菌药nystatin制霉菌素amphotericin两性霉素Bfluconazole氟康唑voriconazole伏立康唑itraconazole伊曲康唑Antivirusagentsribavirin利巴韦林oseltamivir奥司他韦acyclovir阿昔洛韦ganciclovir更昔洛韦valaciclovir伐昔洛韦foscarnetsodium,phosphonoformicacid膦甲酸钠(可耐)lamivudine拉米夫定entecavir恩替卡韦常见的病原微生物microorganism,microbe微生物bacterium细菌lipopolysaccharide(LPS)脂多糖antibiotics抗生素pyrogen致热原exotoxin外毒素endotoxin内毒素Gramstain革兰染色Colonyformingunit,CFU集落形成单位antibacterialagents抗菌药resistance耐药性ESBLs：extendedspectrumB-lactamases超光谱B内酰胺酶MRSA：methicillin-resistantstaphylococcusaureus耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌bacteremia菌血症toxemia毒血症endotoxemia内毒素血症septicaemia败血症pyemia脓毒血症pathogen致病原pathogenicity致病性virulence毒力medianlethaldose(LD50)半数致死量medianinfectivedose(ID50)半数感染量virus病毒replication复制viremia病毒血症normalmicrobiota,microflora,normalflora,physiologicalmicrobiota正常微生物群floradisequilibrium菌群失调dysbacteriosis菌群失调症opportunisticinfection机会性感染conditionedinfection条件致病性感染endogenousinfection内源性感染exogenousinfection外源性感染antimicrobialsusceptibilitytesting药物敏感试验minimuminhibitoryconcentration(MIC)最小抑菌浓度minimumbactericidalconcentration(MBC)最小杀菌浓度disinfection消毒sterilization灭菌asepsis无菌aseptictechnique无菌技术bacteriostasis抑菌antisepsis防腐disinfectant消毒剂bacteriostaticagent抑菌剂bactericide杀菌剂autoclavingorsteamunderpressuresterilization高压蒸汽灭菌法ultravioletradiation,UV紫外线isolationprecaution隔离预防artificialactiveimmunization人工主动免疫vaccination疫苗接种killed/inactivatedvaccine死/灭活疫苗attentuatedlivevaccine减毒活疫苗toxoid类毒素artificialpassiveimmunity人工被动免疫antitoxin抗毒素gammaglobulin丙种球蛋白Staphylococcusaureus金黄色葡萄球菌Coagulase-negativestaphylococci凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌Staphylococcusepidermidis表皮葡萄球菌Streptococcuspneumoniae,pneumococcus肺炎链球菌Viridansstreptococci草绿色链球菌Escherichiacoli大肠埃希菌Klebsiellapneumoniae肺炎克雷伯菌Pseudomonasaeruginosa铜绿假单胞菌Haemophilusinfluenzae流感嗜血杆菌Legionella军