2000年5月考博英语清华试题

清华大学2000年5月考博英语真题EnglishQualifyingTestforPh.D.Candidates(May,2000)PartIListeningComprehension(15%)SectionA注；请将70至100字的大纲用中文写在答题纸上。SectionB注；请将答案用英文写在答案纸上。SectionC注请将答案用英文填写在答题纸的表格上。PartIIVocabularyandStructure(20%)Directions:Thereare40incompletesentencesinthispart.ForeachsentencetherearefourChoicesmarked1.Theopinionsofhispeersaremoreimportanttoherthanherparents'idea.A)friendsB)equalsC)enemiesD)bossesAfterwejointheWTO,thesituationthatourautomobileindustry,dependsforitssurvivalongovernmentsubsidieswillbechanged.A)financialaidB)personnelsupportC)spiritualencouragementD)partialtaxation3.Mysalaryhasbeenraisedto100,000yuanayear.butthereisaproportionateincreaseinmyincometax.A)dramaticB)undesirableC)perpetualD)proportionalHenryDavidThoreauusedtoramblethroughthewoodsbeforehewrotehismostfamousbookWalden(1854).A)studyB)liveC)readaloudD)wander5.Despitethepressurefromthepresident,theprovincialgovernmentinsistedonitsautonomousjurisdiction.A)regionalB)obstinateC)willfulD)legal6.AllprogramscelebratingtheSpringFestivalintheCCTVhavebeenrelayedtoeven'partoftheworldthroughsatellites.A)receivedB)reservedC)rebroadcastD)enjoyed7.Youmustbedrunklastnight.Otherwisehowdidyoumanagetodriveintoastationaryvehicle?A)officialB)policeC)parkedD)running8.Tocreateademocraticatmosphereinthecompany,themanagershouldalwaysbeaccessibletohisstaff.A)fairB)equalC)acceptableD)approachable9.Thenewlyimportedmachinedoesn'tworkinambienthumidityof50degrees.A)approximateB)surroundingC)convenientD)high10.Manystudentsaresigningthepetitionagainstbuildingasteelworksneartheschool.A)namesB)agreementC)requestD)disapproval11.Yourappraisalofthecurrentsituationisquitedifferentfrommine.A)optimisticB)complimentC)agreementD)estimate12.Theyareboycottingthestorebecausetheworkersareonstrike.A)lootingB)banningC)protectingD)destroying13.Inthefinalcontest,twoathletesarecontendingforthechampionship.A)satisfyingB)happyC)competingD)quarreling14.Thecomputer'svaluewilldepreciatebyhalfinthefirstyear.A)decreaseB)increaseC)keeplowD)fluctuate15.ChinaTelecomisabouttoembarkonamajorprogramofcomputerization.A)propagandaB)finishC)purchaseD)undertakel6.Thecandidatehasgivenapledgethathewillimprovethelocalenvironmentandinvestdoublyineducation.A)promiseB)declarationC)proposalD)possibility17.Therehasalwaysbeenanepldemicorbikestealinginschools.A)atheftB)apunishmentC)aplagueD)acrime18.ItisinChongqingthatthenextinternationalsymposiumonenvironmentalprotectionwillbeheld.A)debateB)conferenceC)seminarD)negotiation19.Manypeoplesuspectedtheexistenceofextraterrestriallife.A)snowmanB)outsidetheearthC)spiritualD)underworld20.Incaseyourliabilitiesoutrunyourassets,youmaygobankrupt.A)debtB)enterpriseC)controversyD)bondage21.Afterthefiercequarrel,theybegantohavea__________loathingforeachother.A)boringB)reciprocalC)friendlyD)standing22.Onthestagemanypiecesofbluesilkwerefluctuatedto________theseawaves.A)simplifyB)simulateC)helpD)like23.Thegovernmentlackedmoneybecauseofbitingoil________.A)pricesB)stationsC)buildingsD)revenues24.Thoughthepoliciesofracial________hadbeenabolished,manywhitesintheSouthwerestilldubiousaboutthesafetyofthecommunities.A)segregationB)regulationsC)communismD3extinctionTheproposalwasacceptedwith________approval.Everybodybelieveditwouldhelprevivethenationaleconomy.A)unanimousB)doubtfulC)pleasantD)searchingManysocialservicesareprovidedby________societiesandorganizationsthatdonotexpectanymaterialpayment.A)wealthyB)voluntaryC)helpfulD)spiritual27.Inthepackedhall,thepeoplesittingclosetome_________meintothecornerlittlebylittle.A)draggedB)drewC)frightenedD)wedged28.Thepolice,tryingto________exactlywhowasatthepartyareinvestigatingeverypersonconcerned.A)ascertainB)arrestC)imagineD)count29.Ifeverybodyhasarrivedthemeetingmay________now.A)commenceB)criticizeC)commentD)conclude30.Theprodigalson________hislargeinheritanceinafewyearsofheavyspending.A)inheritedB)receivedC)accumulatedD)dissipated3l.InancientIndia,thereusedtobeaveryformidable________inreligiousandsociallife.A)hierarchyB)powerC)despotD)president_________delinquencyreferstolaw-breakingbyyoungpeople.A)JuvenileB)Green-handC)AmateurD)Institute33.It'snecessarytomakeyourhandwritings________whenyoufillinanofficialform.A)reconcilableB)legitimateC)legibleD)formalShehasalwaysbeenaconscientioussecretarysincethegal,sheenteredmycompany.TinesuggestionthatIwantedhertoresignisquite__________A)thoughtfulB)reasonableC)unfoundedD)early35.The________meaningof"yellow"isacolor,butitcanalsomean"cowardly."A)positiveB)negativeC)underlyingD)literal36.WhenIstayedinthecountry,Iusedtowalkinthefieldsatnightandtosee________ofstars.A)thecirculationB)aclusterC)thefallingD)myriads37.Ringingchurchbellssetsup________intheAlpinevalleys.A)resonanceB)forestsC)churchbuildingD)priests38.Thestudentsareallfrom________countries,suchasSingapore.IndiaKorean,andJapan.A)developingB)orientalC)islandD)Christian39.Wouldn'titbeeasiertomoveaboutonthe________ofthemobbedcrowdthantosqueezeintilemiddle?A)consentB)headsC)fringeD)recreation40.Whenthenewimmigrationlawcameintoeffect,theoldonewasnaturallyA)validatedB)putoffC)repealedD)putupPartIIIReadingComprehension(50%)SectionADirections:Thereare3readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youloeideonthebestchoice.PassageIIntheyearsfollowingtheSecondWorldWar,theyouthhostelideaspreadtootherpartsoftheworldandthesamespiritwasmaintained.TheInternationalYouthHostelFederation,IYHF,whichwastoco-ordinateactivitiesinthevariousnationalassociations,incorporatedinitsconstitutiontheprinciplethatinyouthhostels"thereshallbenodistinctionsofrace,nationalitycolor,religion,classorpoliticalopinions.This,itshouldbenoted,wasatatimewhentheprinciplesofracialequalityandbrotherhoodwerebynomeanssowidelyacknowledgedastheyarenow."Thereisnormallynoagebaratyouthhostels.ExceptionsareSwitzerlandandBavaria.Wherethereisamaximumageof25andI7yearsrespectively.Generally,however,thehostelsareintendedtomeettheneedsoftwomaingroups:seniorsecondaryschoolchildren,universityandschoolchildrentravellingwithateacheroneducationalvisits,andagedbetweenabout11andI8.Theprincipalcontributionoftheyouthhostelmovementtotheattackonracismisthefactthatinthe4,364hostelsthroughouttheworldthebrotherhoodofmanistakenforgrantedandpracticedquietlyandwithoutanyostentation.Ifyouwalkintothecommon-roomofabigyouthhostelinGracoworMunich,LahoreofCanberra,youwillfindyoungpeopleof'everyraceandnationalitysittingdowntogethertosharetheirexperiencesanddiscusstheworld'sproblems.AsaMalaysianboyrecentlyremarked:"youthhostelisaplacewhereyouwillneverfeellost"Inaccordancewithitsconstitution,theIYHFhasneveradmittedtomembershipyouthhostelassociationsinSouthAfricaandRhodesia,becauselegislationinthosecountriesmakesitimpossibleforpeopleofdifferentracestoshareyouthhostelfacilities.ButaninterestingnewprojectisunderwayinLesotho,withthefinancialandtechnicalsupportoftheFederation:theconstructionofasouthhostelspecificallydesignedtocarryoutaneducationaltaskinsouthernAfricabyopeningitsdoorstoyoungpeopleofallracesfromneighboringandmoredistantcountries.Situatedjustoutsidethecapital,Maseru,theyouthhostelwillalsoprovideaccommodationforyoungpeopleofLesothoattendingstudyandtrainingcourses.Thevery,comprehensivestatisticsmaintainedbytheIYHFshowtilemovementofyoungpeopleformcountry,tocountryinsomedetail,itcanbeseen,forinstance,that10,828"overnights"wererecordedin1972byyoungAmericansintilehostelsofJapan.and3.643byyoungvisitorsformIndiaintheyouthhostelsofWestGermany.Althoughthesefiguresaresmallinabsoluteterms,theyrepresentanetworkofindividualhumancontactsamongyoungpeoplewhichcaninfluenceoutlooksandopinionsatthegrassroots.ItcanbeinterredfromthispassagethatIYHFisanorganizationwhereyoungpeopleliveanorganizationthatadvocatesbrotherhoodofmananorganizationtoprotecttherightsofteenagersaninternationalcompany"Ostentation"inthelastsentenceofthethirdparagraphisclosestinmeaningwith_______A)pretentiousnessB)outstandingC)obstructionD)declaration43.Themaximumageofpeoplestayingatyouthhostelsinmostcountriesis______A)20B)25C)17D)unlimited44.Thetoneofthisarticlemaybedescribedis______A)formalB)imaginativeC)humorousD)negativeAllthefollowingstatementsaretrueEXCEPT______CountrieswhereyouthhostelsaresegregatedbyracearefinedbyIYHF.Onlyvery,fewcountriesaremembersoftheIYHE.CountrieswhereyouthhostelsaresegregatedbyracearedeniedmembershipintheIYHF.AllcountriesareallowednormalmembershipsintheIYHF.Passage2Beforeabout3500BC,therewerecultures,butnotcivilizations.Prehistoricmenandwomencreatedsocieties,constructedhouses,livedinvillages,huntedandfished,farmed,madepottery,wovecloth,andcreatedlanguages.Butunlikemoreadvancedpeoples,theydidnotbuildcities,read,orwrite.Citiesarethecornerstoneofcivilizedlifebecausewiththemcameothercivilizingelements,includingdifferentiationofclassesandemployment,sophisticatedreligiousandpoliticalsystems,monumentalarchitecture,andtheformationofstatesandempires.Historiansusuallybeginthestory,ofcivilizationwithaccountsoftheworld'sfirstgreatwritersandcity-builders,theSumerians.BecausetheSumeriansrecordedideasandsagasandlistedthenamesoftheirrulers,weknowmoreaboutthemthanaboutprehistoricaboutprehistoricpeopleswholefttheirlegacyinstones,bones,andpottery.Withtheabilitytobuildcitiesandrecordthoughtcametheabilitytocommunicateideasandinnovationsovervastreachesoftimeandspace.Humanbeings—whohadformerlytakenhundredsofthousandsofyearstolearnthatastoneaxsharpenedonbothsidesismoreusefulthananaxsharpenedononeside—progressedrapidlyfromfoottraveltohorsedrawncarts,andlater,fromrailroadstoairplanes.Withtheseandthousandsofotherinnovations,peoplecametoliveLonger,morecomfortablelives.Civilizationalsobroughtnewillstohumanity.Inthe20thcentury,itbroughtnuclearcarfareglobalwarming,andozonedepletion.Moresubtly,civilizationremovedhumanbeingsfromregularencounterswiththewondersofthenaturalworld.Unlikepeopleofmodemcivilizationsprimitivepeoplelivedclosetothesoundsandsmellsofforestandgrasslands.Theylockedatfireandthestarswithaweandreverence.Civilizationinvolvestheabilitytocreateanewpoliticalandculturalworld.Inthe19thcentury,theAmericanwriter,philosopher,andnaturalistHenryDavidThoreaunotedthatthisartificialsphereseparateshumanityfromprimitivevirtue."Mostoftheluxuries,heargued,"andmanyoftheso-calledcomforts,oflifearenotonlynotindispensable,butpositivehindrancestotheelevationsofmankind."Thoreaubelievedthatmenandwomenshouldsimplifytheirlives.Eventhoseancientpioneersofcivilization,theGreeks,mournedthelostinnocence.Theyexpressedthissenseofregretinthestory,ofPrometheusandPandora.Contrary,tothewishesofotherGods,Prometheusbroughttohumanitythegiftsoffire,art,andscience.Thejealousgodswereunwillingtoallowmenandwomentoenjoy,suchblessingswithoutcost,andsotheysentPandoratotheworldwithaboxcontainingdisease,sorrow,andotherevils.Thus,humanbeingshaveviewedcivilizationasamixedblessing.Civilizedpeoplehavewagedbrutalwars,destroyedmajesticforests,andpersecutedreligiousminorities.Butcivilizationshavealsoachievedwonders.46.Whichofthefollowingrepresentscivilizationofpeople?A)Theybuildhouses.B)Theyhavesocieties.C)Theyliveinagroup.D)Theycanwrite.47."Sumerians"inthesecondparagraphrefersto______.A)apersonB)agroupofpeopleC)humanbeingsD)prehistoricpeopleInparagraph4,thereisasentencegivenbyHenry.Thoreau,"Mostoftheluxuries,andmanyoftheso-calledcomforts,oflifearenotonlynotindispensable,butpositivehindrancestotheelevationsofmankind."Thissentencemeans______.A)Mostluxuriesandcomfortsareimportantandcanimprovethequality,ofpeople'slife.B)Mostluxuriesrindcomfortsarenotsoimportantfortheycannotimprovethequalityofpeople'slife.MostluxuriesandcomfortsarenotsonecessaryandalsotheypreventtheprogressofhumanbeingsMostluxuriesandcomfortsaretooimportanttoimprovethequalityofpeople'slife49.AlltilefollowingrepresentthenegativesideofcivilizationEXCEPT______A)chemicalwarfareB)thedecreaseoffreshairC)greenhouseeffectD)thenuclearplantIntheparagraphthatfollowsthispassage,thewriterisgoingtodiscuss______A)theimportanceofcivilizationthedifferencebetweencivilizationandculturethepositiveaspectofcivilizationtheGreeksPassage3Oneoftheforemostauthorsoftheerabetweenthetwoworldwars,Hemingwayinhisearlyworksdepictedtilelivesoftwotypesofpeople.Onetypeconsistedofmenandwomendeprived,byWorldWarI,offaithinthemoralvaluesinwhichtheyhadbelieved,andwholivedwithcynicaldisregardforanythingbuttheirownemotionalneeds.Theothertypeweremenofsimplecharacterandprimitiveemotions,suchasprizefightersandbullfighters.Hemingwaywroteoftheircourageousandusuallyfutilebattlesagainstcircumstances.HisearliestworksincludethecollectionsofshortstoriesThreeStoriesandTenPoems(1923),hisfirstwork;InOurtime(1924),talesreflectinghisexperiencesasayouthinthenorthernMichiganwoods;Menwithoutwomen(1927),avolumethatincluded"TheKillers,"remarkableforitsdescriptionofimpendingdoom;andWinnerTakeNothing(1933),storiescharacterizingpeopleinunfortunatecircumstancesinEurope.ThenovelthatestablishedHemingway'sreputation.TheSunAlsoRises(1926),isthestory,ofagroupofmorallyirresponsibleAmericansandBritonslivinginFranceandSpain,membersoftheso-calledlostgenerationofthepost-worldWarIperiod.Hemingway'ssecondimportantnovel,AFarewelltoArms(1929),isthestory,ofadeeplymovingloveaffairinwartimeItalybetweenanAmericanofficerintheItalianambulanceserviceandaBritishnurse.Thenovelwasfollowedbytwononfictionworks,DeathintheAfternoon(1932),prosepiecesmainlyaboutbullfighting;andGreen,gillsofAfrica(1935),accountsofbig-gamehunting.Hemingway'seconomicalwritingstyleoftenseemssimpleandalmostchildlike,buthismethodiscalculatedandusedtocomplexeffect.InhiswritingHemingwayprovideddetacheddescriptionsofaction,usingsimplenounsandverbstocapturescenesprecisely.Bydoingsoheavoideddescribinghischaracters'emotionsandthoughtsdirectly.Instead,inprovidingthereaderwiththerawmaterialofanexperienceandeliminatingtheauthorialviewpoint.Hemingwaymadethereadingofatextapproximatetheactualexperienceascloselyaspossible.Hemingwaywasalsodeeplyconcernedwithauthenticity,inwriting.Hebelievedthatawritercouldtreatasubjecthonestlyonlyifthewriterhadparticipatedinorobservedthesubjectclosely.Withoutsuchknowledgethewriter'sworkwouldbeflawedbecausethereaderwouldsensetheauthor'slackofexpertise:Inaddition,Hemingwaybelievedthatanauthorwritingaboutafamiliarsubjectisabletowritesparinglyandeliminateagreatdealofsuperfluousdetailfromthepiecewithoutsacrifleingthevoiceofauthority.Hemingway'sstylisticinfluenceonAmericanwritershasbeenenormous.Thesuccessofhisplainstyleinexpressingbasic.yetdeeplyfelt,emotionscontributedtothedeclineoftheelaborateVictorian-eraprosethatcharacterizedagreatdealofAmericanwritingintheearly20thcentury.ManyAmericanwritershavecitedHemingwayasaninfluenceontheirownwork.51.ThenovelthatbroughtHemingwaygreatestfame________.A)ThreeStoriesandTenPoemsB)InFarTimeC)MenWithoutWomenD)TheSunAlsoRises52WhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribeHemingway'swritingstyle?A)simpleandpreciseB)bullfightingC)superfluousD)complicatedAccordingtothispassagewhichofthefollowingisthegreatcontributionofHemingway?A)Heintroducedanewsubjectintoliterature.HiswritingstyleinfluencedagroupofAmericanwritersHeprovedthatoneshouldwriteaboutdetails.Hesaidthatwritersshouldknowwhattheyarewriting.54.Thispassageismainly,aboutHemingway's___________A)lifeB)backgroundC)novelsandwritingstyleD)influenceThesentence."Hemingwaywasalsodeeplyconcernedwithauthenticityinwriting"."authenticity"isclosestinmeaningwithA)author'srightB)credibilityC)authorizationD)authorshipSectionBDirections:AfteryouhavereadthefollowingpassagewriteoutasummaryinEnglishwithabout70to90words.Putyoursummary,ontheAnswerSheet.ItissaidthatthepublicandCongressionalconcern.aboutdeceptivepackaginguproarstartedbecauseSenatorHartdiscoveredthattheboxesofcerealsconsumedbyhim,Mrs.Hart,andtheirchildrenwerebecominghigherandnarrower,withadeclineofnetweightfrom12to10.5ounces,withoutanyreductioninprice.Therewerestilltwelvebiscuits,buttheyhadbeenreducedinsize.Lze.Later,theSenatorrightlycomplainedofastore-boughtpieinahandsomelyillustratedboxthatpictured,inasingleslice,almostasmanycherriesastherewereinthewholepie.Themanufacturerwhoincreasestheunitpriceofhisproductbychanginghispackagesizetolowerthequantity,deliveredcan,withoutunduehardship,puthisproductintoboxes,bags.andtinsthatwillcontaineven4-ounce,8-ounce,one-poundquantitiesofbreakfastfoods,cakemixes,etc.Astudyofdrugstoreandsupermarketshelveswillconvinceanyobserverthatallpossiblesizeandshapesofboxes,jars,bottlesandtinsareinusemoresametimeandasthepackagejournalsshow,weekbyweek,thereisneveranyhesitationinintroducinganewsizeandshapeofboxorbottlewhenitaidsinproductdifferentiation.Theproducersofpackagedproductsarguestronglyagainstchangingsizesofpackagestocontainevenweightsandvolumes,butnooneinthetradecommentsunfavorablyonthehugecostsincurredbyendlesschangesofpackagesizes,materials,shape,artwork.andnetweightshatareusedforimprovingaproduct'smarketposition.Whenapackagingexpertexplainedthathewasabletomultiplytilepriceofhardsweetsby2.5,fromIdollarto2.50dollarsbychangingtoafancyjar,orthathehadmadea5-ouncebottlelookasthoughitheld8ounces,hewasineffecttellingthepublicthatpackagingcanbeaveryexpensiveluxury.Itevidentlydoescomehigh.whenanaveragefamilypaysabout200dollarsayearforbottles,cans,boxes,jarsandothercontainers,mostofwhichcan'tbeusedforanythingbutstuffingthegarbagecan.注：请将大纲用英文写在答题纸上。SectionCDirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithfivequestions.Afteryouhavereadthepassage,answerthesequestionsinEnglishandthenputthemontheAnswerSheet.Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem.Human-resourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalorthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired-reinedatthelowestpossiblecost-muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.Theexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandha