2010年考研英语一真题及答案解析

SectionIUseofEnglishReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblank.andmark[A]，[B]，[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)In1924AmericanNationalResearchCouncilsenttoengineertosuperviseaseriesofexperimentsataephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlighting1workersproductivity.Instead，thestudiesended2 givingtheirnametothe“Hawthorneeffect”theextremelyinfluentialideathevery3tobeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects’behaviorTheideaarosebecauseofthe4behaviorofthewomenintheplant.Accordingto5oftheexperimentstheirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreased,butalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot6whatwasdoneintheexperiment.7somethingwaschangedproductivityrose.A(n)8thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe9toalterworkers'behavior10itselfAfterseveraldecades，thesamedatawere 11toeconometrictheysisHawthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestore12thedescriptionsonrecord，nosystematic 13wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlightingItturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmaybehavelet 14interpretationofwhathappened.15，lightingwasalwayschangedonaSundayWhenworkstartedagainonMonday,output rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand17toriseforthenextcoupleofdays18，acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMonday,workers 19tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycase，before 20aplateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged“Hawthorneeffect”ishardtopindown1.[A]affected[B]achieved[C]extracted[A]at[B]up[C]with[A]truth[B]sight[C]act[A]controversial[B]perplexing[C]mischievous[A]requirements[B]explanations[C]accounts[A]conclude[B]matter[C]indicate[A]asfaras[B]forfearthat[C]incasethat[D]solong[A]awareness[B]expectation[C]sentiment[A]suitable[B]excessive[C]enough[A]about[B]for[C]on[A]compared[B]shown[C]subjected[A]contraryto[B]consistentwith[C]parallelwith[D]peculiarto13.[A]evidence[B]guidance[C]implication[D]source14.[A]disputable[B]enlightening[C]reliable[D]misleading15.[A]Incontrast[B]Forexample[C]Inconsequence[D]Asusual[A]duly[B]accidentally[C]unpredictably[A]failed[B]ceased[C]started[D]continued20.[A]breaking[B]climbing[C]surpassing[D]hittingSectionⅡReadingComprehension Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A]，[B]，[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)TextOverthepastdecadethousandsofpatentshaveseengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.Amazoncomreceivedoneforits“one-click”onlinepaymentsystemMerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforlyingabox。Nowthenation’stoppatentcourtappearscompleyreadytoscalehackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstU.ScourtofAppealsforthefederalcircuitsaiditwoulduseparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,is“averybigdeal”，saysDermis'D,CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchooloflaw.It“hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents”Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-facebecauseitwasthefederalcircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithis1998decisionintheso-calledstateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemerginginternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusivepintstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later,moveestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbentthemtothepunch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproductsevenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice。TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederalcircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt’sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould“reconsider”itsstatestreetBankruling。TheFederalCircuit’sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbythesupremeCountthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastApril,forexamplethejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor“inventions”thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitare“reactiontotheanti-patenttrendatthesupremecourt”saysHaroleCWegner,apartendattorneyandprofessoratWashingtonUniversityLawSchool。Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecause[C]thepossiblerestrictionontheirgranting[D]thecontroversyoverWhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskiItsrulingcomplieswiththecourtdecisions[B]Itinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransaction[C]IthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuit[D]ItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S。Theword“about-face”(Line1,Paro3)mostprobablylossofgoodwill[B]increaseofhostility[C]changeofattitude[D]enhancementofdisunityWelearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodareimmunetolegalchallenges[B]areoftenunnecessarilylowertheesteemforpatentholders[D]increasetheincidenceofrisks30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?[A]Aloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatents[B]Protectionforbusiness-methodpatentholders[C]Alegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodAprevailingtreadagainstbusiness-methodpatentsText3InhisbookTheTipPointMalcolmAladuellarguesthatsocialepidemicsarecalledinfluentialswhoareunusualinformed,persuasive,orweconnect.Theideaisintuitivelycompellingbutitdoesn'texplainhowideasactuallyspread。Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausiblesoundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalledthe"tow-stepflowofcommunicationInformationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecameitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentials,thoseselectpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.Thetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofpeoplewaswearing,promotingordevelowhateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.Anecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecalldrivetrends。Intheirrecentwork,however,someresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.Infact,theydon’tseemtoberequiredofall.Theresearchers'argumentstemsfromasimpleobservationaboutsocialinfluence,withtheexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey-whoseoutsizepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinter alinfluence-eventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon'tinteractwiththatmanyothers.Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebratinginfluentialswhoaccordingtothetwo-step-flowtheoryaresupposedtodrivesocialepidemicsbyinfluencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectlyForasocialepidemictooccurhowevereach soaffectedmusttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirsandsoonandjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluentialIfpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplefromtheinitialinfluential,proveresistant,forexamplethecascadeofchangewon'tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanyBuildingonthebasictruthaboutinter alinfluence,theresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofpopulationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingofpopulationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople’sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencytobe。BycitingthebookTheTipPointtheauthorintends[A]yzetheconsequencesofsocialdiscussinfluentials’functioninspreadingexemplifypeople’sintuitiveresponsetosocialdescribetheessentialcharacteristicsofTheauthorsuggeststhatthe“two-step-flow

servesasasolutiontomarketinghashelpedexplaincertainprevalenthaswonsupportfromrequiressolidevidenceforitsWhattheresearchershaveobservedrecentlyshowsthepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocialinterallinkscanbeenhancedthroughtheinfluentialshavemorechannelstoreachthepublic[D]mostcelebritieaenjoywidemediaattentionTheunderlinedphrase“thesepeople”inparagraph4referstothestayoutsidethenetworkofsocialinfluence[B]havelittlecontactwiththesourceofinfluence[C]areinfluencedandtheninfluenceothers[D]areinfluencedbytheinitialWhatistheessentialelementinthedynamicsofsocialinfluence?[A]Theeagernesstobeaccepted[B]Theimpulsetoinfluenceothers[C]Thereadinesstobeinfluenced[D]TheinclinationtorelyonothersText4Bankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroublesinpublic.BehindTheirrules,moanthebanks,haveforcedthemtoreportenormouslossesandit’sjustnotfair.Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay,notthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch。 y,banks’lobbyingnowseemstobeworking.Thedetailsmaybeunknowable,buttheindependenceofstandard-setters,essentialtotheproperfunctioningofcapitalmarkets,isbeingcompromised.And,unlessbankscarrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,revivingthebankingsystemwillbedifficult.AfterabruisingencounterwithCongress,America’sFinancialAccountingStandardsBoard(FASBrushedthroughrulechanges.Thesegavebanksmorefreedomtousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong0termassetsintheir estatement.BobHerz,theFASB’schairman,criedoutagainstthosewhoquestionourmotivesYetbanksharesroseandthechangesenhancewhatonelobbygrouppoliycalls“theuseofjudgmentbymanagement。”EuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(IASB)dolikewise.TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallplanning,butthepressuretofoldwhenitcompletesitreconstructionruleslaterthisyearisstrongMcCreevy,aEuropeancommissioner,warnedtheIASBthatitdidnotliveinapoliticalvacuum”but”intherealword”andtheEuropecouldyetdevelopdifferentrules。Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongplanet,withaccountsthatvastlyovervaluedreflectthetemporaryilliquidityofmarketsnotthelikelyextentofbaddebts.Thetruthwillnotbeknownforyears.Butbank’ssharestradebelowtheirbookvaluesuggestingthatinvestorsareskeptical.Anddeadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwillnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglosses,yetarereluctanttobuyallthosesupposedbargains。Togetthesystemworkingagain,lossesmustberecognizedanddealtwith.America’snewplantobuyuptoxicassetswillnotworkunlessbanksmarkassetstolevelswhichbuyersfindattractive.Successfulmarketsrequireindependentandevencombativestandard-setters.TheFASBandIASBhavebeenexactlythat,cleaninguprulesonstockoptionsandpensions,forexample,againsthostilityinterests.Bankerscomplainedthattheywereforcedfollowunfavorableassetevaluationrules[B]collectpaymentsfromthird[C]cooperatewiththepricemanagers[D]reevaluatesomeoftheirassets37.Accordingtotheauthor,therulechangesoftheFASBmayresultin[A]thediminishingroleofmanagement[B]therevivalofthebankingsystem[C]thebank’slong-termassetlosses[D]theweakeningofitsindependence38.AccordingtoParagraph4,McCreevyobjectstotheIASB’sattempt[C]actontheirowninrule-setting[D]takegradualmeasuresinreform39、Theauthorthinksthebankswere“onthewrongplanet”inthatthey[A]misinterpretedmarketpriceindicatorsexaggeratedtherealvalueoftheirassets[C]neglectedthelikelyexistenceofbaddebts[D]deniedbookinglossesintheirsaleofassets40、Theauthor’sattitudetowardsstandard-settersisoneof[A]satisfaction[B]skepticism[C]objectiveness[D]sympathyPartBForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableparagraphsfromthefirstA-GandfillthemintothenumberedboxestofromacoherenttextParagraphEhasbeencorrectlyplaced.Thereisoneparagraphwhichdosenotfitinwiththetext.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Thefirstandmoreimportantistheconsumer’sgrowingpreferenceforeatingout;theconsumptionoffoodanddrinkinplacesotherthanhomeshasrisenfromabout32percentoftotalconsumptionin1995to35percentin2000andisexpectedtoapproach38percentby2005.Thisdevelopmentisboostingwholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesegmentby4to5percentayearEuropecomparedwithgrowthinretaildemandof1to2percent.Meanwhileastherecessionisloominglargepeoplearegettinganxious.Theytendtokeepatighterholdontheirpurseandconsidereatingathomearealisticalternative。RetailsalesoffoodanddrinkinEurope’slargestmarketsareatastandstill,leavingEuropeangroceryretailershungryforopportunitiestogrow.Mostleadingretailershavealreadytried merce,withlimitsuccess,andexpansionabroad.Butalmostallhaveignoredthebig,profitableopportunityintheirownbackyardthewholesalefoodanddrinktrade,whichappearstobejustthekindofmarketretailersneed。Willsuchvariationsbringaboutachangeintheoverallstructureofthefoodanddrinkmarket?Definiynot.ThefunctioningofthemarketisbasedonflexibletrendsdominatedbypotentialbuyersInotherwords,itisuptothebuyerratherthanthesellertodecidewhattobuy.Atanyratethischangewillultimaybeacclaimedbyanever-growingnumberofbothdomesticandinternationalconsumersregardlessofhowlongthecurrentconsumerpatternwilltakehold。Allinall,thisclearlyseemstobeamarketinwhichbigretailersthatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropemaywellexpecttorakeinsubstantialprofitsthereby.Atleastthatishowitlooksasawhole.Closerinspectionrevealsimportdifferencesamongthebiggestnationalmarkets,especiallyintheircustomersegmentsandwholesalestructures,aswellasthecompetitivedynamicsofindividualfoodanddrinkcategories.BigretailersmustunderstandthesedifferencesbeforetheycanidentifythesegmentsofEuropeanwholesalinginwhichparticularabilitiesmightunseatsmallerbutentrenchedcompetitors.Newskillsandunfamiliarbusinessmodelsareneededtoo。Despitevariationsindetail,wholesalemarketsinthecountriesthathavebeencloselyexamined—France,Germany,Italy,andSpain—aremadeoutofsamebuildingblocks.Demandcomesmainlyfromtwosources:independentmorn-and-popgrocerystoreswhich,unlikelargeretailchains,aretwosmalltobuystraightfromproducers,andfoodserviceoperatorsrangefromsnackmachinestolargeinstitutionalcateringventures,butmostofthesebusinessesareknowninthetrademarket,butthefigures,whenaddedtogether,maskstwoopposingtrends。Forexample,wholesalefoodanddrinksalescometo$268billioninFrance,Germany,Italy,SpainandtheUnitedKingdomin2000-morethan40percentofretailsales.Moreoveraverageoverallmarginsarehigherinwholesalethaninretail;wholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesectorisgrowingquicklyasmoreEuropeanseatoutmoreoften;andchangesinthecompetitivedynamicsofthisfragmentedindustryareatlastmakingitfeasibleforwholesalerstoconsiderate。However,noneoftheserequirementsshoulddeterlargeretailsandevensomelargegoodproducersandexistingwholesalersfromtryingtheirhandforthosethatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropestandtoreapconsiderablegains。41→42→43→44→E→45PartCReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2.(10OnebasicweaknessinaconservationsystembasedwhollyoneeconomicmotivesisthatmostmembersofthelandcommunityhavenoeconomicvalueYetthesecreaturesaremembersofthebioticcommunityand,ifitsstabilitydependsonitsintensity,theyareentitledtocontinuanceWhenoneofthesenoneconomiccategoriesisthreatenedandifwehappentoloveit.WeinvertexcusestogiveiteconomicimportanceAtthebeginningofcenturysongbirdsweresupposedtobedisappearing。(46)Scientistsjumpedtotherescurewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidencetotheeffecttheinsectswouldeatusupifbirdsfailedtocontrolthemtheevidencehadtobecambricinordertobevalid。Itispainfultoreadtheseroundaboutaccountstoday.Wehavenolandethicyet.(47)butwehaveatleastdrawnnearthepointofadmittingthatbirdsshouldcontinueasamatterofintrinsicrightregardlessofthepresenceofabsenceofeconomicadvantagetous。Aparallelsituationexistsinrespectofpredatorymammalsandfish-eatingbirds(48)Timewaswhenbiologistssomewhatoverwordedevidencethatthesecreaturespreservethehealthofgamebykillingthephysicallyweakorthattheypreyonlyon“worthlessspecies”。Somespeciesoftreehavebeenreadoutofthepartybyeconomic–mindedforesterstheygrowtooslowlyorhavetoolowasalevaletopayasimebercrops(49)InEurope,whereforestryisecologicallymoreadvanced,themercialspeciesarerecognizedasmembersofnativeforestcommunity,tobepassuch,withinreason。Tosumup,asystemofconservationbasedsolelyoneconomicself-interestishopelesslylopsided.(50)Ittendstoignoreandthuseventuallytoeliminate,manyelementsinthelandcommunitythatlackcommercialvalue,butthatareessentialtoitshealthyfunctioning.Withouttheuneconomicpats。SectionIIIWritingPartAYouaresupposedtowriteforthepostgraduateassociationanoticetorecruitvolunteersforaninternationalconferenceonglobalization,youshouldconcludeYoushouldwriteabout100words.Donotsignyourownnameatofletter.Use“postgraduateassociation"insteadPartBWriteanessayof160200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshoulddescribethedrawingexplainitsintendedmeaning,andgiveyourcommentsYoushouldwriteneatlyonANSHWERSHEET2.(20points)2010英语参考答案1.A2.B3.C4.B5.C6.B7.D8.A9.C