语法-句子成分和句子分类

BestwishesfortheholidaysandhappinessthroughouttheNewYear.

恭贺新禧，万事如意。Peaceallyearround.Wishingyouprosperity.Mayallyourwishescometrue.Safetripwhereveryougo.学习成功的六大因素1.积极的学习心态2.勤奋刻苦的精神3.牢固的知识基础和全面的知识结构4.得当有效的学习方法5健康稳定并善于调整的心态6.极强的自学能力句子成分和句子分类2011年8月预备知识点一：词类概述词类英语名称作用例词名词n.表示人或事物的名称man,dog,tree,book冠词art.用在名词前，起修饰或限定作用a,an,the代词pron.代替名词或数词I,you,that,this,some,afew数词num.表示数量或顺序one,two,first形容词adj.修饰名词，表示人或事物的特征red,beautiful,young,old副词adv.修饰动词、形容词或其它副词very,quickly,often,here动词v.表动作或状态walk,run,study,be介词prep.用在名词、代词或数词前，表示和句中其它词的关系in,on,at,behind,from连词conj.用来连接词与词或句与句and,but,if,or感叹词interj.表示说话时的感情或口气oh,hello,hi,er一、句子成分概述：组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。句子成分包括主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分（在英文中一般的句子必须有主语和谓语）。（一）句子成分的特点和功能句子成分

特点和功能

例句主语谓语宾语表语1.是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。2.常用名词或相当于名词的词（动词不定时或动名词）、代词、数词和主语从句充当。★

Theyarestudents.★

Thesunrisesintheeast.

太阳在东方升起。

★

Toseeistobelieve.

眼见为实。1.说明主语的动作、状态和特征，一般放在主语的后面2.常用动词或动词词组充当★WestudyEnglish.

★Heis

asleep.

★Youmaygonow.1.是动作行为的对象或承受者,放在及物动词或介词之后2.常用名词或相当于名词的词（动词不定时或动名词）、代词和数词充当★

IlikeChina.★

WestudyEnglish.★

Iplaywithhim.位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后,表示主语的性质、状态和特征。★

Theyarestudents.★Heisasleep.

他睡着了。★Toseeistobelieve.

（一）句子成分的特点和功能句子成分

特点和功能

例句定语状语修饰限定名词或代词，说明该名词或代词的状态、品质、数量等。1.用来修饰动词、形容词和副词等的，表示事情发生的时间、地点、原因、结果、程度等等2.修饰动词时，位置在该动词前后均可；修饰形容词或副词，要放在它们之前★Thelittleboyneedsabluepen.(形容词)小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔。★

Twoboysneedtwopens.（数词）两个男孩需要两支钢笔★

HisnameisTom./他的名字是汤姆。（所有格）★

Theboyintheclassroomneedsapenofyours.教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。（介词短语）★

TheboysittingunderthetreeisTom.坐在树下的男孩是Tom.（分词短语）★

Herunsquickly.

他跑地很快。★

Sheisverybeautiful.她非常漂亮。★

Iwillgotheretomorrow.

我明天去那儿。★Heworksinthisfactory.（二）练习说出下列划线部分单词或词组在句子中各充当什么成分Idon'tlikethepictureonthewall.Mybrotherhasn'tdonehishomework.Itisagreatpleasuretotalkwithyou.Hebrokeapieceofglass.

Hewrotecarefullysomeletterstohisfriends.

主谓语宾语定语主语谓语谓语谓语形式主语主主定语宾语宾语状语定语宾语表语练习：将上四个例句变成否定陈述句。二、句子的分类（按用途划分）：

陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句（一）陈述句：用来陈述一件事情，说明一个事实，表述说话人的看法、和态度的句子。常用结构：主语+谓语+其它。句末通常是句号。1.TomcanspeakgoodEnglish.

2.Heisastudent.3.Ilikefootball.

4.Tomgetsupearlyeveryday.1.TomcannotspeakgoodEnglish.2.Heisnotastudent.3.Idon’tlikefootball.4.Tomdoesn’tgetupearlyeveryday..否定句注：1）半否定句:hardly,little

Ihardly

knowanythingaboutit.2）部分否定句与全否定句

Idon’tlikeallthefilms. IlikeneitherCathynorMary.3)否定转移

Idon’tthinkitwillbeverycoldtoday.(believe,expect,suppose,imagine)I、句子种类分类

特点

例句一般疑问句特殊疑问句

反义疑问句选择疑问句（二）疑问句：用来提出问题。分为以下四类：1.句首是be动词、助动词do或have(包括did/does,has/had)或情态动词，句末是问号。2.用yes和no进行回答。AreyouStudents?Doyoulikefootball?CanyouspeakEnglish?Haveyoufininshedyourwork?1.句首是疑问代词或疑问副词，句末是问号。直接对疑问代词或疑问副词进行回答2.常用结构：疑问词（在句中不充当主语）+一般疑问句；疑问词（在句中充当主语）+谓语+其它+？Whatdoyoulike?你喜欢什么？WhereisTom?Tom在哪里？HowcanIhelpyou?我怎样才能帮你？Wholikesfootball?谁喜欢足球？跟在陈述句后，对它所说的事实提出疑问。用Yes或no进行回答。Heisastudent,isn’the?他是一个学生，不是吗？Hedoesn’tlikefootball,doeshe?他不喜欢足球，是吗？以or连接提问的两个部分，以供选择。Isheastudentoraworker?他是学生还是工人？将这四个一般疑问句变成陈述句：Youarestudents.2.Youlikefootball.3.YoucanspeakEnglish.4.Youhavefinishedyourwork.陈述句变一般疑问句方法：1.行为动词和除be动词以外的系动词，变一般疑问句直接在句首加do或does或did。2.be动词、助动词和情态动词变一般疑问句，直接将这些词提前。（三）祈使句：用来表示命令或请求，说话的对象是第二人称you,

但常常被省略。常用动词原形开头。否定祈使句在句首加don’tSitdown,please!请坐下！

Givemeapieceofpaper!

Don’twasteyourtime!Let’sgo!补充考点：祈使句的反义疑问句

1.肯定祈使句，反义疑问部分用willyou或won’tyouGivemeapieceofpaper,willyou?(或won’tyou?)2.否定祈使句，反义疑问部分只用willyou?Don’twasteyourtime,willyou?I、句子种类1）带第二人称的祈使句You,callataxi.Don’tyou

forgetit.(强调)

Givemeahand,will/won’t/would/wouldn’you?2）带第一、三人称的祈使句Letmetryagain.Let’snotsayanythingaboutit./Don’tlet’ssay…Lethimbehereby10o’clock.

句型结构（

1.Howbeautiful

she

is!）2.What

acleverboy

he

is!3.Whatcleverstudentsthey

are!4.

Whatbadnewsit

is!1.How+2.What+形容词/副词+主语+谓语动词+其它名词或名词词组+主语+谓语动词+其它（四）感叹句：表示喜、怒、哀、乐等强烈情感的句子。常用what或how（表多么）引导，句末用“！”。可数名词单数、复数名词或不可数名词感叹句练习：用what或how填空1._____warmitisinwinterinHongKong!2._____awonderfulperformancewehadlastnight!3._____cleverstudentstheyare!4._____deliciousfood!5._____alovelydaywearehavingtoday!6._____badnewsitis!7._____hardthestudentsofClassOneareworkingonthefarm!8._____awonderfultimewehadlastnight!HowWhatWhatWhatWhatWhatHowWhatI、句子种类5、

THERE-BE存在句

Thereisaclockonthetable.OncetherelivedakingcalledLear.Theregoesthebell!Herecomesthebus.Thereusedtobeavillageatthefootofthemountain.Thereseemstobesomemisunderstanding..二、句子的分类（按结构划分）：

简单句、并列句和复合句（一）简单句：句子里只有一个主谓结构，且各个成分都只由单词或短语构成。共有5种结构。结构例句主语+不及物动词Hesmiled.主语+系动词+表语WeareChinese.主语+及物动词+宾语TheystudyFrench.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语Tomgivesmeapen-box.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语Hefoundtheoldmandead.（二）并列句：用并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连接起来的句子。并列连词有and,but,or,while等。Heisastudentbuthedoesn’tstudyhard.

Helikesfootball,whileIlikebasketball.努力学习你就会成功的，否则就会失败。Studyhardandyouwillsucceedoryouwillfail.（三）复合句：一个句子里又包含一个或多个句子充当成分的句子。大句子叫主句，充当成分、附属于大句子的句子叫从句。Ibelievethatyouareright.2.Idon’tknowwherehelives.。3.WhatIwantisabook.4.TheboywhoissittingunderthetreeisTomGoodBye1.KnowledgecanchangeyourfateandEnglishcanaccomplishyourdream知识改变命运，英语成就梦想2.Wellbegunishalfdone.3.Neverputofftilltomorrowwhatyoucandotoday.今日事今日毕。动词的种类

特点和例句行为动词或实义动词

连系动词助动词情态动词1.及物动词：后必须跟宾语TheystudyEnglish.Sheeatsanappleeveryday.WeraisetheflageveryMonday.。2.不及物动词：后需加介词才能跟宾语Theflagrises.旗升起来了。Pleasestandup./Pleasecomehere.TheylistentoEnglisheverymorning.连系动词后跟表语。助动词无特殊意义，帮助构成否定句、疑问句、正在进行时态、完成时态或被动语态等,常见助动词有be,do,haveWedon’tlikethefilm.

（用于否定句）Tomisdoinghishomework.（用于正在进行时态）Hehasfinishedhiswork.

（用于完成时态）情态动词后须跟动词原形。情态动词有will,can,may,must,need等Youmaygonow.

Iwouldliketohelpyou.：be,become/turn(变得)，look(看起来)，smell(闻起来),sound（听起来），feel（摸起来），taste（尝起来）等Sheisbeautiful./Sheisastudent.Hisfaceturnedred.Yourcoatlooksnice.Themusicsoundsbeautiful.be动词、助动词和情态动词变否定形式在其后直接加not.行为动词和除be动词以外的系动词，变否定形式要在其前加don’t或doesn’t。可单独使用必须与行为动词或系动词连用构成谓语★行为动词

1.TheystudyEnglish.2.Sheeatsanappleeveryday.3.Theflagrises.4.TheylistentoEnglisheverymorning.★系动词

5.Sheisbeautiful.6.Yourcoatlooksnice.7.Themusicsoundsbeautiful.★助动词

8.Tomisdoinghishomework.9.Hehasfinishedhiswork.★情态动词

10.Youmaygonow.11.Iwillbethereontime.将下列句子变成否定句。提示：1.行为动词和除be动词以外的系动词，变否定形式要在其前加don’t或doesn’t。2.be动词、助动词和情态动词变否定形式在其后直接加not.(study→don’tstudy)(eats→doesn’teat)(rises→doesn’trise)(listento→don’tlistento)(is→isn’t)(looks→doesn’tlook)(sounds→doesn’tsound)(isdoing→isnotdoing)(hasfinished→hasnotfinished)(maygo→maynotgo)(willbe→willnotbe)★行为动词

1.TheystudyEnglish.2.Sheeatsanappleeveryday.3.Theflagrises.4.TheylistentoEnglisheverymorning.★系动词

5.Sheisbeautiful.6.Yourcoatlooksnice.7.Themusicsoundsbeautiful.★助动词

8.Tomisdoinghishomework.9.Hehasfinishedhiswork.★情态动词

10.Youmaygonow.11.Iwillbethereontime.将下列句子变成一般疑问句提示：1.行为动词和除be动词以外的系动词，变一般疑问句直接在句首加do或does或did。2.be动词、助动词和情态动词变一般疑问句，直接将这些词提前。.DotheystudyEnglish?Doessheeatanappleeveryday?Doestheflagrise?DotheylistentoEnglisheverymorning?Isshebeautiful?Doesyourcoatlooknice?Doesthemusicsoundbeautiful?IsTomdoinghishomework?Hashefinishedhiswork?Mayyougonow?Willyoubethereontime?练习：对下列句子划线部分提问。TomgoestoseehisgrandparentsonSundays.提示：陈述句变特殊疑问句方法：

1.对主语进行提问，直接用相应疑问词代替主语，其它都照写。2.对非主语部分进行提问，用相应疑问词代词该部分，并将其放在句首，然后将剩下的部分变成一般疑问句。①WhogoestoseehisgrandparentsonSundays?②Who(m)

doesTomgotoseeonSundays?③WhendoesTomgotoseehisgrandparents?①②③选择填空：1.Theweather____.wetandcold B.iswetandcoldC.notwetandcold D.werewetandcold2.Theappletasted____.A.sweetsB.sweetlyC.nicelyD.sweet3.Hegotup____yesterdaymorning.A.latelyB.lateC.latestD.latter5.Theactor______attheageof70.deadB.diedC.dyed D.dead6.____wereallverytired,butnoneof____wouldstoptotakearest.We,usB.us,weC.We,ourD.We,we7.Hefoundthestreetmuch______.crowd B.crowdingC.crowdedD.crowdedly8.Ithink_____necessarytolearnEnglishwell.A.itsB.itC.thatD.thatis9.Thedog____mad.looksB.islooked C.isbeinglookedD.waslooked10.Iwillneverforgettheday______Ijoinedthearmy.that B.when C.inwhich D.where

一、判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复1.WeoftenstudyChinesehistoryonFridayafternoon.2.TheboywhoofferedmehisseatiscalledTom.3.Thereisachairinthisroom,isn’tthere?4.MybrotherandIgotoschoolathalfpastseveninthemorningandcomebackhomeatsevenintheevening.5.HeisinClassOneandIaminClassTwo.一、1、简单句；2、复合句；3、简单句；4、简单句；5、并列句；三、选择填空：1.Givemeonemoreminute____I’llbeabletofinishit. A.and B.or C.if D.so2.It’sthethirdtimethatJohnhasbeenlate,____? A.hasn’the B.isn’theC.isn’tit D.hasn’tit3.____joyfulhewastomeethisbrotheragain! A.How B.What C.Whata D.WhatanACA4.Letuspass,____? A.shan’twe B.shallwe C.won’twe D.willyou5.Isupposehe’sserious,____? A.doI B.don’tI C.ishe D.isn’the6.Youhadbetternotsmokehere,____? A.willyou B.hadyouC.shallyou D.haveyou7.Trainashardasyoucan____you’llwintheswimmingcompetition. A.then B.but C.and D.or8.I’msorrytohavetosaythis,____youforgottoturnoffthelightswhenyoulefttheroomlastnight. A.and B.but C.so D.because9.Johnhasnotyetpassedthedrivingtest,and____. A.Henryhasn’ttoo B.HenryalsohasnoteitherC.neitherHenryhasD.neitherhasHenry10.Therearemanysportsloversinhisoffic