大学英语四级语法考点透析

..动词的时与体<Tense&Aspect>时〔tense是个语法范畴,它是表示时间区别的动词形式。英语动词只有"现在时"和"过去时",而没有"将来时"〔在英语中,表示"将来"手段多种多样,但没有一种独特的、能与"现在时"和"过去时"平起平坐的专一表示"将来"的动词形式----"将来时"。体〔aspect也是一个语法范畴,它表示动作或过程在一定时间内处于何种状态的动词形式。英语有进行体<progressiveaspect>和完成体<perfectiveaspect>。进行体是由助动词be的一定形式加主动词的-ing分词构成；完成体由助动词have的一定形式加主动词的-ed分词构成。现在时和过去时既可以单独使用,也可以和进行体或完成体结合使用,也可以同时与完成体和进行体结合使用。这样,英语的限定动词词组便有8种时、体形式。它们分别是：一般现在时<simplepresent>、一般过去时<simplepast>、现在进行体<presentprogressive>、过去进行体<pastprogressive>、现在完成体<presentperfective>、过去完成体<pastperfective>、现在完成进行体<presentperfectiveprogressive>、过去完成进行体<pastperfectiveprogressive>。在这一章中,我们单独挑出完成体来加以详述。1．1必须使用完成体的结构1It<This,Thisevening,yesterday...>is<was,willbe>first<second,third...>time<day,month…>…结构中的分句,要求用完成体。Isthisthefirsttimeyou'vebeentoBeijing?ThiswasthefirsttimehehadbeentoBeijing.ThisistheeighthmonththatIhavebeenoutofwork..ThiswastheeighthmonththatIhadbeenoutofwork.ThisisthesecondtimethatthegoodsproducedbyourfactoryhavebeenshownintheInternationalExhibition.ThiswasthesecondtimethatthegoodsproducedbyourfactoryhadbeenshownintheInternationalExhibition.2在nosooner…than,hardly/barely/scarcely…when,等的句型中,主句要用过去完成体。Hehadnosoonerseenmethanhelefttheroom.Nosoonerhadheseenmethanhelefttheroom.Thehelicopterhadhardlylandedwhenthewaitingcrowdrantowardit.ScarcelyhadIseenthelightningwhenIheardaclapofthunder.3将来完成体用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。经常与before+将来时间或by+将来时间连用,也可与before或bythetime引导的现在时的分句连用。Iwillhavefinishedalltheworkbythetimeyouarebackthisevening.IamsurehewillhaveleftParisbythistimetomorrow.Ihopewewillhavegotalltheinformationbeforeyoucometomorrow.BythetimeyougettoNewYork,I_______forLondon.〔20XX1月A>wouldbeleavingB>amleavingC>havealreadyleftD>shallhaveleft本题时间状语为by+将来时间,考察将来完成体用法,应选择D>。BythetimehearrivesinBeijing,we________herefortwodays.〔20XX6月A>havebeenstayingB>havestayedC>shallstayD>willhavestayed将来完成体用来可以表示在将来某一时间以前一直持续的动作,本句话的意思是：我们将在这里呆两天,因此谓语动词用将来完成体,答案为D>。1．2现在完成体与现在完成进行体现在完成进行体兼有现在完成体和现在进行体二者基本特点。由于它有现在完成体的特点,所以它可以表示某一动作对现在产生的结果或影响。由于它有现在进行体的特点,所以它也可以表示某一动作的延续性、临时性、重复性、生动性乃至感情色彩。1现在完成进行体和现在完成体皆可表示动作对现在产生的结果,但前者所表示的结果是直接的,而后者所表示的则是最后的结果。Wehavebeencleaningtheclassroom．〔aWehavecleanedtheclassroom．〔b〔a句可译为"我们打扫教室来着"。其直接结果可能是：我们身上都是灰。〔b句可以译为"我们把教室打扫过了"。其结果是：现在教室很清洁,可以用了。另外〔a句表示教室刚刚打扫过,〔b句则可能表示教室是昨天打扫的。再看下面两个句子：Becareful!Johnhasbeenpaintingthedoor．〔aJohnhaspaintedthedoor．〔b〔a句表示约翰刚刚把门油漆过,现在油漆还未干,所以你要小心。〔b句则无此含义,油漆可能已干了。2现在完成进行体有时有延续性；现在完成体往往没有。Theyhavebeenwideningtheroad．〔aTheyhavewidenedtheroad．〔b〔a句的意思是他们在加宽马路,但尚未完工。〔b句的意思则是已完工了。有时现在完成体有延续性〔如一些属于持续体的动词,但无临时性质。Mr.SmithhasbeenlivinginLondonsince1978．〔aMr.SmithhaslivedinLondonsince1979．〔b〔a句有"史密斯先生在伦敦久居"的含义,〔b句则没有。3但现在完成进行体并不总是具有临时的性质。MymotherhasbeenteachingEnglishfortwentyyears．〔aMymotherhastaughtEnglishfortwentyyears.〔b<a>句在此并无临时性质,但较口语化。〔b句则较为正式。另外,〔a句表示动作现在仍在继续．并将延续下去；〔b句的动作是否延续下去,须由上下文决定,但在一般情况下都是延续下去的。在完成进行体往往表示动作在重复；现在完成体则常常不带重复性。Haveyoubeenmeetingherlately？〔aHaveyoumetherlately？〔b〔a句有"经常相会"之意,〔b句则没有。〔b句如与often,everyday等时间状语连用,当然也表示动作在重复。在否定结构中,现在完成体所否定的是谓语动词；现在完成进行体所否定的是状语。Hehasn'tbeenspeakingsincethreeo'clock．〔aHehasn'tspokensincethreeo'clock．〔b〔a句中所否定的不是hasbeenspeaking,而是sincethreeo'clock,其结构等于Hehasbeenspeakingnotsincethreeo'clockbutsincehalfpastthree．这是因为现在完成进行体本身是没有否定结构的原故。〔b句用的是现在完成体,而现在完成体是有否定结构的,所以〔b句中所否定的自然是hasspoken,意即"从三点起他一直沉默不语,未发一言"。1．3情态动词+行为动词完成体must+have+V-ed指现在对过去已发生的事或可能出现的情况进行推断和猜测,表示推测过去某事"一定"发生了。因此,Youmustseeherlastnight的说法是错误的。Shemusthavemetaghostyesterday.她昨天一定碰见过鬼了。Hemusthavebeentherelastweek.他上周一定在那儿。HisscoreontheEnglishtestisthehighestintheclass;hemusthavestudiedlastnight.他这次英语测试的成绩全班最高。他昨晚一定在好好学习。can’t/couldn’t+have+V-edcan’t/couldn’t+have+V-ed为must+have+V-ed的否定形式,指现在对过去已发生的事或可能出现的情况进行推断和猜测,表示过去不可能发生某事。Theycan’thavecomehereintheircaryesterday,foritwasthenunderrepair.他们昨天不可能开车到这里,因为那时他们的车还正在修理当中。Theroomisinamess;itcan’t/couldn’thavebeencleaned.may/might+have+V-ed表示推测过去某事"也许"发生了。Hemay/mighthavechosenanothercareerifhehadhadenoughmoneytofurtherhiseducation.如果他那时有足够的钱继续受教育,他也许会选择另一个职业。Imighthavefulfilledtheworkearlier.我本可以早一些完成这件工作的。oughtto/should+have+V-ed和oughtnot/shouldn’t+have+V-ed对以发生的情况表示"不满"、"责备",分别表示"本应该…"和"本不应该"Iwonderwhytheyhaven’tarrivedyet.Itoldthemhowtogetthere,butperhapsIought/shouldgivethemamap.〔含有"后悔"或"自责"之意Yououghttohavetoldmethatyesterday.你早在昨天就该把那件事告诉我了。needn’t+have+V-ed表示过去做了某事,但没有做的必要,意为"本没必要…"。Youneedn’thavehurried.Sheneedn’thavecomeinperson---aletterwouldhavebeenenough.Youneedn’thavedoneallthosecalculations.Wehaveacomputertodothatsortofthing.4用在was/were,planned,intended,hoped,wished+不定式完成体表示事实上并未实现的计划或行为。〔详见3.3不定式完成体Weweretohavestartedat8lastnight,butitsnowedheavily.Theyintendedtohavegonecamping,buttheylatercancelledit.Ihopedtohavefinisheditlastweek,butIwastoobusy.练习1.Suchcrimesmaybesocomplexthatmonthsoryearsgobybeforeanyonethem.〔20XX12月A>discoversB>discoveredC>willdiscoverD>wouldhavediscovered2.Infact,PeterwouldratherhaveleftforSanFranciscothan_______inNewYork.〔20XX6月A>tostayB>stayingC>stayedD>havingstayed3.Therehasbeenagreatincreaseinretailsales,_______？〔20XX6月A>doesthereB>hasn'tthereC>isn'titD>isn'tthere4.TheboyspentasmuchtimewatchingTVashe________studying.〔20XX1月A>doesB>hadC>wasD>did5.Thearticlesuggeststhatwhenaperson_______underunusualstressheshouldbeespeciallycarefultohaveawell-balanceddiet.〔20XX1月A>isB>wereC>beD>was6.Bytheendofthismonth,wesurely____asatisfactorysolutiontotheproblem.A>havefoundB>willbefoundC>willhavefoundD>arefinding7.Theconference____afullweekbythetimeitends.A>musthavelastedB>willhavelastedC>wouldlastD>haslasted8.---"MayIspeaktoyourmanagerMr.Williamsatfiveo'clocktonight?"---"I'msorry.M.Williams_______toaconferencelongbeforethen."〔20XX6月A>hadgoneB>wouldhavegoneC>hasgoneD>willhavegone9.Sheoughttostopwork;shehasaheadachebecauseshe________toolong.〔20XX1月A>hasbeenreadingB>hadreadC>isreadingD>read10.Thecarelessmanreceivedaticketforspeeding.Hehavedrivensofast.〔20XX12月A>can’tB>mustn’tC>wouldn’tD>shouldn’t11.Investigatorsagreedthatpassengersontheairliner____attheverymomentofthecrash.〔20XX6月A>oughttodieB>musthavediedC>mustbedyingD>shouldhavedied12.You_______himsoclosely;youshouldhavekeptyourdistance.〔20XX6月A>shouldn'thavebeenfollowingB>couldn'thavebeenfollowingC>mustn'tfollowD>shouldn'tfollow13.Theconstructionofthelaboratorybytheendofthisyear.willhavecompletedB>willhavebeencompletedC>willbecompletedD>willcompleted14.JackhasjustphonedtosaythathebacktillSundaynextweek.doesn’tcomeB>willcomeC>hasn’tcomeD>isn’tcoming15.Taketheumbrellaincaseit.A>israiningB>isgoingtorainC>rainsD>willrain16.Bytheendoflastyear,Iinthisuniversityfortenyears.A>hadworkedB>workedC>wasworkingD>wouldwork17.Pickmeupat9o’clock.Imybathbythen.A>canhavehadB>willhavehadC>willbehavingD>mayhave18.IaglasswhileIthedinner.A>broke…wascookingB>wasbreaking…wascookingC>wasbreaking…cookedD>broke…cooked19."MichaelleftforNewYorkthismorning.""Oh,Ithoughtheuntilnextweek."A>hadn’tbeengoingB>wasn’tgoingC>isn’tgoingD>won’tbegoing20.Ithasbeenalongtimesincetheylasteachother.A>weremeetingB>weretomeetC>metD>meet21.Eversincethefamilymovedtothesuburbslastyear,theybetterhealth.A>hadenjoyedB>areenjoyingC>havebeenenjoyingD>couldhaveenjoyed22.Youshouldhaveputthemilkintheice-box;Iexpectitundrinkablebynow.A>hadbecomeB>becomeC>hasbecomeD>became23.Thisisoneoftherarestquestionsthatatsuchameeting.A>areraisedB>haveeverbeenraisedC>israisedD>haseverbeenraised24.Whenhehurriedtotheairport,hefound,tohisgreatdisappointment,histicketathome.A>tohavebeenleftB>hadleftC>wereleftD>hadbeenleft25.ThenovelissaidintosevenlanguagesincludingRussian.A>tohavebeentranslatedB>tobetranslatedC>havetranslatedD>havingtranslated26.Weourownbusiness,butweneverhadenoughmoney.A>hopedtohavestartedB>hopedtostartC>hopetostartedD>hopetohavestarted27.whenshestartedcomplaining.A>NosoonerhadhearrivedB>ScarcelydidhearriveC>HardlyhadhearrivedD>Notuntilhearrived28.Therewasaknockatthedoor,itwasthesecondtimesomeonemethatevening.A>wouldhaveinterruptedB>tobeinterruptedC>tohaveinterruptedD>hadinterrupted29.Turnonthetelevisionoropenamagazineandyouadvertisementsshowinghappy,balancedfamilies.A>haveoftenseenB>willoftenseeC>oftenseeD>areoftenseeing30.Theyhurriedthereonlytofindthemeetingcancelled.Infact,theyatall.A>needtohavegoneB>wouldn’thavegoneC>needn’thavegoneD>mustn’thavegone第二章被动语态<PassiveVoice>2．1主动态表示被动意义1一般说来,表示被动意义要用被动态,构成被动态的动词必须是及物动词,不及物动词是没有被动态的。但是,英语里有些不及物动词在SV<A>结构中却含有被动意义,用来表示主语的某种特征、属性。Enamelwarescleaneasily.搪瓷器皿容易弄干净。Thisboxdoesn'tcloseproperly.这箱子关不拢。Theseapplescookwell．这些苹果适于烹煮。Thismetalcutseasily.这种金属容易切削。Thepipedoesnotdrawwell.这烟斗不大畅通。Nylondriesquickly.尼龙织物干得快。Thismaterialdoesnotdyewell.这料子染不好。Iteatswell.这东西吃上去味道好。Thehallsoonfilled．那大厅不久便坐满了人。DampWoodwillnotfire.潮湿的木头不会着火。Thiswheatgrindswell.这种麦子很好磨。Thebrakedoesnotgripproperly.刹车不灵。Thiscarhandleswell.这车很好驾驶。Thedoorwon'tlock．门锁不上。Thecowmilkswell.这头母牛出奶率高。Thesebookspackeasily.这些书易于包装。Thesepotatoespeeleasily.这些土豆皮很容易剥。Hisnewnovelissellingwell.他的新小说销路良好。Thewindowwon'tshut．这窗关不上。Somekindsofwoodspliteasily.有些木材容易劈开。Somekindsoffoodsoonspoil.有些食物很容易变坏。Thislinenc1othspotseasily.这麻布容易沾污。Whiteclothesstaineasily.白色衣服容易弄脏。Thedampmatchwon'tstrike.这潮湿的火柴擦不着。Thispapertearseasily．这种纸一撕就破。Noteveryidiomtranslateswithsuchease.不是每个习语都能这样容易地译出来。Theclothwasheswell.这布很耐洗。Thismaterialwon'twear.这种材料不耐久。Thedoorwon'topen.这门打不开。从以上的例子可以看出,句中的谓语动词具有下面的三个特点之一：谓语动词用否定式；动词之后有副词或小品词；动词之后有形容词或介词短语。2当need,want,require,beworth后面接doing时,表示的是被动意义。Thedoorneedsrepairing.=Thedoorneedstoberepaired.门该修了。Thisbookisworthreading.这本书值得一读。Yourhairwantscutting.你的头发该理了。Thefloorrequireswashing.=Thefloorrequirestobewashed.地板需要冲洗。2．2带宾语分句的句子转换成被动态带宾语分句〔主要是that分句的句子可以转换为两种被动句型。[例如]Peoplethinkthatsheishonest.<a>→Itisthoughtthatsheishonest.<b>→Sheisthoughttobehonest.<c><b>以it作形式主语,将<a>中的动词变为被动态,保留<a>中的that分句；<c>将分句的主语变成被动句中的主语,将<a>中的动词变为被动态,再将<a>中的that分句改为不定式短语,放在被动态后面。能这样用的动词主要有：think,consider,assume,suppose,say,report,acknowledge,feel,believe,find,presume,know,understand,etc.如果that分句的动词是进行体,这时分句要改为不定式进行体。Theysupposethatsheiscoming.→Itissupposedthatsheiscoming.→Sheissupposedtobecoming.Theysupposedthatshewascoming.→Itwassupposedthatshewascoming.→Shewassupposedtobecoming.如果that分句的动作或状态发生在主句之前,这时分句要改为不定式完成体。Peoplefeelthatlittlewasdonetopreventtheaccident→Itisfeltthatlittlewasdonetopreventtheaccident.→Littleisfelttohavebeendonetopreventtheaccident.Theyreportthatbothsideshavereachedanagreement.→Itisreportedthatbothsideshavereachedanagreement.→Bothsidesarereportedtohavereachedanagreement.Peoplethinkthatshewashonest.→Itisthoughtthatshewashonest.→Sheisthoughttohavebeenhonest.2．3短语动词的被动语态短语动词通常被视为一个整体,转化为被动语态时,词组内的介词、副词、名词等不能拆散或省略。Theoldhousewillbepulleddowntomorrow.Thelittleboywasmadeuseofbythedrug-pushertocarrydrugsforhim.Thatsortofthingshouldbedoneawaywith.Thesportsmeetistobeputoff.另外,有些短语动词不能用被动语态,如：takeplace,looklike,belongto,dependon,consistof,agreewith等。Theaccidenttookplaceyesterdayontheexpressway.Helookslikeanoldman.Thehonorbelongstous.Heisthepersontodependon.练习1.Theshirtsmooth.A>isfeltB>isfeelingC>feelsD>istobefelt2.Largesumsofmoney______eachyearinpaintingthesteelworkofbridges,ships,andotherexposedstructures.A>havetobespentB>havespentC>havetospendD>spend3.Theproblem.nowisadifficultone.isdiscussedB>istobediscussedC>beingdiscussedD>tobediscussed4.Heissaidhomefromabroadlastweek.A>tocomebackB>comebackC>tohavecomebackD>comingback5.Theradiobymyyoungersisterrightnow.A>isbeingrepairedB>repairedC>beenrepairedD>beingrepaired6.Hislatestnovel.well.A>issoldB>soldC>istosellingD>sells7.Bytheendoflastyearthegymnasium______.wasbeingcompletedB>hadbeencompletedC>hadcompletedD>wouldbecompleted8.Shetoldmethatherproposal______.A>neededtobetakenintoconsiderationB>neededtohavetakenintoconsiderationC>neededtotakeintoconsiderationD>neededtobetakingintoconsideration9.Weallsuggestthathisadvice.adoptsB>isadoptedC>wasadoptedD>beadopted10.It’spayday,andwe’rewaiting.A>tobepaidB>tohavepaidC>tobepayingD>forpaying11.ThislawthenumberofaccidentscausedbychildrenrunningacrosstheroadwhentheygotofftheendsreducingB>intendedreducingC>intendingtoreduceD>isintendedtoreduce12.Thenewtypeofmachine______theyearafternext.isgoingtoturnoutB>isgoingtobeingturnedoutC>isgoingtohaveturnedoutD>isgoingtobeturnedout13.Thework______,wehadagooddrinkforcelebration.A>haddoneB>hadbeendoneC>havingdoneD>havingbeendone14.IsupposethatwhenIcomebackinfiveyear’stime,alotofbuildingshere.A>willhavebeenbuiltB>willbebuiltC>willhavebuiltD>willbebuilding15.Jack______ajobinafactory,butherefusedtotakeit.hasbeenofferedB>wasofferedC>offeredD>

hadoffered16.Hesaidsuchathing______tohappen.oughtnottohaveallowedB>oughtnottobeallowedC>oughtnottobeallowingD>oughttobenotallowed17.HehasmadeitknowthatmuchofhiscollectiontotheNationalLibrary.hasleftB>istoleaveC>leavesD>istobeleft18.Beforeliberation,myfatherwasmadeallday.A>toworkB>workingC>workD>worked19.Shein1970.marriedB>gotmarriedC>wasmarriedD>didmarry20.Ontheruinsoftheoldbombedsiteagoodmanymodernbuildingsandasupermarket.arestoodB>havebeenstoodC>standD>standing第三章不定式<Infinitive>3．1不定式在句子中充当的作用1作主语不定式作主语：一般表示具体的某次动作。Tocompletethe30-storiedbuildinginoneyearwasquiteadifficulttask.Todothatimpliestakingresponsibility.Fortheretobesomodernalibraryinthisruralareaissurprising.当主语较长,谓语较短时,常用it做形式主语,而将不定式放到谓语的后面。Itisimportantformodernyoungpeopletomasteratleasttwoforeignlanguages.It做形式主语,不定式放在谓语动词之后常用于下列结构中：a>Itis＋形容词<easy,important,difficult,foolish,inconvenient,unnecessary,right,wrong...>＋<for/ofsb.>＋不定式ItisessentialtoreserveatableinadvanceofChristmasEve.Itishardtoputmyhopesintowords.Itisnoteasytocatchfishwithyourhandsonly.ItisimportantforusyoungpeopletolearnEnglishandmasterit.b>Itis＋名词<apleasure,apity,apleasantthing,one'sduty,anhonor,ashame,acrime,noeasyjob...>＋不定式Itisasheerwasteoftimetoreadthatkindoftrash.Itisapitytohavetogowithouther.Itisagloriousdeathtodieforthepeople.c>Ittakes/took<sb.>sometime<hours,months,days,alotoftime,patience...>＋不定式IttakesmethreehourstolearnEnglisheachday.Ittookthemhalfthenighttogethomeinthesnow.2作表语不定式作表语,常表示将来的动作,主语常常是表示意向、打算、计划的词,如wish,idea,ask,purpose,duty,job等。Themostimportantthingforone'shealthistohaveplentyofexercise.Mychiefpurposehasbeentopointoutthedifficultiesofthematter.Thepurposeoftheorganizationistogreetallnewcomerstothecityandtoprovidethemwithanynecessaryinformation.WhatIwantedwastogettheworkdoneasquicklyaspossible.注意：当主语中有do的任何形式时,作表语的不定式中的to通常省略。Whathewantstodomostis<to>enjoyhimselfeveryday.Whattheydidlastnightwas<to>playcardstotheirheart’scontent.3作宾语不定式作宾语,通常用在下列结构中：a>"动词+不定式"结构：不定式直接跟在动词后面。这类动词有：afford,agree,apply,arrange,ask,attempt,beg,begin,care,choose,claim,consent,demand,decide,desire,determine,expect,fail,hope,hesitate,hate,intend,learn,like,manage,mean,neglect,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,resolve,seek,tend,threaten,want等。Iliketogooutforwalksinthewarmsunshineinspring.Mymotherhatestomovefromplacetoplace,forshefeelstired.Idecidetoworkhardandgetadoctor'sdegree.Shefailedtofinishtheassignmentintime,andshewasworriedaboutit.ThereisamanatthereceptiondeskwhoseemsveryangryandIthinkhemeanstomaketrouble.I’dliketheretobearoomofmyown.Idon’twanttheretobeanymisunderstandingbetweenus.b>不定式作宾语还常用在下面结构中"主语＋动词＋it＋形容词＋不定式"Wefounditimpossibletogeteverythingreadyintime.IthinkitimportanttolearnEnglishwellincollege.使用这种句型的常见动词有：believe,consider,declare,feel,find,guess,imagine,prove,realize,suppose,think,等。c>"wh-＋不定式"结构不定式前加一个疑问代词<what,which,who,whom,whose>或疑问副词<where,when,how,why>,以及连词whether构成特殊的不定式短语,其作用相当于一个分句,这样的不定式短语常在某些动词后面作宾语。常见的可以接这种不定式短语的动词有：know,see,decide,tell,ask,consider,discover,explain,findout,forget,guess,hear,imagine,inquire,learn,observe,perceive,remember,think,understand,wonder等。Icouldn'tdecidewhichbooktochoose.Icantellyouwheretogetthisbook.TheyfoundithardtodecidewhethertogoswimmingnextSundayortovisitAuntSally."wh-+不定式"结构除了作宾语外,还可以在句中作主语或者表语。Whentostarttheprogramremainsundecided.Thequestionishowtoputtheplansintopractice.4作状语a>不定式作状语表示目的。或用于soas<not>to和inorder<not>to之后,来强调这种目的。Tolearnaforeignlanguagewell,youmustmakepainstakingefforts.Mothersavedeverycentshecouldsparetopayformyschooling.Wemustdevelopscienceandtechnologyathighspeedsoastoraisescientificandculturallevelofourcountry.InordertogetahighmarkinBand4,hedidalotofexercisesbothingrammarandreadingcomprehension.b>不定式表示结果,特别是在so...asto,such...asto,onlyto...以及too...to等结构中的不定式表示结果。IrushedtothestationasfastasIcould,onlytofindthetrainalreadygone.Sheleftherhometownwithherbelovedman,nevertoreturn.Nooneistoooldtolearn.Wouldyoubesokindastocarrytheluggageforme?c>不定式常用来修饰形容词,构成下列词组：beableto,beafraidto,beaptto,beboundto,becertainto,beeasyto,beeagerto,befitto,belikelyto,bereadyto,besureto,beunableto,beunwillingto,bewillingto等。ChineseteamisboundtowintheWorldCupthistime.Itislikelytoraintoday,foritisverycloudy.Iamwillingtohelpyouwithyourhomework,forwearefriends.5作宾语补足语a>不定式常跟在下列动词之后作宾语补足语：ask,advise,allow,beg,cause,compel,command,enable,encourage,expect,feel,force,find,hear,have,inform,invite,let,make,mean,notice,order,permit,persuade,remind,require,request,teach,tell,urge,watch,warn,watch等。Becauseofthecomplexityofthemodernequipment,mostofficesrequiresecretariestohavespecifiedtraining.Heaskedyoutocallhimatteno'clock.ThenoteremindsmetobecarefulwhateverIdo.I'dneverallowmychildrentobehavelikethat.b>当不定式在let,make,have,hear,lookat,listento,feel,observe,watch,notice,perceive〔感觉到等动词后面作宾语补足语时,不定式不带to。Wheneversomethingiswrongwithyou,pleasedoletmeknow.IwillhavethestudentswriteapassageaboutInternet.Isawmymothershedtearsatthenewsthattheneighborgirlgotseriouslyhurtinacaraccident.Itseemedsolongbeforeheheardthestonehitthewater.6作主语补足语带有宾语及宾语补足语结构的动词变为被动语态时,原来的宾语变为主语,宾补则变为主补。加主补的动词主要有：assume,believe,know,report,say,suppose等。Mr.BrownissaidtohaveleftforItalylastweek.<ItissaidthatMr.BrownleftforItalylastweek.>Personshavebeensaidtoclimbonroofs,solvemathematicalproblems,composemusic,walkthroughwindowsandcommitmurderintheirsleep.Heisreportedtohavewonthe100-meterrunningraceintheOlympicgames.7作定语a>不定式作定语通常要放在其所修饰的名词或代词之后。不定式常作下列名词的定语：attempt,ability,anything,chance,desire,determination,decision,effort,failure,intention,need,opportunity,plan,promise,pressure,right,tendency,time,way等。Hiseffortstocarryouttheplanweresuccessful.Ihavenointentiontogotothecinemawithyou.Thereisnoneedtobotherhimwithsuchtrifles.Thereisatendencytowritequitelongsentencesincommercialcorrespondence.ThepressuretocompetecausesAmericanstobeenergetic,butitalsoputthemunderaconstantemotionalstrain.注意：不定式与其修饰的名词有动宾关系时,要根据句子的需要在不定式后加适当的介词,这个介词的选用取决于被修饰的名词或不定式本身的要求。Sheisaverynicepersontoworkwith.Thisisanimportantissuetotalkabout.b>由only,last,next,序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式作定语。Mr.Zhangisalwaysthefirstmantoarriveattheofficeandthelastmantoleave.Idon'tthinkheisthebestonetodothework.3．2不带to的不定式<BareInfinitive>在下列词组后面的不定式不带to：wouldrather...than<宁愿……也不>,hadbetter...<最好>,can'thelpbut...<不得不>,hadrather...<宁愿>,cannotbut...<不得不,必然>,may/mightaswell...<不妨>,letalone<更不用说>,candonothingbut…<只能>。You'dbetterreturnthebookstothelibraryontime.Otherwise,youwillbefined.Ican'thelpbutwishthatnothingwouldgowrong.Theyhadneverseensuchdeliciousfood,letaloneeatit.3．3不定式的完成体不定式的完成体表示不定式的动作在谓语表示的动作<状态>之前完成。Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaitingforsuchalongtime.Sheseemstohavereadthebookbefore.ThebookisreportedtohavebeentranslatedintoEnglish.HeissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutbusinessEnglish.Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspaper_______inbroaddaylightyesterday.〔20XX12月A>robbedB>tohavebeenrobbedC>beingrobbedD>havingbeenrobbed本句意为：据地方报纸报道,昨天这家银行在光天化日之下遭抢劫。不定式的动作发生在主句动作之前,故选择不定式的完成体,答案为B>。tohavebeenrobbed在句子中充当主语补足语。不定式完成体用在was/were,planned,intended,hoped,wished等之后,表示事实上并未实现的计划或行为；intend,wish,hope,mean,plan等动词的过去完成体与不定式一般式连用,也可表示事实上并未实现的行为。Thesecondnovelwastohavebeencompletedby1963,buttwoyearslater,theendwastillnowhereinsight.JapanhopedtohaveextendeditspowertowholeAsia,butitdidn’tsucceed.<=JapanhadhopedtoextenditspowertowholeAsia,butitdidn’tsucceed.>Weplannedtohavefinishedtheworkbeforesupper.<=Wehadplannedtofinishtheworkbeforesupper.>3．4不定式的逻辑主语在表示人物情况、特征等的形容词后面,常用of引导不定式逻辑主语,表示对逻辑主语的评价；如果形容词仅仅修饰不定式,与逻辑主语无关,则用for引导不定式逻辑主语。Itisverykindofyoutohavehelpedme.Itisfoolishofhimtohavewastesomuchtimeintrivialities.Itisveryimportantforustoholdameetingassoonaspossible.Itwouldbesurprisingfortherenottobeanyobjectionstotheproposal.3．5不定式与分词作定语的区别根据非谓语动词表示的时间概念确定具体的非谓语动词形式〔不定式、现在分词和过去分词。涉及将来动作时用不定式；表示已完成的动作或状态,用过去分词；表示正在进行的动作或目前的状态时,用现在分词。Theproblemtobediscussedtomorrowisanurgentone.〔"讨论"是将来的行为,所以用不等式Theproblemdiscussedyesterdayisanurgentone.〔"讨论"是完成了的行为,所以用过去分词Theproblembeingdiscussednowisanurgentone.〔"讨论"是现在的行为,所以用现在分词3．6不定式作宾语补足语和现在分词作宾语补足语的区别动词不定式只说明宾语的一个动作,而现在分词则说明宾语的动作正在进行。Justthenheheardsomeonesinginthenextroom.<在那时,他听见有人在隔壁房间里唱歌。>Justthenheheardsomeonesinginginthenextroom.<在那时,他听见有人正在隔壁房间里唱歌。>练习1.TheancientEgyptiansaresupposed______rocketstothemoon.A>tosendB>tobesendingC>tohavesentD>tohavebeensending2.I’msorry______youwaitingforsolong.tokeepB>tobekeepingC>tohavekeptD>tohavebeenkeeping3.You’relucky______atickettotheshow.A>tohavegotB>togetC>gettingD>got4.I______thebooktoyoubymail,butIlaterdecidedtocallyou.meantohavesentB>meantosendC>meanttosendD>meanttohavesent5.Iwish______himaboutit.nottellB>nottotellC>tonottellD>nottohavetold6.I______toseeyou,butIwasjusttoobusy.hadintendedtocomeoverB>intendedtocomeoverC>intendtocomeoverD>intendtohavecome7.Theyaresaid______the3000target.toalreadyhitB>tobealreadyhitC>tohavealreadyhitD>bealreadyhit8.Hereisanotherletter______.tohavebeentypedB>typeC>typingD>tobetyped9.Theyallwish______asordinarypersons.beingtreatedB>betreatedC>tobetreatedD>treated10.Ifeelitanhonor______tospeakhere.tobeaskedB>beingaskedC>askingD>asked11.Youarefortunate______asaregularstudenthere.toacceptB>acceptedC>tohavebeenacceptedD>accepting12.Hedoesn’tseem______aboutit.A>tonotifyB>tonotifyC>notifyingD>tohavebeennotified13.Don’tlethim______therealone.A>goB>togoC>goingD>gone14.Wehavenoidea______.wheretogoB>towheregoC>wheregoD>wheregoing15.Wehadthelight______allnight.burntB>tobeburntC>tobeburningD>burning16.Hewasgoingtotown______.havinghiswatchrepairB>haverepairedhiswatchC>tohavehiswatchrepairedD>tohaverepairedhiswatch17.I’mstarvingtodeath.We’dbetterfindarestaurant______.toeatinB>toeatC>eatingD>tohaveeaten18.TherearetimeswhenIfinditdifficult______.tomakemyselfunderstandB>makingmyselfunderstandC>tomakemyselfunderstoodD>makingmyselfunderstood19.Scientistsconsiderlaser______oneofthemostusefultoolsinusetoday.A>tobeB>beingC>beD>asbe20.Ratherthan______everythingtothelastminute,healwayspreferstostartearly.havingleftB>leaveC>leavingD>left分词<Participle>分词是动词的一种非限定形式,主要起形容词和副词的作用,在句子中可作状语、表语、补语和定语。分词有两种,一种是现在分词,一种是过去分词。这两种分词在句子中能担任的成分大体相同,主要是在意思上有主动被动之分,现在分词一般有主动的意思,过去分词一般有被动的意思；有时它们表示的时间也不相同,现在分词一般表示进行,过去分词一般表示完成。Takingadictionary,shebegantoprepareherlessons.〔现在分词作状语Takenseparately,theproblemsarenotdifficulttosolve.〔过去分词作状语Thestoryisinterestin