英语语言学及应用课件胡壮麟史上最全面

2022/12/2WelcometoLinguistics2022/12/1WelcometoLinguisticContents名词解释；学术流派对比评论；理论解释某语言现象语料库语言学、修辞学、语用学、认知语言学、语言哲学、英汉对比语言学、语言学概论语言学理论流派流派漫谈：刘润清认知语言学（附件）第二语言习得（附件）语料库语言学（附件）Contents名词解释；学术流派对比评论；理论解释某语言现2022/12/2Whydoeslanguageprovidesuchafascinatingobjectofstudy?2022/12/1Whydoeslanguagepro2022/12/2Perhapsitisbecauseitsuniqueroleincapturingthebreadthofhumanthoughtandendeavor.Welookaroundus,andareawedbythevarietyofseveralthousandlanguagesanddialects,expressingamultiplicityofworldviews,literatures,andwaysoflife.Welookbackatthethoughtsofourpredecessors,andfindwecanseeonlyasfaraslanguageletsussee.Welookforwardintime,andfindwecanplanonlythroughlanguage.Welookoutwardinspace,andsendsymbolsofcommunicationalongwithourspacecraft,toexplainwhoweare,incasethereisanyonetherewhowantstoknow.2022/12/1Perhapsitisbecause2022/12/2Alongsidethis,thereistheimportanceweattachtolanguage,asameansofunderstandingourselvesandoursociety,andofresolvingsomeoftheproblemsandtensionsthatarisefromhumaninteraction.Nosectorofsocietyisunaffected,andallcanbenefitfromthestudyofthelinguisticfactorsthatconstituteabarrier,aswellasameansofcommunication.Butlinguisticproblemsrarelyadmitsimplesolutions,anditisthiselementaryobservationsthathasledtothepresentwork.2022/12/1Alongsidethis,there2022/12/2Ormaybethereasonisinfactsimple:humanbeingsarealwayscuriousinseekingwhattheydon’tknow.Consider:Whataretakenforgrantedinourcourseoflanguageusewithoutrealizingitswonder?2022/12/1Ormaybethereasoni2022/12/2AfewQuestionsunderthestudyofLinguistics--Wheredoeslanguagecomefrom?How?When?--Whyislanguagehuman-specific?--Whycanachildlearnhis/hermothertongueinashortperiodoftime?--Howdoeslanguagechange?--Howcanpeopletalkorderly?--Howcanwesayonethingbutmeananother?--Whycanapersonspeakandunderstandasentences/hehadneverspokenorheardbefore?Etc.2022/12/1AfewQuestionsunder2022/12/2WhatislinguisticsLinguistics,thescientificstudyoflanguage,concernsitselfwithallaspectsofhowpeopleuselanguageandwhattheymustknowinordertodoso.2022/12/1Whatislinguistics2022/12/2TheDomainofLinguistics

Languageisacomplicatedentitywithmultiplelayersandfacets【解剖学】

小面

,sothelinguistshavetoconcentrateononeaspectofitatatime.Modernlinguistsconcernthemselveswithmanydifferentfacetsoflanguage,fromthephysicalpropertiesofthesoundwavesinutterancestotheintentionsofspeakerstowardsothersinconversationsandthesocialcontextsinwhichconversationsareembedded.Thebranchesoflinguisticsareconcernedwithhowlanguagesarestructured,

howlanguagesareused,andhowtheychange.Formal,humanandsocial2022/12/1TheDomainofLinguis2022/12/2ILanguageasaFormal形式的SystemThestudyofsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticcommunicationiscalledphonetics语音学

.Itstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived.2022/12/1ILanguageasaForma语音学分类articulatoryphonetics(发音语音学):speaker’sproductionacousticphonetics（声学语音学）:transmission’smediumauditoryphonetics(听觉语音学):receiver’sreception语音学分类articulatoryphonetics(发音如何记忆phonetics和phonology的区别:联想:mathematics,physics,mechanicsphonetics语言学，-ics科学性更强

geology,sociology,astrologyphonology音系学，-ology人文性更强如何记忆phonetics和phonology的区别:ThediagramofspeechorgansLipsTeethTeethridge(alveolar)齿龈Hardpalate硬腭Softpalate(velum)Uvula小舌TipoftongueBladeoftongue舌片BackoftongueVocalcords声带Pharyngealcavity咽喉腔NasalcavityThediagramofspeechorgansLHowspeechsoundsaremadeSpeechorgansHowspeechsoundsaremade英语语言学及应用课件胡壮麟史上最全面Positionofthevocalfolds(声带):voicing(浊音)andvoiceless(清音)Positionofthevocalfolds(声带Voiceless(清音)：vocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingtheairstreamgothroughwithoutcausingobstruction清音举例：[p,s,t]Voicing/Voiced（浊音）：vocalcordsheldtogether,lettingtheairstreamvibrates浊音:[b,z,d]Voiceless(清音)：vocalcordsareThedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesintheobstructionofairstream.Asthereisnoobstructionofairintheproductionofvowels,thedescriptionoftheconsonantsandvowelscannotbedonealongthesamelines.ThedistinctionbetweenvowelsTheplaceofarticulationBilabial双唇;Labiodental唇齿的;Dentalorinterdental齿音和齿间;Alveolar齿龈音;Palatoalveolar腭齿音;Palatal腭音;Velar软腭音;Uvular小舌音;Glottal声门.TheplaceofarticulationBilabThediagramofsinglevowelclassificationbyapplyingthetwocriteriasofarmentioned:Thediagramofsinglevowelc2022/12/2ILanguageasaFormalSystemThestudyofhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.iscalledphonology音系学.音系学重要概念:phone音子，phoneme音位(音系研究的基本单位)supra-segmentalfeatures超音段特征2022/12/1ILanguageasaFormaPhone(音子)：aphoneticunit;thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringcommunicationareallphones举例:too和tea中的/t/发too中的/t/时,舌位更靠近口腔前部发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部所以too和tea中的/t/两个不同的音子Phone(音子)：aphoneticunit;thePhoneme(音位):phonologicalandabstractunit,aunitofdistinctivevalue;thesmallestunitofsoundinalanguagewhichcandistinguishtwowords.举例：tea和sea,/t/和/s/是两个不同的音位morphemePhoneme(音位):phonologicaWhatisthepointofdepartureofphonology?A.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phonemeWhatisthepointofdepartureWhatisthepointofdepartureofphonology?A.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phoneme(音位)WhatisthepointofdepartureWhatisthepointofdepartureofphonetics?A.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phonemeWhatisthepointofdepartureWhatisthepointofdepartureofphonetics?A.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phonemeWhatisthepointofdepartureSuprasegmentalfeatures(超音段特征)Suprasegmentalfeatures:phonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments

.Theprincipalsuprasegmentalsare:Suprasegmentalfeatures(超音段特征Supra-segmentalfeatures(超音段特征)：stress（重音）举例:perfect(adj)和perfect(v)tone(声调)/pitch(音高):定义:soundfeaturewhicharecausedbythedifferingrateofvibrationofthevocalfolds.举例:mā妈,má麻,mă马，mà骂比较：英语单词，如meSupra-segmentalfeatures(超音段特intonation（语调）：pitch,stress,andsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation.

intonation（语调）：pitch,stress,2022/12/2ILanguageasaFormalSystemWhilesoundsareprimaryinlinguisticcommunication,theyarerepresentedbycertainsymbols,i.e.,wordsandmorphemes语素.Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology形态学.2022/12/1ILanguageasaFormaMorphology形态学1.学科定义2.语素的定义和分类3.词的分类（classificationofwords）Morphology形态学1.学科定义形态学研究的基本单位1.morpheme(语素）.Themostbasicelementofmeaninginlanguage，anelementthatcannotbefurtherdividedintosmallerunitswithoutalteringitsmeaning.举例：ballfootballballs形态学研究的基本单位1.morpheme(语素）.TheThedifferencebetweenroot,stem&baseAbasecanbeaddedbybothinflectional&derivationalaffixeswhileastemcanbeaddedonlybyinflectionalaffixes;Abaseisderivationallyanalyzable(e.g.undesireinundesirable)whilearootcannotbefurtheranalyzed,e.g.desireinundesirable;Root,stemandbasecanbethesameform,e.g.desireindesired;Undesirableinundesirablesiseitherastemorabase;Desirableinundesirableisonlyabase.Thedifferencebetweenroot,sMorpheme语素Freemorpheme自由语素定义：constitutewordsbythemselves举例：girl,book,dogBoundmorpheme粘附语素Derivationalmorpheme派生语素定义：changelexicalmeaning举例：Dis-,co-,-ful,-enInflectionalmorpheme屈折语素定义：changegrammaticalmeaning举例:-s,-ed,-ing,,er,est定义:notoccurbythemselvesMorphemeFreemorpheme定义：constiTypesofMorphemesFreemorphemesvs.Boundmorphemes（自由语素和黏着语素）:

Freemorphemes:thosethatmayconstitutewordsbythemselves,egboy,girl,table,nation.Boundmorphemes:thosethatcannotoccuralone,eg-s,-ed,dis-,un-.TypesofMorphemesFTypesofBoundMorphemeInflectionalmorpheme(屈折语素)=inflectionalaffix(屈折词缀)：changethegrammaticalmeaning(number,aspect,case,tense)Derivationalmorpheme（派生语素）=inflectionalaffix(派生词缀）:changethelexicalmeaningTypesofBoundMorphemeInflectdis+like+sderivationalfreeinflectionalmorphemedis+like+slight+en+edfreederivationalinflectionalmorphemelight+en+edDerivationalmorpheme(改变词义):前缀改变词义：dis-,un-,multi-,micro-后缀改变词性：en-,-full,-mentInflectionalmorpheme（改变语法含义）:改变名称的性，数，格：-ess,-s,改变动词的时,态，体:-ing,-ed,改变形容词的级：-er,-estDerivationalmorpheme(改变词义):Morpheme--theminimalunitofmeaningWordsarecomposedofmorphemes.Wordsmayconsistofonemorphemeormoremorphemes,e.g.1-morphemeboy,desire2-morphemeboy+ish,desir(e)+ble3-morphemeboy+ish+ness,desir(e)+bl(e)+ity4-morphemegentle+man+li+ness,un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity5-morphemeun+gentle+man+li+ness6-morphemeanti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ismMorpheme--theminimalunitof词的分类-按构词法分wordSimpleword简单词Compoundword合成词Derivationalword派生词词的分类-按构词法分wordSimplewordCompo如何区分派生词（derivationalword）和合成词(compoundword):拆开后看各个组成的语素能否都单独成词，如果可以，就是合成词，如果不能就是派生词。Businessman:business+manPlayboy:play+boyMouthful:mouth+fulLighten:light+en如何区分派生词（derivationalword）和合成词的分类-按词义分wordGrammaticalword语法词（functionword功能词）定义：表达语法意义，连接举例：prep介词，conj连词，art冠词，pronoun代词Lexicalword词汇词（contentword实义词）定义：表达实际意义（物质，动作和性质）的词举例：n名词，v动词，adj形容词，adv副词词的分类-按词义分wordGrammaticalword词的分类-按开放性分wordOpenclassword开放词类定义：不断有新词进入举例：noun,adj,verb,advClosed-classword封闭词类定义：基本没有新词进入举例:preposition,conjunction,article,pronoun词的分类-按开放性分wordOpenclassword定词的分类-按在句子重要性分词类MajorpartofspeechNoun名词Verb动词Adjective形容词adverb副词preposition介词MinorpartofspeechArticle冠词Conjunction连词Auxiliary助动词词的分类-按在句子重要性分词类Majorpartofs词类总结

分类方法

按构词法分简单词:dislike,light派生词:

dislike,lighten合成词:

cat-like,light-weight按词义分语法词:冠,介，代，连词词汇词:名，动，形，副按开放性分开放词:名，动，形，副封闭词:冠,介，代，连词按在句中重要性分主要词类:名，动，形，副,介次要词类：冠，代，连词词类总结分类方法2022/12/2ILanguageasaFormalSystemThestudiesinternalstructureofsentenceandrulesofsentence-formationcalledsyntax句法.（Generative/Functional）2022/12/1ILanguageasaFormaSyntax句法考点1.定义2.句法范畴3.句子类型Syntax句法考点1.Syntax定义：:studiesinternalstructureofsentenceandrulesofsentence-formation1.Syntax定义：:studiesinternalSyntacticalcategory(句法范畴)WordlexicalcategoryPhrasephrasalcategoryClauseclausalcategorySentenceSyntacticalcategory(句法范畴)WordLexicalCategory词法范畴

=PartsofSpeech词类LexicalcategoryMajorpartofspeechNoun名词Verb动词Adjective形容词adverb副词preposition介词MinorpartofspeechArticle冠词Conjunction连词Auxiliary助动词LexicalCategory词法范畴

=Partso

分类方法

按构词法分简单词:dislike,light派生词:

dislike,lighten合成词:

cat-like,light-weight按词义分语法词:冠,介，代，连词词汇词:名，动，形，副按开放性分开放词:名，动，形，副封闭词:冠,介，代，连词按在句中重要性分主要词类/范畴:名，动，形，副,介次要词类/范畴：冠，代，连词分类方法4.句子分类：Simplesentence简单句Coordinatesentence并列句Complexsentence复杂句4.句子分类：simplesentence

简单句定义：alsocalledindependentclause,containsasubjectandaverb,anditexpressesacompletethought.

simplesentence简单句coordinatesentence并列句:containstwoindependentclausesjoinedbyacoordinator(并列连词)suchasand,or,butetc.Coordinatorsareoftenprecededbyacomma.例句:ItriedtospeakSpanish,andmyfriendtriedtospeakEnglish.

Lilywenttoplayfootball,butMariawentshopping.coordinatesentence并列句:contaicomplexsentence定义：Acomplexsentencehasanindependentclausejoinedwithoneormoredependentclausesbyoneormoresubordinators(从属连词)suchasif,when,because,although.Asheisgrowingold,heseldomgoesout.Heis

growingold,whereashebecomeshealthier.如何区分并列和复杂句看连词表示的关系

并列，选择和转折关系并列句时间，条件，原因和让步关系复杂句

complexsentenceTransformational-GenerativeGrammarTransformational-GenerativeGrⅠTheBirthofTGGrammarAndtheInnatenessHypothesisⅠTheBirthofTGGrammarAndt1.Founder:AmericanlinguistNoamChomskyFullname

AvramNoamChomskyBorn7December1928(1928-12-07)Philadelphia,Pennsylvania1.Founder:AmericanlinguistNo2.ThemarkofthebeginningThepublicationofSyntacticStructuresin1957InSyntacticStructures,Chomskytriestoconstructa

"formalizedtheoryoflinguisticstructure"andplacesemphasison"rigorousformulations"and"preciselyconstructedmodels".

2.ThemarkofthebeginningThe3.Fivestagesofdevelopment1)TheClassicalTheory,whichaimstomakelinguisticsascience.

SyntacticStructures,1975

2)TheStandardTheory,whichdealswithhowsemanticsshouldbestudiedinalinguistictheoryAspectsoftheTheoryofSyntax,19653)TheExtendedStandardTheory,whichfocusesdiscussiononlanguageuniversalsanduniversalgrammar

StudiesonSemanticinGenerativeGrammar,1972

4)TheRevisedExtendedStandardTheory(orGB),whichfocusesonGovernmentandBindingLecturesonGovernmentandBinding,1981

5)TheMinimalistProgram,whichisafurtherrevisionoftheprevioustheory.

TheMinimalProgram,1995

MinimalistInquiries:TheFramework,19983.Fivestagesofdevelopment1)4.TheInnatenessHypothesis(WhyshouldtherebeaTGGrammar?)

WhenasastudentofHebrewwiththestructuralistmethodology,hefoundthattheclassificationofstructuralelementsoflanguageaccordingtodistributionandsubstitutionhaditslimitation……hebelievesthatlanguageissomewhatinnate,andthatchildrenarebornwithwhathecallsaLanguageAcquisitionDevice,whichisauniquekindofknowledgethatfitsthemforlanguagelearningAccordingtohim,thestudyoflanguage,orthestructureoflanguage,canthrowsomelightonthenatureofthehumanmind.4.TheInnatenessHypothesis(Hypothesisisbasedonsomeimportantfacts:1).Childrenlearntheirnativelanguageveryfastandwithlittleeffort.2).Childrenlearntheirmothertongueinverydifferentenvironments,buttheyfollowmoreorlessthesamestagesinacquisition:①thebabblingstage快速模糊地发音

②nonsensewordstage③holophrastic单词stage④two-wordutterance⑤developinggrammar⑥near-adultgrammar⑦fullcompetenceHypothesisisbasedonsomeim3)Thechildrenlearnsthetotalgrammarofthelanguageduringalimitedperiodoftime,fromlimitedexposuretospeech(whichisoftendegeneratedata)Allthesesuggestedthatalthoughbabiesarenotbornknowingalanguage,theyarebornwithaprepositiontodevelopalanguage.Ifchildrenarepredisposedforlearninganylanguage,humanlanguagesintheworldmusthavethesameunderlyingprinciplesincommon.ThisiswhatChomskycalledlanguageuniversalsorlinguisticuniversals.3)ThechildrenlearnsthetotaⅡTheClassicalTheoryandtheStandardTheoryⅡTheClassicalTheoryandthe1.HowtobeginthestudyofLanguageUniversal?1)Chomskybelievesthateveryspeakeroflanguagehasmasteredandinternalizedagenerativegrammarthatexpresseshisknowledgeofhislanguage.Andthegenerativegrammar,means“asystemofrulesthatinsomeexplicitandwell-definedwayassignsstructuraldescriptionstosentences”.2)Inordertoreachhisultimategoal,Chomskyputsforwardthreedifferentlevelstoevaluategrammarson:theobservationaladequacylevelthedescriptiveadequacyleveltheexplanatoryadequacy①Descriptiveadequacy：agrammarisamodelofnativecompetence.②Explanatoryadequacy:atheoryofLcanaccountforthephenomenaofLandmindofnativespeaker.③Observationaladequacy：一部语法若能生成某个语言样品的全部数据，能正确预测哪些句子是合式的，就达到了观察充分性，即布龙菲尔德式。1.HowtobeginthestudyofLa3)ContrarytoBloomfield’sdata-orienteddiscoveryprocedure,ChomskyinsistsontheHypothesis-deduction演绎methodandhisresearchiscalledevaluationprocess4)Whatisagenerativegrammar?①Byagenerativegrammar，Chomskysimplymeans“asystemofrulesthatinsomeexplicitandwell-definedwayassignsstructuraldescriptionstosentences”.Hebelievesthateveryspeakerofalanguagehasmasteredandinternalizedagenerativegrammarthatexpresseshisknowledgeofhislanguage.“Thusagenerativegrammarattemptstospecifywhatthespeakeractuallyknows，notwhathemayreportabouthisknowledge.”(Chomsky,1965)②Togenerateistopredictwhatcouldbethepossiblesentencesoflanguage.③Transformationisakindofprocessthattransformsonesentenceintoanother.Itusesafinitenumberofrulestoproduceinfinitenumberofsentences.3)ContrarytoBloomfield’sdat2.TheclassicalTheory1)Itaimstomakelinguisticsascience:2)Itsfeatures:①emphasisongenerativeabilityoflanguage②introductionoftransformationalrules③grammaticaldescriptionregardlessofmeaning3)Chomskyputforwardthreekindsofgrammar:①finitestategrammar有限状态文法②phrasestructuregrammar③transformationalgrammarSeebelow:2.TheclassicalTheory1)ItaimThreekindsofgrammar①Thefinitestategrammarisappropriatetodescribeprocessoflearning,butitisinappropriatetoexplainthecomplexitiesofthehumancognitivesystem.Itcontainsdeepstructureandsurfacestructure.Deepstructure:theabstractrepresentationofthesyntacticpropertiesofaconstruction.Surfacestructure:thefinalstageinthesyntacticderivationofaconstruction

Threekindsofgrammar①Thefin

②Thephrasestructurerulesareasfollows:a.S→NP+VPb.VP→Verb+NPc.NP→NP(single)NP(plural)d.NP(s)→D+Ne.NP(p)→D+N+sf.D→theg.N→｛man,ball,door,dog,book,…｝

h.Verb→aux+Vi.V→｛hit,take,bite,eat,walk,…｝

j.Aux→Tense(+M)(+have+en)(+be+ing)k.Tense→PresentPastl.M→｛will,can,may,shall,must,…｝②Thephrasestructurerules

NPArtNPPPNPArtNPPPNPArtNPPPNPArtNPP

Thehouseinthewoodsbythemountainsneartheriver…embeddingNPThehousei③Transformationalrules(T-rules)aretheoperationsthatadd,deleteorchangeelementsinonestructuretoproduceanotherstructure.Itreferstoalltherulesthatapplyafteralllexiconitemshavebeeninsertedintothestructures.TwoobligatoryT-rules:Flip-flop起落rule(FFrule，affix-transformational/shifting/hoppingrule):theaffixandverbareshiftedinorder.2.Lexicalformationrule(LFrule):Itrequiresthelexiconthatdeterminethelastappearanceofthesentence.③Transformationalrules(T-rulTheGenerativeProcessofASentence(NP(Det(the)N(man)VP(V(hit)NP(Det(the)N(ball))))SNPVPDetNVerbNP

DetNthemanhittheball英语语言学及应用课件胡壮麟史上最全面4)Somedefectsinthetheory①Thetransformationalrulesaretoopowerful.②Therulesmaygenerateill-formedsentencesaswellaswell-formedones.Forexample,withtherulesSNP+VP,andVPV+NP,theremightbegeneratedthefollowingtwo:SSNPVPNPVPVNPVNPJohndrinkwinewinedrinkJohn③Thetransformationalrulesforthepassivevoicecannotbeusedatwill,forsomeoftheEnglishverbsdonothavepassivestructures.4)Somedefectsinthetheory

SNPAuxVP

DetNPPThemotheroftheboyandthegirlwillarrivesoon.S

NPAuxVPNPNPThemotheroftheboyandthegirlwillarrivesoon.④phrasestructureistooflexible（歧义句）

3.ThestandardTheory1)Chomskysaysthatagenerativegrammarshouldconsistofthreecomponents:syntactic,phonologicalandsemantic.Therelationshipsofthethreecomponentscanbeillustratedbythefollowingdiagram:

3.ThestandardTheory1)ChomskyBaseComponentRewritingRulesLexiconDeepStructureT-RulesSurfaceStructureSemanticComponentPhonologicalRulesSemanticRepresentationPhonologicalRepresentationBaseComponentRewritingRules2)ItsadvantagesovertheClassicalTheory①Transformationcanonlychangetheformsofsentencesandarenotallowedtoalterthemeaning.②ToruleoutthegenerationofsentenceslikeWinedrinksJohn,thereisnowaselectionalrestrictiontoensurethattheanimatenounappearsbeforetheverbandinanimatenounappearaftertheverb.③Restrictionsareputontransformationsinordernottogenerateill-formedsentences.④Accordingtore-writingrules,sentencescanbeembedded,thus,thetheorynowcoversnotonlysimplesentencesbutalsocomplexones.⑤Theruleareproperlyorderedandthereisasetorderinwhichtherulesapply.2)ItsadvantagesovertheClas3)Problemsunsolvedinthetheory①Thetransformationalrulesarestilltoopowerful,fortheycanmoveordeletelinguisticsegments,changethecategories,keeptheoriginalmeaningintact,andaccordingtospecificcircumstances.②Derivednounsandtheircorrespondingverbsareirregularnotonlyintermsofsyntacticfeatures,butalsoinphonologicalandsemanticrelations,whichisignoredintheStandardTheory.3)Problemsunsolvedinthethe③TheStandardTheoryholdsthatsemanticinterpretationsaredeterminedbythedeepstructure,andtransformationalprocesswillnotchangethesentencemeaning.Laterthiswasfoundtobeimpossible.④TheStandardTheorycannotexplaingappedstructuresas:Johnatesomespaghetti,andMarysomemacaroni.⑤Investigationsofmoretypeofrulesshowedthatmanytransformationalrulesmusthavecomplexconstraintsinorderthattheydonotproduceungrammaticalsentences.③TheStandardTheoryholdsthaⅢ.TheExtendedStandardTheoryandLaterTheoriesⅢ.TheExtendedStandardTheory1.TheExtendedStandardTheory1)IntheExtendedStandardTheory,ChomskyrevisedhisStandardTheorytwice.2)Inhisfirstrevision,Chomskymovedpartofsemanticinterpretationtothesurfacestructure.3)Thesecondrevisioninvolvesthewholetheoreticalframework,whichcanbeillustratedbythefollowingdiagram.*ThemostremarkablechangeisthatChomskynowcompletelyputssemanticinterpretationinthesurfacestructure.1.TheExtendedStandardTheory

Phrasestructure;Lexicon

TheTransformationalComponentPhonologicalRulesSemanticInterpretativeRulesTheBaseComponentDeepStructureSurfaceStructurePhonologicalRepresentationLogicalFormRepresentationTheBaseComponentDeepStru2.GovernmentandBinding1)ThistheoryconsistsofX-barTheory,θ-Theory,BoundingTheory,GovernmentTheory,CaseTheory,ControlTheory,andBindingTheory.2)InthetheoryofGovernmentandBinding,thereisanewconcept:theemptycategory.Chomskybelievesthatthroughtheemptycategory,wecanfurthergettoknowaboutthemechanismoflanguage.Butthistheoryisnotyetmature.2.GovernmentandBinding1)This

C-command(Constituentcommand)

γA

ΑβBC

DEF

αc-commandsβifαdoesnotdominateβandeveryγthatdominatesαalsodominatesβ.(Bc-commandsC,E,F,butnotD;Cc-commandsB,D,butnotE,F.)

C-command(Constituentcomma

VPVPPPNPDetNspeakaboutthelanguage(Vc-commandsPP,PPalsoc-commandsV.)“c-command”referstotherelationbetweenanelementandanotherofthesamenode节inatreediagram,andanyothersunderthelatterelementsaswell.（C-command同级及同级的下属）VPBindingTheory

A.Ananaphor复指词;照应语

isboundinitsgoverningcategory.B.Apronominal代词性的

isfreeinitsgoverningcategory.C.Anr-expressionisfreeBindingreferstotherelationbetweendifferentreferringwordandthesubjectof