建筑学专业英语modernhousingprototypes现代住宅的原型

.28/28two-1evelunit复式单元single-loaded外廊式double-loadedadj.内廊式Walk-upn.无电梯的公寓/adj.无电梯的skip-stopcorridor隔层设置的走廊corridor-every-floor每层设置走廊的verticalcirculationsystem垂直交通系统low-riseadj.低层；high-riseadj.高层rowhouseadj.联排式住宅；slabn.板式住宅；towern.塔式住宅Single-orientationunit单一朝向单元Double-OrientationUnit90° 转角单元Double-OrientationUnit,open-ended双向开敞的单元naturallight自然采光naturalventilation自然通风mechanicalventilation机械通风transversewalls横墙buildingcodes建筑规程staggered-plan交错变化的平面auxiliarymean辅助设施self-contained\o""adj.设备齐全的single-run单跑楼梯returnstairs双跑楼梯英汉互译包含在以下加粗部分及最后一堂课讲到的例子中。Unit10Section1IntensiveReadingModernHousingPrototypes《现代住宅的原型》\o""RogerSherwood〔罗杰·舍伍德PartIINTRODUCTIONThisbookispresentedinthebeliefthatareexaminationofsomeofthegreathousingprojectsofthiscenturyisappropriateatatimewhenthedesignofhousingcommandstheattentionofarchitectstheworldaround.Thebuildingsofferedhereascasestudieswereselectedbecauseoftheirimportanceasprototypes,projectsthatsetthestandardsandpatternsofmuchthatwas,andis,tofollow.Otherconsiderationswerediversity–sothatawiderangeofcountries,buildingstypesandproblemswouldberepresented–andarchitecturalquality.Myassumptionisthatthereisnoexcuseforpoorarchitecture;thathousing,likeallbuildings,toparaphraseGeoffreyScott,mustbeconvenienttouse,soundlybuilt,andbeautiful.当今住宅设计受到全世界建筑师的关注,所以对本世纪一些伟大的住宅项目重新考究是无可厚非的,这本书就基于此观念做了一些介绍。这里提供作为案例研究的建筑由于它们作为原型的重要而被挑选,它们确定了许多标准和模式去遵循。其他的考虑是多样化和建筑品质,多样化使得大量的国家、建筑形式和问题将被陈述。我的假设是任何低劣的建筑都是没有理由的,就像所有的建筑一样,住宅——套用杰弗里·斯科特的话——必须使用方便、建造地优良并且美观。Butwhyprototypes?Oneoftheessentialpointsofheuristicthought–theprocessofdiscoveryandinventionrelatingtoproblemsolving–istheawarenessthat,untilaproblemisclearlydefined,guessesorconjecturesmustbemadetohelpclarifytheproblem.Duringtheperiodofuncertainty,referencetoanalogousproblemscanbeusedtogiveanewturntoone’sthinking.Throughthestudyofsolutionstorelatedproblems,afreshconclusionmaybereached.但是为什么要有原型？一个基本的具有启发性思考的关键——发现和发明的过程与问题的解决相关——就是意识到在一个问题直到被清晰地定义以前,都必须运用猜想或推测帮助问题的澄清。在这段不确定的时期,参考类似的问题能够给一个人的思考以新的转折。通过对相关问题解决办法的研究,也许可以得到一个全新的结论。Variouswritershavesuggestedthatitisneverpossibletostateallthedimensionsofaproblem,that"trulyquantifiablecriteriaalwaysleavechoicesforthedesignertomake."Intheabsenceofcleardesigndeterminants,andtoavoidpurelyintuitiveguessing,ithasbeenarguedthatanalogousreferencemightgivedesigninsight;thatperhapsaparadigmoftheproblemmightbeacceptedasaprovisionalsolution,oranattackontheproblemmightbemadebyadaptingthesolutiontoapreviousproblem;thatduringtheperiodwhenmanyofthevariableareunknown,a"typologyofforms"mightbeusedasasimulativetechniquetoclarifytheproblem.许多作者已经暗示过陈述一个问题的所有维度〔所有方面是绝不可能的,"精确的可定量的尺度总是留给设计师自己决定"。由于缺少明确的设计决定因素以及为了避免纯粹直觉的猜想,讨论认为相似参照物需给出设计观点,这样也许问题的范例可以当做临时的解决方法,或者作为问题的突破,以调整之前问题的解决方法；当处于很多可变因素都未知的时期,原型〔"象征形式"可以作为模拟技术使问题变清晰。Thenotionofusingananalogousproblemasaparadigmforgaininginsightintoapresentproblemisnot,ofcourse,new.Amathematiciantypicallylooksforanauxillarytheoremhavingthesameorasimilarconclusion.Inarchitecture,inventionoftenpassesthroughaphaseofgroping,whereideasaboutaprojectedbuildingformaretriggeredbyexposuretosomeexistingbuildingwithasimilarprogram,functionalspecification,orsitecondition.Theanalogousbuildingthenbecomesinsomesenseamodeloraprototype.用相似的问题作为范例而得到对于当前问题深刻认识的理念当然并不新鲜。一位数学家通常寻求一个有着相同或类似结论的辅助定理。在建筑中,创造通常是经过一个摸索的阶段获得,在此过程中,一些现存的建筑有着相似的制式、功能规格或基地条件,通过对这些因素的揭示,引发出预想建筑形式的概念,那么这些类似的建筑物在某种意义上就成为一种模型或者原型。Theuseofprototypesisespeciallyusefulinthedesignofhousingbecausehousinglendsitselftosystematictypologicalstudy.Mostbuildingtypes,suchastheaters,schools,factories,orevenofficebuildings,havetorespondtodifferentprogramsandarerarelyconsistentandrepetitive.Housing,becauseitconsistsofrepeatingunitswithaconsistentrelationtoverticalandhorizontalcirculation,canmorelogicallybestudiedintermsofitstypologicalvariations.Althoughhousingwouldseemtoembracealmostunlimitedpossiblevariations,infacttherearenotmanybasicorganizationalpossibilitiesandeachhousingtypecanbecategorizedeasily.原型的用处在住宅设计中显得尤其突出,因为住宅需要系统类型的研究。大多数建筑类型,像剧场、学校、工厂、甚至办公楼,都必须响应不同的策划,所以极少连续和重复。住宅,由于包括重复的单元,它们有一致的水平和垂直流线的联系,所以可以依照类型上的变化来进行更加逻辑性的研究。尽管住宅似乎包含几乎无限种可能的变化,但事实上没有那么多基本组织的可能性,而且每一种住宅组织类型都可以被简单地归类。Whilebuildingregulations,constructiontechniques,andhousingneedshaveconsiderableimpactontheformthathousingmaytakeatanygiventimeinanygivenculture,stillonlyafewdwellingunittypesareplausible,andtheseunitsmaybecollectedtogetherinonlyafewratherlimitedwaysthatdonotchangeverymuchfromcountrytocountry.AnapartmentbuildingunittodayinZagreb–asanorganizationofbuildingunits–ismuchlikeanapartmentbuildinginBerlinorTokyo.Evenextremeculturalrequirements,suchastheprovisionforatatamilife-styleinMaekawa’sHarumislabinTokyo<Figure10—1>,haveresultedinanorganizationthatcaneasilybecomparedtoaWesternmodel:ParkHillinSheffieldofthesixties<Figure10—2>.Forexample,isorganizationallysimilar.Bothhavelargerandsmallerunitsinthetypicalsection.虽然建筑规程、建造技术和住宅需求会在任何指定时间和任何指定文化之下对建筑形式产生相当大的影响,仍然有少量的居住单元形式是合理的,这些被选择的单元以很少的相当局限的方式组合在一起,这些方法在国家与国家之间改变很小。现今在萨格勒布的一个公寓大楼单元——像一个建筑单元的组合——与柏林或东京的公寓大楼很像。即使是极端的文化需求,例如在东京的提供榻榻米生活方式的Maekawa'sHarumi公寓,也成为一个组织能够容易地与西方范例作比较：例如,60年代在谢菲尔德〔Sheffield的ParkHill〔湖滨公寓〔图10-2。他们在组织上很相似,都在典型的剖面中有大大小小的单元。Entrancetothelargerofthetwo–atwo-levelunit–isatthecorridorlevel,withroomsabove:stairsleadtothesmallerunitbelow.Ineach,therefore,thecorridoroccursateveryotherlevel,andstairsleadupanddownfromthere.Althoughthepositionofthestairs,kitchen,andbotharedifferent–alongparallelwallsinHarumiandinazoneparalleltothecorridorinParkHill–andthesitingsofthebuildingsarequitedifferent,neverthelesstheyareorganizedfundamentallyalike.EventheArabhousingdesignedinMoroccointhefiftiesbyATBAT<Figure10—3>,whereculturalrequirementsdictatedabsolutevisualprivacy,outdoorcooking,andalackoftheusualroomsubdivisionsandconventionaltoilets,resultedinabuildingwhich,althoughithasapeculiarcheckerboardelevation,ismoreorlessaconventionalsingle-loaded,galleryaccessapartmentbuilding.通向两个中较大的一个复式单元的入口是在走廊层面上,它的上方有房间：楼梯通向下面较小的单元。因此,在每一栋楼里,走廊出现在每两层,楼梯引导着内部上与下。尽管楼梯和厨房的位置都不一样——〔楼梯沿着Harumi的平行墙和一个平行于ParkHill走廊的区域——以及建筑的基址也相当不同,但他们的组织形式基本上是相同的。甚至在50年代由ATBAT事务所设计的位于摩洛哥的Arab住宅〔图10-3,〔这是为传统穆斯林设计的住宅当地的文化要求决定着：要有绝对的视觉私密性、户外烹调,由于缺乏对普通房间的划分和传统的厕所,尽管它有着独特的棋盘式立面,也导致这个建筑差不多就是传统的外廊、走廊进入式的公寓建筑。Whateverhiscultural,economicandtechnicalconstraints,everyarchitectisconfrontedwithchoicesandquestionsaboutorganization.Howwilltheindividualapartmentsbearranged?Howwillthemixofdifferentapartmenttypesbeaccommodated?Whatcirculationsystems–horizontalandvertical–canservicethismixofapartments?Whatisthebestcirculationsystem?Walk-uporsingle-loaded,double-loaded,orskip-stopcorridorsystem?Whereisentranceandaccesstotheverticalcirculationsystem?Whatbuildingformdosethiscollectionofunitstake:low-riseorhigh-rise,rowhouse,slabortower?Thesefundamentalorganizationquestionsarepertinenttoanyhousingproject.ModernHousingPrototypesisintendedtoprovidethearchitectwithasetofanaloguesreferencestohelphimsolvethesebasicorganizationalproblems.无论它的文化,经济,技术限制如何,每个建筑师都应该要正视组织形式的选择和问题。如何布置单独的公寓？如何使混合的不同公寓类型相互适应？什么样的交通系统能给混合的公寓提供水平和垂直的服务？什么是最好的交通系统？无电梯的公寓、外廊式、内廊式、还是隔层设置走廊系统？哪里是垂直交通系统的入口和通道位置？单元集合采取怎样的建筑形式：低层,高层,联排住宅,板式住宅还是塔式住宅？这些基础的组织问题与各种住宅项目都息息相关。《现代住宅的原形》试图提供给建筑师一套类似的参考去帮助他们解决这些基本的组织问题。\o""\o""Unit11Section1IntensiveReadingModernHousingPrototypes\o""RogerSherwoodPart=2\*ROMANIIUnitTypesBeginningwithbasicapartmentsorunits,onlytwoaresuitableforrepetitiveuse;oneother–the90°double-orientationunit–haslimitedapplication.Thebasictypesare:Single-orientationunitDouble-OrientationUnit90°Double-OrientationUnit,open-ended从基本的公寓或单元开始,只有两个是适合重复使用的；另一个转角单元有限制适用条件。基本的形式有：单一朝向单元、转角单元和双向开敞单元。Eachofthesethreeunittypehasseveraltypicalvariations,dependinguponthepositioningofcoreelements–kitchen,bathandstairs<whenusedinsidetheunit>–theentranceoptions,andthedepthsnecessaryfornaturallight.Minimumunitdimensionsvaryfromcountrytocountryasbuildingregulationsandconstructionpracticesdiffer,andthearrangementofcoreelements,naturallight,andventilationrequirementschangefromplacetoplace.这三个单元类型中的每一个都有几个典型的变化,取决于核心元素：厨房、洗浴室、楼梯〔当它在室内使用的时候的位置,入口的选择和自然光所需的进深。极少量的单元尺寸随着各国建筑法规和结构实践的不同而不同。核心元素的安排,自然采光和通风要求随着地域不同而变化。Single-orientationunit单一朝向的单元Unitsthatopenorfacetoonesidecomeintwotypes:withcoreelementsarrangedalongtransversewalls,perpendiculartothecorridor.Althoughtheseunitshaveapreferredside–theyfaceoutwardandaremostoftenusedwherethreesidesareclosedexceptfortheentrancefromthecorridor<atypicaldouble-loadedcorridorarrangement>–somesingle-loaded,opengallery-accessversionsmayhavesomeminorwindowsopeningtothegallery.有一面开敞或单一朝向的单元演变出两种类型,它们的核心元素垂直于走廊沿横墙布置。虽然这些单元有更好的朝向——它们朝向外面,经常以通向走廊的入口开敞其他三边都围闭的方式被使用〔一种典型的内廊安排——一些外廊式的、向走廊开口的类型可能会有一些小窗户开向走廊。Single-orientationunit:transversecore.单一朝向单元：横向核心Thistypehastheadvantageofusingthetransversestructuralwallforcoreelements,sothatmostplumbingandmechanicalstacksareadjacenttostructuralwallsinaback-to-backarrangementbetweenunits.Theobviousdisadvantagewiththetypeisthatthekitchenandinsomecasesthebatharetakingupexteriorsurfacewhichcouldbebetterusedforlivingandsleepingareas,sinceundermanybuildingcodesthekitchenandbathdonotrequirenaturallightandventilation.Anawkwardplancanresultwhenthekitchenisononetransversewallandthebathontheother.Also,theblankexteriorwallsthatcoreelementstendtocreate<especiallywiththesmallwindowstypicallyusedinakitchenorbath>generateelevationalproblems:theseblanksurfacesalsocontradictthepreferredsidecharacteristicsofthetype.这种形式的优势是利用横向的结构墙用作核心元素,因此大部分的管路系统和机械堆叠在单元之间背靠背地毗邻结构墙。这种形式有个明显的缺点就是：厨房,以及在某些情况下洗浴室占用了对于起居室和卧室来说更好的外表面,因为在很多建筑规程里厨房和洗浴室不需要自然采光和通风。一个糟糕的平面会导致厨房在一边横墙而洗浴室在另一边。同时,核心元素想要创造的空白的外墙〔特别是用在厨房和浴室的典型的小窗子产生立面问题：这些空白表面也和更好一面的形式特征相抵触。Thetypicalunitmayincludeaschemewherethekitchenandbatharetogetherononewallwiththekitchentotheoutside,liketheSorgenfriblockinMalmo,Sweden,byJaeneckeandSamuelson<Figure11-1>.Othervariationsincludetwo-storyunitssuchasLincolnEstateslabbyJ.I.Martin<Figure11-2>.Heretwounitsinterlockaroundaninteriorcoreofstairsandtoilets;thekitchenineachunitisinazonealongthetransversewallononesideofthebuilding.ParkHill<Figure10-2>hasasimilararrangementalthoughitemploysanalternatelevelcorridor;theflooraboveandbelowthecorridorlevelaredouble-orientationunittypes<openbothfrontandrear>,withthekitchensliningupononesideofthebuilding.典型的单元包括这样一种方案,厨房和浴室一起占据同一面墙而厨房靠外,就像由Jaenecke和Samuelson在瑞典马尔莫设计的sorgenfri社区〔图11-1。其他的变化包括二层单元,像设计的林肯酒庄板式楼<LincolnEstate>〔图11-2。两个单元围绕室内的楼梯、卫生间核心相互结合在一起；在每个单元中,厨房处于一个沿横墙的区域里布置在建筑的一边。ParkHill有着相似的布局〔图10-2,虽然他采用了另外一种水平廊道。廊道上下的楼层是双向开敞的单元形式〔前后都开门,厨房排成一行布置在建筑的一侧。FIGURE11-1Sorgenfriapartmentblock,Malmo,Sweden,JaeneckeandSamuelson,1959FIGURE11-2LincolnEstate,London.Martin,Bennett,andLewis,1960.Unit12Section1IntensiveReadingModernHousingPrototypes\o""RogerSherwoodPartⅢSingle-orientationunit;interiorcorealongthecorridor.单一朝向单元；内部核心沿走廊布置。Inthemorecommontypeofsingle-orientationunit,thecoreelementsarearrangedinazoneparallelandadjacenttothecorridor.Entranceisthroughthiszoneintothemainspacesoftheapartment,thuslettingthemajorroomsopentothepreferredsideofthebuilding.Thekitchenandbathareinteriorspaceswithmechanicalventilation.Thissimplerplanusuallyfeaturesacompactback-to-backkitchenandbathgroupingandclear,consistentzoningofspaces.Thedouble-loadedcorridorslabsdesignedbyMiesvanderRohe<Figure12-1>areplannedthisway.HemodifiestheideaslightlyintheLakeShoreDriveapartments<Figure12-2>,wherethebathandkitchenareback-to-backbutthekitchenopenstothemajorspacesonthepreferredside.Althoughmoretypicallyaplanfordouble-loadedcorridorbuildings<whereapartmentsarelocatedonbothsidesofthecorridor>,thetypeisalsousedforsingle-loadedoraccess-galleryplans.TheLambleStreetprojectbyPowellandMoya<Figure12-3>isanexampleofthistype.Or,foralowerdensitytype,therearethecourtyardhousesbyKorhonenandLaapottiinFinland<Figure12-4>.在多数普遍的单一朝向单元中,核心元素被布置在平行和紧邻走廊的区域。入口通过这个区域进入到住宅的主要空间,这样使得建筑的主要房间能向更好的朝向开敞。厨房和浴室设在内部空间,带有机械通风设备。这种简单的平面通常以紧密相连的厨房、浴室组团和清晰连续的空间划分为特征。由密斯凡德罗〔MiesvanderRohe设计的内廊式板式建筑就是以这种方式设计的〔图12-1。他在湖滨公寓〔LakeShoreDriveapartments设计中稍微修改了一下这个概念,厨房和浴室仍然紧密相连,但厨房开向更好朝向的主要空间〔图12-2。尽管这种设计在内廊式建筑中更为典型〔房间在走廊两边均有布置,但这种类型也同样适用于外廊式和走廊进入式的平面。由Powell和Moya负责的Lamble大街项目是这种类型的例子〔图12-3。或,在低密度类型中,有芬兰的Korhonen和Laapotti设计的带有庭院的住宅〔图12-4。Aalto’sapartmentsatBremen<Figure12-5>,anunusualvariationofthesingle-orientationtype,consistoffan-shapedunitsopeningouttothesite.Coreelementshere,althoughplacedalongtransversestructuralwalls,areneverthelessinaninteriorzonealongthecorridor.TheprestonhousingbyStirlingandGowan<Figure12-6>isatwo-storeyversionofthesametype.Thesetwoaresingle-loadedcorridorexamples,butthesingle-orientationunittypeisprobablymostadvantageouswherethreesidesoftheunitareclosed,implyingadouble-loaded,corridor-every-floororganization.阿尔托〔Aalto设计的不莱梅港〔Bremen的公寓〔图12-5,是一个单朝向户型的不寻常的变体,由向基地外围开敞的扇形单元组成。这里的核心元素,虽然是沿着横向结构墙布置的,却是在一个沿着走廊的室内空间内。斯特林〔Stirling和高恩〔Gowan设计的普林斯顿〔Preston住宅〔图12-6是一个户型相同的两层的版本。以上两种是外廊式住宅的实例,然而这个单朝向单元类型可能对于那些三面封闭的,意味着内廊式,每层设置楼梯的结构组织是最适用的。Acommonvariationofthesingle-orientedunit<applicabletounitswitheithertransverseorinteriorcore>worksfromastrategyofincreasingtheexteriorsurfaceontheopensideoftheunitsothatmoreroomscangetlightandair.LeCorbusier’sImmeubleVillasprojectsofthetwenties<Figure12-7>wereofthistype:L-shapedunitsaroundanopenterrace.AlthoughtheImmeubleVillasaretwo-storeyunitswithminorwindowsonthecorridorsideoftheupperfloorofeachunit,implyingadoubleorientation,thezoneoflargevolumesandterracestoonesidecontributetoadefinitepreferredcondition.Thistypecanworkinasingle-ordouble-loadedsituation.BishopsfieldandChartersCrosshousingatHarlowbyMichaelNeyland<Figure12-8>isanotherexampleofarepeatingL-plan,inthiscase,double-loadedwithcorridorwallscontainingonlyminorwindowstothekitchens.一个单朝向的普遍变型单元〔适用于横的或是室内的核心工作原理即是通过增大单元开敞一边的外表面来使得更多的房间可以获得采光通风。勒.柯布西耶的二十世纪"Immeuble别墅"〔"大厦别墅"项目就是这一单元类型〔图12-7：L形的单元围绕开放的平台。虽然"Immeuble别墅"是两层的单元,每个单元的上层面向走廊一边有小窗户,这意味着它的双朝向性,但是大量的区域和一边的阳台是用作划分一个较优的环境。这一类型可适用于外廊或内廊的建筑设计情况。位于哈洛〔Harlow并由MichaelNeyland〔迈克尔.尼兰设计的"BishopsfieldandChartersCross"住房是另一个重复"L"型单元的例子,在这个案例,内廊的廊道上只有厨房那一面墙有小窗口。Aalto’sHansaapartmentsinBerlin<Figure12-9>arebasicallyasingle-orientedtypethatfollowsthestrategyofincreasingexteriorsurface:itsU-planfeaturesdining,living,andbedroomsallaroundacentralterrace.Schindler’sELPuebloRiberahousesatLaJolla<Figure12-10>arealsosingle-orientation,U-shapedunitscoupledtogetherinpairswithhedgesusedtodefineandenclosethecourtyardspaces.阿尔托在柏林的汉莎公寓〔Hansaapartments〔图12-9是在单朝向的类型基础上遵循增加外表面的策略：它的U型平面是以餐厅、起居室和卧室围绕一个中心平台作为特色。辛德勒在laJolla的ELPuebloRibera住宅也是单朝向的U型单元,两个单元通过划分界限和围合庭院空间的树篱结合起来〔图12-10。Apossiblevariationofthesingle-orientationtypeisthemattehousingscheme,whereamatrixofwallsisbuiltwitheachunitinsideawalled-inarea.Accessrequirementslimitthenumberofcollectivearrangementspossible,butEgonEiermann’smattehousinginFrankfurtof1966<Figure12-11>isanexampleofthistype.Althoughtherearesmallprivategardensontheentrancesideofeachapartment,mostmajorspacesopentoaprivategardentotherear,establishingthesingleorientation.单朝向样式的一种可能的变体是表面粗糙的住宅方案,这个方案是在每一个单元用墙围住的区域内部,墙像矩阵一样排列建造。〔如图12-11。入口的要求限制了单元集体安排的数量,但是EgonEiermann设计的在1966年法兰克福的表面粗糙的住宅就是这种类型的一个例子〔图12-11。虽然在每个公寓入口一边有小的私人花园,但是大多数的主要空间都是朝向在后方的私人花园,形成了住宅的单朝向性。FIGURE12-1Apartments,Baltimore.MiesvanderRohe,c.1965FIGURE12-2LakeShoreDriveapartments,Chicago.MiesvanderRohe,1948FIGURE12-3LambleStreethousing,London.PowellandMoya,1954FIGURE12-4Courtyardhousing,Espoo,FIGURE12-5NeueVahrApartments,Bremen.AlvarAalto,1958FIGURE12-6Prestonhousing,Lancashire.StirlingandGowan,1961FIGURE12-7ImmeubleVillasproject,LeCorbusier,1922.FIGURE12-8BishopsfieldandChartersCross,Harlow,Essex.MichaelNeyland,1960.FIGURE12-9Hansaviertelapartments,AlvarAalto,1956.FIGURE12-10ElPuebloRiberapianohouses,LaJolla.FIGURE12-11Patiohousing,Frankfurt.EgonEiermann,1966.Unit13Section1IntensiveReadingModernHousingPrototypes\o""RogerSherwoodPartⅣDouble-OrientationUnit,90°<degrees>转角单元Double-orientationunittypescomeinmanyvariationsandcanbecollectedtogetherinmanydifferentways.Thecornertypeor90°double-orientationunitmaybeseensimplyasasingly-orientedinwhichoneofthethreeclosedwallshasbeenopenedup.Thislimitsthestrategiesofcollectingunitstogether,sinceeachneedsacorner,andtheuseofthistypeseemstobelimitedtotowers,smallerfreestandingbuildings,andtocertainkindsofterracehousing.双朝向单元有很多种变型,且可以通过很多不同方式集合起来。转角型或称90°双向开敞单元可以简单看成是单朝向建筑三面围合的墙体中有一面打开的形式。由于每个单元都需要有一个转角,这些单元组合的方式便受到了限制,而且这种类型建筑的运用范围貌似被局限在塔式建筑、小型独立建筑和一些特定类型的阶梯式住宅。FrankLloydWright’sSuntopHomesareagoodexampleofthistype:fourunitswithincrossedpartywalls,eachthreestorieshighopeningatthecorner.Wright’searlierversionsliketheCloverleafdevelopment<Figure13-1>introducedaninternalcourtyard.St.Mark’sTower<Figure13-2>andthebuiltversionofit,theBartlesvillePriceTower,adoptthesamepartioffourcornerunitswithcoreelementsontheinterior.Buildingsemployingthiskindofunitnecessarilymustbefreestanding,withprivateentrancerequiredforprojectslikeSuntopandcommonlobbiesfortowerslikeBartlesville.弗兰克.劳埃德.赖特〔FrankLloydWright设计的SuntopHomes〔阳光屋顶住宅便是这种类型的佳例：四个单元围绕着十字型分户墙设置,每个单元均三层楼高且在转角开敞。赖特〔Wright在他早期的设计譬如三叶草四翼房〔CloverleafQuadrupleHousingproject中,引入了室内庭院。圣马克塔楼〔St.Mark’sTower和与它类似的另外一个建成建筑,巴特尔斯维尔〔Bartlesville的普赖斯塔楼〔PriceTower,均采用了四个转角单元围绕内部核心的相同的构图。采用这种单元的建筑必须是独立的,且具备像suntop项目中的私人入口和像巴特尔斯维尔〔Bartlesville这种塔式建筑中的公共大堂。FIGURE13-1Cloverleafproject.FrankLloydWright,1939.FIGURE13-2St.Mark’sTower,project.Wright,1929.Otherexamplesofone-ortwo-storycornerunitsincludetheatriumhousesatSchwerzenbackinSwitzerlandbyKunz<Figure13-3>andtheCandilis,Josic,andWoodsprojects,whichoftenconsistofbuildingsplannedtogainthecorneradvantageeventotheextentofcreatingsitearrangementsconsistingofmanystaggered-planbuildingsinanoverallsystemdesignedtomaximizeperipheralsurface<Figure13-4>.Mostcompacttowersusethistype:forexample,theVallingbytowerbyAnckerandGate<Figure13-5>ortheNirwanaapartmentbuildingsbyDuiker<Figure13-6>,whichhaveamuchlargerareainplanbutareorganizedwithanapartmentintheeachcorner.其他的一层或两层的转角单元的实例包括位于瑞士Schwerzenback、由Kunz设计的atriumhouses和Candilis,Josic,Woods项目。这些建筑通常由建筑平面组织构成去获得转角优势,甚至在某种程度上进行场地规划的创造,即在整个系统中包含许多错列平面设计的建筑用来获得最大外表面〔分别说出了图13-3和13-4的手法。大部分紧凑型塔楼都是用这种类型：例如Ancker和Gate设计的Vallingbytower〔图13-5和Duiker设计的Nirwana公寓〔图13-6,这些平面面积很大但都是由每个角落部分的组团构成的建筑。FIGURE<Figure13-3>Atriumhouses,Schwerzenback,FIGURE<Figure13-4>Clusterhousingproject.Candilis,Josic,andWoods,1959.FIGURE<Figure13-5>Tower,Vallingby,FIGURE<Figure13-6>NirwanaApartments,DenHaag.JohannesDuiker,1927.Variouspermutationsofthetoweruseastrategyofcreatingmoreexteriorsurfaceandhencemorecornerconditions.Whilemanyofthesearenotstrictly90°units,theyareversionsofthecornerunitinthattheycannotberepeatedinlinearfashionlikethesingly-orientedtypes.TheBaldessariintheHansaprojectinBerlin<Figure13-7>ortheAlbanyHousesinBrooklynbyFellheimer,Wagner,andVollmer,donefortheNewYorkCityHousingAuthority<Figure13-8>,areexamplesofthisvariation.这些塔楼的各种变换方式通过创造更多外部平面来获得更多的转角条件。尽管当中的许多并不是严格的90°度转角单元,但它们还是属于转角单元的类型,因为他们不能像单一朝向开敞型单元一样呈线性重复。柏林Hansa〔汉莎项目中的Baldessari〔图13-7,以及由Fellheimer、Wagner和Vollmer为纽约市房产管理局〔NewYorkCityHousingAuthority设计完成的位于布鲁克林的AlbanyHouses〔奥尔巴尼住宅〔图13-8,都是这种类型的例子。FIGURE13-7Hansavierteltower,Berlin.LucianoBaldessari,1956.FIGURE13-8TheAlbanyHouses,NewYork.Fellheimer,Wagner,andVollmer,1950.PinwheelplanssuchastheCandilis,Josic,andWoodsprojectatBagnolssurCezeof1957<Figure13-9>trytomaximizethecornersituation.O.M.UngersemployedthisideawithaslightlydifferentvariationintheMarkischesviertelprojectinBerlinin1962<Figure13-10>.Herebedroomsareputintothecorners,whicharesolidexceptforsmallwindows;theleftovervoidisdesignatedaslivingspace.Essentially,itisacorner,pinwheelpartithatgenerates–whenusedincombination–adistinctivestaggeredsiteplan<Figure13-11>.ThiswasapopularideaatMarkischesviertel,andmanyarchitectsbesidesUngersusedit.像Candilis,Josic,和Woods于1957年在BagnolssurCeze的项目中的风车型平面〔图13-9,便尝试着把转角条件最大化。O.M.Unger运用这种设计思想再经过稍微的变化,在1962年完成了柏林的Markischesviertel项目〔图13-10。在这个项目中,卧室被安置在各个角,墙面开小窗；建筑剩余的空间便被设计成起居之类的使用空间。从本质上来说,正是转角、风车构图的混合运用生成了独特的错列式平面〔图13-11。这是Markischesviertel住宅中所流行的设计思想,并且除了Ungers之外,很多建筑师都会运用它。AlltheseprojectsareperhapsderivedfromvariousCandilis,Josic,andWoodsschemesforclusterhousinginthemid-fifties,wherepinwheelblocksortowershookupwitheachothertomakeakindofcontinuousbuilding<Figure13-12>.由于在五十年代中期,风车式块儿状建筑和塔式建筑相互搭接〔/交融而产生出一种连续性的建筑,因此所有这些类型的项目很可能都源自这个时期里Candilis,Josic,和Woods的集群住宅的设计方案<图13-12>。FIGURE13-9Apartmentblock,BagnolssurCeze,FIGURE13-10Markischesviertel,FIGURE13-11Markischesviertel,FIGURE13-12Housingblock,Closd’Orville,Nimes.Candilis,Josic,andwoods,1961.Stillotherstrategiestoincreaseperipheralsurfaceandmultiplycornersaretheslipped-slabschemessuchasthisbyA/SDominiainCopenhagen<Figure13-13>.LasdunintheBethnalGreentowers<Figure13-14>usesthesameidea,asdoesAaltowiththeHansablockinBerlin.另外,滑动错开型板式建筑方案是另一种增加外表面和多个角落的方法,例如A/SDominia在哥本哈根设计的塔楼〔图13-13。Lasdun在BethnalGreentowers〔贝思纳尔格林塔楼方案中使用了与Aalto在柏林Hansa街区项目中同样的方法〔图13-14。Figure13-13Tower,Copenhagen.A/SDominia,c.1960.Figure13-14BethnalGreentowers,London.DenysLasdun,1960.Someterracehousingprojectsutilizeamorecomplexversionof90°orcornerunit.TheZollikerbergprojectinZurichbyMartiandKast<Figure13-15>isanexampleofthis.Heretwo-storyL-shapedatriumunitsareplacedontopofoneantherandsteppedupaslope,witharetainingwallagainsttheslope.Sidewallsarepuncturedonlywithsmallwindows.Thereisapreferredconditiontowardthegarden,butthelivingroombecomesthedominantvoidatonecorner.一些阶梯式〔退台式住宅项目利用了更为复杂的带90°的或角落单元的方式,Marti和Kast在苏黎世的Zollikerberg项目就是这样的一个例子〔图13-15。在这里,两层的L形中庭单元被放置在花状平面里的其中一个"花蕊"的顶部并沿着一个斜坡叠加,斜坡通过挡土墙支撑加强。侧墙仅仅被开小窗户而削弱,这样有更好的条件去朝向花园,但起居室便会成为一个角落的主导空间。TheStuckyandMeuliunitsalsoinSwitzerland<Figure13-16>stepupaslope,againwiththewindowlessretainingwallagainsttheslopeandwithessentiallyclosedwallsonthetwosides.Allmajorroomsopentoacontinuousterrace,andthelivingroom,whichisthemainspace,openstotwosidesatthecorner.Theaboveexamplesarenot,strictlyspeaking,just90°unitsbecauseeachapartmenthasopeningstothreesideanddoesnotattachhorizontallytootherunits;however,thepositioningofthelivingroomasalargevolumeatthecorneremphasizesthecornercondition.Stucky〔斯塔基和Meuli〔穆利在瑞士设计的项目单元〔图13-16,再次利用没有窗的挡土墙支撑坡道并用完全封闭的实墙在两侧加强坡道。所有的主要房间开向连续的平台,而主要的起居室则开向一个角落的两边。严格意义上来说,上述例子不是仅仅90°的转角单元,因为每个单元的公寓向3面开放,而且在水平方向上没有和其他单元紧密地连在一起；然而,鉴于客厅在转角处是一个的很大的体量,它的位置强调了转角的地位。Figure13-15Zollikerbergterracehousing,Zurich.MartiandKast,1964.Figure13-16Terracehousing,Zug,Switzerland.StuckyandMeuli,c.1960.ThedrawingoftheAaltoterracehouseatKauttua<Figure13-17>showsthisconditionthree-dimensionallywithopeningstothreesides.Butthisonlysuitableonverynarrowsites,andamoretypicalconditionperhapswouldbeside-by-sideKauttuaswitheachunitmoreliterallyacornertype.DenysLasdun’sbeautifulapartmentblockatSt.JamesPlaceinLondonof1960<Figure13-18>isahigh-riseexampleofthesamecondition.Althoughitisatowerbackeduptoanexistingpartywallonthesideopenspaceontheotherthreesides,itisspatiallya90°type.Byuseofaningenioussplit-levelsection,Lasdunhasbeenabletofurtheraccentuatethecornerorientationofthelivingroom,whichisoneandone-halffloorshighandopenstoaparkonthepreferredsideofthebuilding.Aalto位于Kauttua的退台式住宅的草图以三维角度展示了这种向三面开敞的情况〔图13-17。但这种方法只适合在非常狭窄的位置上,而且在一个更典型情况下Kauttuas的联排式住宅可能比转角类型更实际。DenysLasdun在伦敦圣詹姆斯广场〔St.JamesPlace建于1960年的美丽的公寓楼是一个在相同环境下的高层的例子〔图13-18。虽然这是一个塔楼,后退到现存分户墙的一边,其他三边开敞,但这是一个十分重要的转角空间类型。通过利用一个巧妙的错层剖面设计,Lasdun已能够进一步强调起居室的转角方向,它是一个一层半高、面向建筑较好方位的公园开敞的客厅。Figure13-17Terracehousing,Kauttua,AlvarAalto,1938.Figure13-18Apartmenttower,St.JamesPlace,Unit14Section1IntensiveReadingModernHousingPrototypes\o""RogerSherwoodPart=5\*ROMANVDouble-OrientationUnit,Open-Ended双向开敞的单元Whilesingle-orientationunitsaresuitableforbuildingswithdouble-loadedcorridorsthatopentoeachsideandforhillsidehousingorsingle-loadedcorridorbuildi