大学英语之基础英语综合教程第一册unit 5 language work

HowtoBeTruetoYourselfMygrandparentsbelievedyouwereeitherhonestoryouweren’t.Therewasnoin-between.Theyhada1.simplemottohangingontheirliving-roomwall,“Lifeislikeafieldofnewlyfallensnow;whereIchoosetowalkeverystepwillshow.”Theydidn’thavetotalkaboutit—theydemonstratedthemottobythewaytheylived.2.Theyunderstoodinstinctivelythatintegritymeanshavingapersonalstandardofmoralityandethicsthatdoesnotsellouttoexpediencyandthatisnotrelativetothesituationathand.Integrityisaninnerstandardforjudgingyourbehavior.Unfortunately,integrityisinshortsupplytoday—andgettingscarcer.Butitistherealbottomlineineveryareaofsociety.Anditissomethingwemustdemandofourselves.3.AgoodtestforthisvalueistolookatwhatIcalltheIntegrityTriad,whichconsistsofthreekeyprinciples:4.Standfirmlyforyourconvictionsinthefaceofpersonalpressure.There’sastorytoldaboutasurgicalnurse’sfirstdayonthemedicalteamatawell-knownhospital.Shewasresponsibleforensuringthatallinstrumentsandmaterialswereaccountedforduringanabdominaloperation.Thenursesaidtothesurgeon,“You’veonlyremoved11sponges,andweused12.Weneedtofindthelastone.”5.6.7.“Iremovedthemall,”thedoctordeclared.“We’llclosenow.”“Youcan’tdothat,sir,”objectedtherookienurse,“Thinkofthepatient.”Smiling,thesurgeonliftedhisfootandshowedthenursethe12thsponge.“You’lldojustfineinthisoranyotherhospital,”hetoldher.8.9.Whenyouknowyouareright,youcan’tbackdown.Alwaysgiveotherscreditthatisrightfullytheirs.Don’tbeafraidofthosewhomighthaveabetterideaorwhomightevenbesmarterthanyouare.10.DavidOgilvy,founderoftheadvertisingfirmOgilvy&Mather,madethispointcleartohisnewly-appointedofficeheadsbysendingeachaRussiannestingdollwithfiveprogressivelysmallerfiguresinside.11.Hismessagewascontainedinthesmallestdoll,“Ifeachofushirespeoplewhoaresmallerthanweare,weshallbecomeacompanyofdwarfs.Butifeachofushirespeoplewhoarebiggerthanweare,Ogilvy&Matherwillbecomeacompanyofgiants.”Andthatispreciselywhatthecompanybecame—oneofthelargestandmostrespectedadvertisingorganizationsintheworld.12.Behonestandopenaboutwhatyoureallyare.Peoplewholackgenuinecorevaluesrelyonexternalfactors—theirlooksorstatus—inordertofeelgoodaboutthemselves.Inevitablytheywilldoeverythingtheycantopreservethisfaçade,buttheywilldoverylittletodeveloptheirinnervalueandpersonalgrowth.13.Sobeyourself.Don’tengageinapersonalcover-upofareasthatareunpleasinginyourlife.Whenit’stough,doittough.Inotherwords,facerealityandbeadultinourresponsestolife’schallenges.14.Self-respectandaclearconsciencearepowerfulcomponentsofintegrityandarethebasisforenrichingyourrelationshipswithothers.15.Integritymeansyoudowhatyoudobecauseit’srightandnotjustfashionableorpoliticallycorrect.Alifeofprinciple,ofnotsuccumbingtotheseductivesirensofaneasymorality,willalwayswintheday.Itwilltakeyouforwardintothe21stcenturywithouthavingtocheckyourtracksinarearviewmirror.Mygrandparentstaughtmethat.Paragraphs1-2WordsandExpressions1.demonstratevt.1)show;makecleare.g.Thesefiguresclearlydemonstratethesizeoftheeconomicproblemfacingthecountry.Researchhasdemonstratedthatbabiescanrecognizetheirmother’svoiceverysoonafterbirth.2)makeapublicexpressionthatyouarenotsatisfiedaboutsomething,especiallybymarchingorhavingameetinge.g.Thousandsofpeoplegatheredtodemonstrateagainstthenewproposals.成千上万的人一起游行示威反对新提议。Derivations:demonstration:n.demonstrative:adj.Synonyms:show,exhibit,displayTranslation:Galileodemonstratedthatobjectsofdifferentweightsfallatthesamespeed.伽利略证明，不同重量的物体下落时速度相同。Pleasedemonstratehowthemachineworks.请示范机器的使用方法。2.integrity:n.1)thequalityofbeinghonestandhavingstrongmoralprinciplesthatyourefusetochangee.g.Noonedoubtedthatthepresidentwasamanofthehighestintegrity.Youcantrusthim;heisamanofcompleteintegrity.你可以相信他，他是一个刚正不阿的人。2)thequalityofbeingwholeandcompletee.g.Ourintegrityasanationisthreatenedbytheseseparatistforces.我们国家的完整受到了这些分裂主义势力的威胁。Synonyms:honesty,unity,wholenessCollocations:inone’sintegrity完整，原封未动3.morality:n.apersonalorsocialsetofstandardsforgoodorbadbehaviorandcharacter,orthequalityofbeingright,honestoracceptablee.g.Theyarediscussingthemoralityofcloning.他们正在讨论克隆的道德性。Hiswaysofmakingmoneyarecertainlysuccessful,butIdoubttheirmorality.Synonym:ethicsAntonym:immoralityDerivation:moraladj.Comparison:morality,ethicsmorality:therightnessorpurenessofbehaviorethics:Itreferstothestudyofwhatismorallyright,whatisnotandthequestionsconcerned.e.g.Iamunconcernedwithquestionsofreligionormorality.我对宗教问题或者道德问题不感兴趣。Whetheracountryshouldhavenuclearweaponsornotshouldbeaquestionofethics,notofpolitics.一个国家是否该拥有核武器应该是个道德问题，而非政治问题。Ethicsisabranchofphilosophy.伦理学是哲学的分科。4.expediency:n.whensomethingishelpfulorusefulinaparticularsituation,butsometimesnotmorallyacceptablee.g.Hisbehaviourseemstobegovernedsolelybyexpediency.Allhisactionsaregovernedbyexpediency.他所有的行动都是一种权宜之计。Synonym:expedienceDerivation:expedientadj.5.athand:nearintimeorplacee.g.Healwayskeptthepictureofhisgirlfriend'scloseathand.他总是把女朋友的相片放在身边。Yourbigmomentisathand.你的重大时刻即将到来。6.scarce:adj.noteasytofindorgete.g.Foodwasscarcethroughoutthewar.在战争期间食物匮乏。HotelaccommodationwasscarceduringtheOlympicGames.奥运会期间，旅馆房间很难找。Foodandcleanwaterwerebecomingscarce.Synonym:deficientDerivation:scarcityn.7.thebottomline:themostimportantfactinasituatione.g.Thebottomlineisthatweneedanothertenthousanddollarstocompletetheproject.Ifyoudon’tmakeaprofit,yougooutofbusiness:that'sthebottomline.不盈利，就停业：根本问题就在这里。Sentences:1.Mygrandparentsbelievedyouwereeitherhonestoryouweren’t.Therewasnoin-between.(Paragraph1)Translation:我的祖父母坚信人要么是诚实的要么是不诚实的，不存在中间的品质。2.Theyhadasimplemottohangingontheirliving-roomwall,“Lifeislikeafieldofnewlyfallensnow;whereIchoosetowalkeverystepwillshow.”(Paragraph1)Translation:他们起居室的墙上挂着一条简短的箴言。箴言写道：“生活就像一块刚刚下过雪的土地；我选择从哪里走过，哪里就会留下清晰的足迹。”3.Theyunderstoodinstinctivelythatintegritymeanshavingapersonalstandardofmoralityandethicsthatdoesnotsellouttoexpediencyandthatisnotrelativetothesituationathand.(Paragraph2)Explanation:Integritymeansthatoneshouldhaveapersonalstandardforjudgingwhatismorallyrightandwrong.Hedoeswhathethinksheshoulddo,notwhathethinkswillhelphimandhisjudgmentisnotaffectedbyanyexternalcircumstances.Translation:出于直觉，他们领悟到“正直”意味着拥有自己的道德和伦理标准，不会出于权宜而牺牲这一标准，也不会将它与眼下的形式联系起来。4.Butitistherealbottomlineineveryareaofsociety.(Paragraph2)Paraphrase:Butitisthemostimportantconsiderationineverysocialactivityand,therefore,youmustacceptit,eventhoughyoumaynotlikeit.Translation:但是，这是社会任何领域中真实的底线。Paragraphs3-8WordsandExpressions8.consistof:bemadeoforformedfromsomethinge.g.Aweekconsistsofsevendays.Mostpeoplearefamiliarwiththeideathatallmatterconsistofatoms.大多数人熟悉一切物质都由原子组成这一概念。TheteamconsistsoffourEuropeansandtwoAmericans.It’sasimpledishtoprepare,consistingmainlyofriceandvegetables.Collocation:consistin:havesomethingasamainandnecessarypartorqualitye.g.Happinessconsistsintryingtodoone'sduty,notinamassingwealth.快乐的源泉在于尽义务，而不在于积聚财富。Thevalueofthisteachingmethodconsistsintheinterestitstimulatesinthestudents.这种教学法的优点是在于能引起学生的兴趣。Synonym:becomposeofe.g.Wateriscomposedofhydrogenandoxygen.9.principle:n.1)abasicideaorrulethatexplainsorcontrolshowsomethinghappensorworkse.g.Thesystemworksontheprinciplethatheatrises.该项装置是按照热力上升的原理运转的。Theorganizationworksontheprinciplethatallmembershavethesamerights.2)moralruleorstandardofgoodbehaviore.g.Weadheretotheprinciplethateveryoneshouldbetreatedfairly.我们必须坚持平等待人这一原则。Shedoesn’thaveanyprinciples.Hewasamanofprinciple.Anyway,Ican’tdeceivehim—it'sagainstallmyprinciples.Inevergamble,asamatterofprinciple(=becauseIbelieveitiswrong).Collocation:inprinciple:Ifyouagreewithorbelievesomethinginprinciple,youagreewiththeidea.e.g.Theyhaveagreedtotheproposalinprinciplebutwestillhavetonegotiatetheterms.他们基本上同意了那项提议，但我们仍须商定具体条款。InprincipleIagreewiththeidea,butinpracticeit'snotalwayspossible.Theyhaveapprovedthechangesinprinciple.Synonyms:rule,law10.conviction:n.1)averyfirmbeliefe.g.Ihavetheconvictionthatheisright.我深信他是对的。IspeakinthefullconvictionthatIwillwin.我深信我会赢。2)whensomeoneisofficiallyfoundtobeguiltyofaparticularcrimee.g.Theyhavenopreviousconvictions.他们没有前科。Derivations:convincevt.convincingadj.11.beresponsiblefor:havecontrolandauthorityoversomethingorsomeoneandthedutyoftaking;careofitortheme.g.Who’sresponsiblefortheterriblemess?谁应该对这种混乱负责？Theteacherishighlyresponsibleforherwork.12.ensurevt.makesomethingcertaintohappene.g.Wemustensurethepurityofdrinkingwater.我们必须确保饮用水的纯净。Ifyouwanttoensurethatyoucatchtheplane,takeataxi.如果你要想确保能赶上那班飞机，就坐出租车去吧。Theairlineistakingstepstoensuresafetyonitsaircraft.Theroleofthepoliceistoensure(that)thelawisobeyed.Synonyms:guarantee,assure,secure13.accountfor:givereasonsfororbethereasonorexplanationfore.g.He'llhavetoaccountforwhereeverycentgoes.他得说明每一分钱是怎么花掉的。Hehasbeenaskedtoaccountforhisconduct.他被要求解释他的行为。Hecouldnotaccountforhisabsencefromschool.他无法说明他旷课的原因。14.object1)n.athingthatyoucanseeortouchbutthatisnotusuallyalivinganimal,plantorpersone.g.Variousobjectswereonthetable.桌子上摆着各种各样的东西。2)vi.feelorexpressoppositiontoordislikeofsomethingorsomeonee.g.Wouldanyoneobjectifwestartedthemeetingnow?Heobjectstothelabel"magician"whichheisoftengiven.Nooneobjectedwhenthebosssaiditwastimetogohome.Synonyms:oppose,disagree,resist,protestAntonym:agree15.backdown:admitthatyouwerewrongorthatyouhavebeendefeatede.g.Afterbeingshownconclusiveevidence,theothersidehadtobackdown.在出示确凿的证据之后，对方不得不作出让步。Afterseveralhours’negotiations,theyfinallybackeddownontheirunreasonabledemands.经过几个小时的谈判后，他们终于放弃了不合理的要求。Sentences:1.AgoodtestforthisvalueistolookatwhatIcalltheIntegrityTriad.(Paragraph3)Explanation:Inthissentence,theclausewhatIcallIntegrityTriadiscalleda“nominalrelativeclause,”andthepronounwhatisusedlikeanounandarelativepronountogether,equivalentinmeaningtothethingwhich.Nominalrelativeclausescanbeintroducedbywhat,whatever,whoever,whichever,where,wherever,when,andwhenever.Theycanfollowprepositions,andtheprepositionscannotbeleftout.I’llvoteforwhoeverpromisestoreducetaxes.IoftenthinkaboutwhenIwasyoung.Inmydream,Ihadveryvividpictureofwhereweusedtolive.Translation:对于这一价值很好检验，就是看一看我所说的“诚信三原则”。2.You’lldojustfine.(Paragraph7)Explanation:Theword“fine”isusedasanadverb,meaningwell,insomeconversationalexpressions.Thatsuitsmefine.Thatmachineworksfineifyouoilit.Paragraphs9-11WordsandExpressions16.credit:n.1)approvalorpraisethatyougivetosomeoneforsomethingtheyhavedonee.g.Samneveronceacceptedallthecreditforhimself.Collocation:give(sb.)credit(forsth.)e.g.Youcouldatleastgivehimsomecreditforalltheefforthe’sputin.2)asystemofbuyinggoodsorservicesandpayingforthemlatere.g.Ifyoucan’taffordtopaycash,buythefurnitureoncredit.Comparison:credit,credibilitycredibility:n.thequalityofdeservingtobebelievedandtrustede.g.Thelatestscandalhasdamagedhiscredibilityasaleader.Derivations:creditv.creditableadj.deservingpraiseorapproval17.rightfully:adv.inaccordancewithwhatislegallyandmorallycorrecte.g.Thelandsarerightfullyyours;shealwaysintendedyoutohaveit.Derivations:rightfuladj.rightfulnessn.Comparison:rightful,rightrightfuladj.accordingtowhatislegallyandmorallycorrectrightadj.basedontruefacts,correctPractice:1)Everyeffortwasmadetoreturnthepursetoits_______owner.(rightful)2)Thisdiagramisnot_______!(right)18.appoint:v.1)choosesomeoneforapositionorajobe.g.Theyappointedanewteacherattheschool.2)arrangeordecideatimeorplaceforsomethingtohappene.g.ThecommitteeappointedadayinJulyforcelebration.Comparison:hirev.employsomeoneappointv.(moreformal)Derivations:appointeen.someonewhoischosenforapositionorajobappointmentn.Translation:他被任命为秘书。Hewasappointedsecretary.Wemustappointadaytomeetagain.我们要约好下次会面的日期。19.progressively:adv.stepbystep;bystages;movingaheadordevelopingcontinuouslye.g.Theeconomyinthatcountrywasprogressivelygettingbetter.Comparison:progressively,graduallygraduallyadv.inawaythathappensordevelopsslowlyoveralongperiodoftimee.g.Therockgraduallywearsawayduetotheactionofthewater.Derivations:progressivegressivenessn.Sentences:7.DavidOgilvy,founderoftheadvertisingfirmOgilvy&Mather,madethispointcleartohisnewlyappointedofficeheadsbysendingeachaRussiannestingdollwithfiveprogressivelysmallerfiguresinside.(Paragraph10)Explanation:Russiannestingdollisasetofdollsthataresimilarindesignbutdifferentinsizeandhavebeenmadeforeachtofitinsideanotherthatisonesizelarger.Translation:广告业巨头奥格威&马瑟公司的创始人大卫•奥格威很明确地把这一观点传达给那些刚刚走马上任的管理干部，他送给他们每个人一组内含5个尺寸递减的俄罗斯套娃，以警示他们切勿妒才忌能。8.Hismessagewascontainedinthesmallestdoll,“Ifeachofushirespeoplewhoaresmallerthanweare,weshallbecomeacompanyofdwarfs.Butifeachofushirespeoplewhoarebiggerthanweare,Ogilvy&Matherwillbecomeacompanyofgiants.”(Paragraph11)Translation:他要传递的信息包含在最小的那枚套娃里：“如果我们每个人雇用的都是比我们自身弱小的人，那么我们会成为一群矮子。相反，如果我们雇用的都是比我们自身强大的人，那么奥格威&马瑟公司会成为一个巨人的团体。”Paragraphs12-14WordsandExpressions20.core:n.themostimportantorcentralpartofsomethinge.g.Theclubwasbeginningtodevelopacoreofyoungpeoplewhowereveryactiveinthecommunity.Collocations:corevalues/beliefs/concerns:thevalues,etc.thataremostimportanttosomeoneComparison:core,centrecore:themostimportantorcentralpartofsomethingcentre:n.aplacewheremostoftheimportantthingshappenthatareconnectedwithaparticularbusinessoractivitye.g.It’snotexactlyaculturalcenterlikeParis.21.external:adj.connectedwiththeoutsideofasurfaceorbodye.g.Theexternalwallswereinneedofrepair.Antonym:internalDerivations:externals:n.theouterappearanceofasituationexternalize:v.expressinnerfeelingsexternalization:n.22.inevitably:adv.aswascertaintohappenandcouldnotbepreventede.g.Hewas,inevitably,upsetbyherdeparture,butsoonhegotoverit.Synonym:unavoidablyDerivations:inevitable:adj.inevitability:n.23.preserve:v.makesomethingcontinuewithoutchangingorbeingharmede.g.Ithinkthesetraditionalcustomsshouldbepreserved.Synonyms:keep,maintain,retainDerivation:preservable:adj.Translation:Wemustpreserveournaturalresources.我们必须保护自然资源。24.tough:adj.1)difficulttodoordealwithandneedingalotofeffortanddeterminatione.g.Lifeasasinglemothercanbetoughanddepressing.2)strong,abletolivethroughdifficultorsevereconditionse.g.Onlytoughbreedsofsheepcanliveinthemountains.Synonym:rough:adj.havingalotofproblems,difficulties;uncomfortable,withdifficultconditionsDerivation:toughness:n.25.conscience:n.aninnersensethattellsyouwhetherwhatyouaredoingismorallyrightorwronge.g.Beguidedbyyourconscience.Collocation:haveaguilty/badconscience(aboutsth.):feelguiltybecauseyouhavedonesomethingwronge.g.Ihaveaguiltyconscienceaboutnottellingherthetruth.havenoconscience(aboutsth.):notfeelguiltyaboutsomethinge.g.Theyhavenoconscienceatallaboutcheating.Comparison:conscience,consciousconscious:adj.noticingorrealizingsomething;awarePractice:1)Iwasvery_________ofthefactthatIhadtomakeagoodimpression.(conscious)2)Afterhehadcommittedthecrime,his_________wastroubled.(conscience)Sentence:9.Peoplewholackgenuinecorevaluesrelyonexternalfactors.(Paragraph12)Explanation:Peoplewhodonothaverealandfundamentalmoralprinciplerelyontheirlooksorstatus.Lack:Compare“lack”and“beshortof”:Bothcanmean“nottohaveenoughofsomething”.But“lack”(orcommonly“belackingin”)isusedespeciallywithabstractnouns.Theteachersaidthatthechildlacked/waslacking/inconfidence.Sheseemstolack/belackinginthewilltosucceed.“Beshortof”:Itismorecommonthan“lack”whentalkingaboutobjectsandmaterials.I’mshortofmoneythisweek;canyoulendmesome?Theywereshortofwaterbecauseoftheseriousdrought.Paragraph15WordsandExpressi