新编简明英语语言学教程-第二版-戴炜栋9-Language-and-Culture课件

Chapter9Languageandculture

1Chapter9LanguageandcultureWhatisculture?

Inabroadsense,culturemeansthetotalwayoflifeofapeople,includingthepatternsofbelief,customs,institutions,techniques,languageandetc.thatcharacterizesthelifeofthehumancommunity.Inanarrowsense,culturemayrefertolocalorspecificpractice,beliefsorcustoms,whichcanbemostlyfoundinfolkculture,enterprisecultureorfoodculture,etc.Therearegenerallytwotypesofculture:materialandspiritual.2Whatisculture?InabroadseTherelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureThesamewordmaystirupdifferentassociationsinpeopleunderdifferentculturalbackground,e.g.theword“dog”.2.Languageexpressesculturalreality,reflectsthepeople’sattitudes,beliefs,worldoutlooks,etc.3.Theculturebothemancipates(解放；解脱)andconstrainspeoplesocially,historicallyandmetaphorically.3Therelationshipbetweenlangu4.Culturealsoaffectsitspeople’simaginationorcommondreamswhicharemediatedthroughthelanguageandreflectedintheirlife.

5.Ontheonehand,asanintegralpartofhumanbeing,languagepermeates(渗透)inhisthinkingandwayofviewingtheworld,andlanguagebothexpressesandembodiesculturalreality;ontheother,language,asaproductofculture,helpsperpetuatetheculture,andthechangesinlanguageusesreflecttheculturalchangesinreturn.44.CulturealsoaffectsitspeSapir-Whorfhypothesis

EdwardSapirandBenjaminWhorf,proclaimedthatthestructureofthelanguagepeoplehabituallyuseinfluencesthewaystheythinkandbehave,i.e.differentlanguagesofferpeopledifferentwaysofexpressingtheworldaround,theythinkandspeakdifferently,thisisalsoknownaslinguisticrelativity.SapirandWhorfbelievethatlanguagefilterspeople’sperceptionandthewaytheycategorizeexperiences.ThisinterdependenceoflanguageandthoughtisnowknownasSapir-WhorfHypothesis.5Sapir-WhorfhypothesisEdwardTwoInterpretationsaboutSWH

Strongversionbelievesthatthelanguagepatternsdeterminepeople’sthinkingandbehavior;Weakversionholdsthattheformerinfluencethelatter.----ThestudyofthelinguisticrelativityorSWHhasshedtwoimportantinsights(领悟)

:Thereisnowadaysarecognitionthatlanguage,ascode,reflectsculturalpreoccupations(偏见，成见)

andconstrainsthewaypeoplethink.MorethaninWhorf’sdays,however,werecognizehowimportantcontextisincomplementingthemeaningsencodedinthelanguage.6TwoInterpretationsaboutSWHLinguisticevidenceofculturaldifferences

Denotativemeaning(指示的，外延的，表示的)----ameaningthatcanbefoundinadictionary.Connotativemeaning(内涵的)----ameaningorideasuggestedbyawordorthinginadditiontotheformalmeaningornatureofthewordorthing.Iconic（图象的）meaning----theimageoriconinvoked（援引）inmindbyaword.Forexample,“dog”.7LinguisticevidenceofculturaSomeculturaldifferencesinlanguageuseGreetingsandtermsofaddressThanksandcomplimentsColorwordsPrivacyandtaboos*EuphemismRoundingoffnumbers（四舍五入）Wordsandcultural-specificconnotationsCultural-relatedidioms,proverbsandmetaphorP134-1358Someculturaldifferencesinl

Euphemism(委婉)

Itistosubstituteagreeableorinoffensiveexpressionsforthosethatmayoffendorsuggestsomethingunpleasantinordertoshowpoliteness.Itconveysthewriter’sattitude.Therearetraditionalandcontextualeuphemisme.g.Iunderstandifyoucan’tstaymarriedtome.---Ifyouwanttodivorceme,I’llunderstand---youhaveeveryreasontodoso.(B1L2GoingHome)Hehad…donehisbusinesslikeadogattheroadside…(B3L10DiogenesandAlexander)9Euphemism(委婉)9todie---topassaway;todepart;togotosleep;togotoheaventoilet---bathroom,restroom,togotothetoilet---topowderone’snose“…InprivateIshouldmerelycallhimaliar.InthePressyoushouldusethewords‘recklessdisregardfortruth’andinParliament----thatyouregrethe‘shouldhavebeensomisinformed’…”*SimilarChinesefigure:婉曲e.g.尤氏道：“我也暗暗地叫人预备了。----就是那件东西，不得好木头，且慢慢地办着罢。”

10todie---topassaway;todeThesignificanceofculturalteachingandlearning

Learningaforeignlanguageisinseparablefromlearningitsculture.Weneedtolearnenoughaboutthelanguage’sculturesothatwecancommunicateinthetargetlanguageproperlytoachievenotonlythelinguisticcompetencebutalsothepragmaticorcommunicativecompetenceaswell.11ThesignificanceofculturaltCulturaloverlap

Culturaloverlapreferstotheidenticalpartofculturebetweentwosocietiesowingtosomesimilaritiesinthenaturalenvironmentandpsychologyofhumanbeings.

Forexample,thesuperiortendstorefertohimselforherselfbymeansofkinshipterms,suchas“Havedaddy/mummy/teachertoldyouthat?”12CulturaloverlapCulturaloveCulturaldiffusion（扩散）Throughcommunication,someelementsofcultureAentercultureBandbecomepartofcultureB,thisphenomenonisknownasculturaldiffusion.Onetypicalexampleofculturaldiffusionistheappearanceofloanwords.Thepracticeofobservingholidaysofforeignoriginsandacceptingconceptsfromothercultures.Theattitudetowardsculturaldiffusion(esp.culturalimperialismowingtolinguisticimperialism)13Culturaldiffusion（扩散）ThroughInterculturalcommunication

Interculturalorcross-culturalcommunicationiscommunicationbetweenpeoplefromdifferentcultures(theirculturalperceptionsandsymbolssystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.)Incross-culturalcommunication,weneedtopayspecialattentiontothesignificantdifferencesregardingsocialrelationsandconceptofuniversefromdifferentperspectivessuchaslanguage,food,dress,attitudetowardstime,workhabits,socialbehaviorandreligiousbeliefthatcancausefrustrationsincommunicationsandcontacts.14InterculturalcommunicationInChapter9Languageandculture

15Chapter9LanguageandcultureWhatisculture?

Inabroadsense,culturemeansthetotalwayoflifeofapeople,includingthepatternsofbelief,customs,institutions,techniques,languageandetc.thatcharacterizesthelifeofthehumancommunity.Inanarrowsense,culturemayrefertolocalorspecificpractice,beliefsorcustoms,whichcanbemostlyfoundinfolkculture,enterprisecultureorfoodculture,etc.Therearegenerallytwotypesofculture:materialandspiritual.16Whatisculture?InabroadseTherelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureThesamewordmaystirupdifferentassociationsinpeopleunderdifferentculturalbackground,e.g.theword“dog”.2.Languageexpressesculturalreality,reflectsthepeople’sattitudes,beliefs,worldoutlooks,etc.3.Theculturebothemancipates(解放；解脱)andconstrainspeoplesocially,historicallyandmetaphorically.17Therelationshipbetweenlangu4.Culturealsoaffectsitspeople’simaginationorcommondreamswhicharemediatedthroughthelanguageandreflectedintheirlife.

5.Ontheonehand,asanintegralpartofhumanbeing,languagepermeates(渗透)inhisthinkingandwayofviewingtheworld,andlanguagebothexpressesandembodiesculturalreality;ontheother,language,asaproductofculture,helpsperpetuatetheculture,andthechangesinlanguageusesreflecttheculturalchangesinreturn.184.CulturealsoaffectsitspeSapir-Whorfhypothesis

EdwardSapirandBenjaminWhorf,proclaimedthatthestructureofthelanguagepeoplehabituallyuseinfluencesthewaystheythinkandbehave,i.e.differentlanguagesofferpeopledifferentwaysofexpressingtheworldaround,theythinkandspeakdifferently,thisisalsoknownaslinguisticrelativity.SapirandWhorfbelievethatlanguagefilterspeople’sperceptionandthewaytheycategorizeexperiences.ThisinterdependenceoflanguageandthoughtisnowknownasSapir-WhorfHypothesis.19Sapir-WhorfhypothesisEdwardTwoInterpretationsaboutSWH

Strongversionbelievesthatthelanguagepatternsdeterminepeople’sthinkingandbehavior;Weakversionholdsthattheformerinfluencethelatter.----ThestudyofthelinguisticrelativityorSWHhasshedtwoimportantinsights(领悟)

:Thereisnowadaysarecognitionthatlanguage,ascode,reflectsculturalpreoccupations(偏见，成见)

andconstrainsthewaypeoplethink.MorethaninWhorf’sdays,however,werecognizehowimportantcontextisincomplementingthemeaningsencodedinthelanguage.20TwoInterpretationsaboutSWHLinguisticevidenceofculturaldifferences

Denotativemeaning(指示的，外延的，表示的)----ameaningthatcanbefoundinadictionary.Connotativemeaning(内涵的)----ameaningorideasuggestedbyawordorthinginadditiontotheformalmeaningornatureofthewordorthing.Iconic（图象的）meaning----theimageoriconinvoked（援引）inmindbyaword.Forexample,“dog”.21LinguisticevidenceofculturaSomeculturaldifferencesinlanguageuseGreetingsandtermsofaddressThanksandcomplimentsColorwordsPrivacyandtaboos*EuphemismRoundingoffnumbers（四舍五入）Wordsandcultural-specificconnotationsCultural-relatedidioms,proverbsandmetaphorP134-13522Someculturaldifferencesinl

Euphemism(委婉)

Itistosubstituteagreeableorinoffensiveexpressionsforthosethatmayoffendorsuggestsomethingunpleasantinordertoshowpoliteness.Itconveysthewriter’sattitude.Therearetraditionalandcontextualeuphemisme.g.Iunderstandifyoucan’tstaymarriedtome.---Ifyouwanttodivorceme,I’llunderstand---youhaveeveryreasontodoso.(B1L2GoingHome)Hehad…donehisbusinesslikeadogattheroadside…(B3L10DiogenesandAlexander)23Euphemism(委婉)9todie---topassaway;todepart;togotosleep;togotoheaventoilet---bathroom,restroom,togotothetoilet---topowderone’snose“…InprivateIshouldmerelycallhimaliar.InthePressyoushouldusethewords‘recklessdisregardfortruth’andinParliament----thatyouregrethe‘shouldhavebeensomisinformed’…”*SimilarChinesefigure:婉曲e.g.尤氏道：“我也暗暗地叫人预备了。----就是那件东西，不得好木头，且慢慢地办着罢。”

24todie---topassaway;todeThesignificanceofculturalteachingandlearning

Learningaforeignlanguageisinseparablefromlearningitsculture.Weneedtolearnenoughaboutthelanguage’sculturesothatwecancommunicateinthetargetlanguageproperlytoachievenotonlythelinguisticcompetencebutalsothepragmaticorcommunicativecompetenceaswell.25ThesignificanceofculturaltCulturaloverlap

Culturaloverlapreferstotheidenticalpartofculturebetweentwosocietiesowingtosomesimilaritiesinthenaturalenvironmentandpsychologyofhumanbeings.

Forexample,thesuperiortendst