考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析-1997年part3

考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--1997年part3PartThreeTechnically,anysubstanceotherthanfoodthataltersourbodilyormentalfunctioningisadrug.Manypeoplemistakenlybelievethetermdrugrefersonlytosomesortofmedicineoranillegalchemicaltakenbydrugaddicts.Theydon'trealizethatfamiliarsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccoarealsodrugs.Thisiswhythemoreneutraltermsubstanceisnowusedbymanyphysiciansandpsychologists.Thephrase"substanceabuse"isoftenusedinsteadof"drugabuse"tomakeclearthatsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccocanbejustasharmfullymisusedasheroinandcocaine.Weliveasocietyinwhichthemedicinalandsocialuseofsubstances(drugs)ispervasive:anaspirintoquietaheadache,somewinetobesociable,coffeetogetgoinginthemorning,acigaretteforthenerves.Whendothesesociallyacceptableandapparentlyconstructiveusesofasubstancebecomemisuses?Firstofall,mostsubstancestakeninexcesswillproducenegativeeffectssuchaspoisoningorintenseperceptualdistortions.Repeateduseofasubstancecanalsoleadtophysicaladdictionorsubstancedependence.Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreasedtolerance,withmoreandmoreofthesubstancerequiredtoproducethedesiredeffect,andthenbytheappearanceofunpleasantwithdrawalsymptomswhenthesubstanceisdiscontinued.Drugs(substances)thataffectthecentralnervoussystemandalterperception,mood,andbehaviorareknownaspsychoactivesubstances.Psychoactivesubstancesarecommonlygroupedaccordingtowhethertheyarestimulants,depressants,orhallucinogens.Stimulantsinitiallyspeeduporactivatethecentralnervoussystem,whereasdepressantsslowitdown.Hallucinogenshavetheirprimaryeffectonperception,distortingandalteringitinavarietyofwaysincludingproducinghallucinations.Thesearethesubstancesofteicalledpsychedelic(fromtheGreekwordmeaning""mindmanifesting"")becausetheyseemedtoradicallyalterone'sstateofconsciousness.""Substanceabuse"(Line5,Paragraph1)ispreferableto""drugabuse"inthatsubstancescanalterourbodilyormentalfunctioningifillegallyused""drugabuse"isonlyrelatedtoalimitednumberofdrugtakersalcoholandtobaccoareasfatalasheroinandcocainemanysubstancesotherthanheroinorcocainecanalsobepoisonousTheword""pervasive"(Line1,Paragraph2)mightmean.widespreadB)overwhelmingC)piercingD)fashionablePhysicaldependenceoncertainsubstancesresultsfrom.uncontrolledconsumptionofthemoverlongperiodsoftimeexclusiveuseofthemforsocialpurposesquantitativeapplicationofthemtothetreatmentofdiseasescarelessemploymentofthemforunpleasantsymptomsFromthelastparagraphwecaninferthat.A)stimulantsfunctionpositivelyonthemindB）hallucinogensareinthemselvesharmfultohealthC）depressantsaretheworsttypeofpsychoactivesubstancesD）thethreetypesofpsychoactivesubstancesarecommonlyusedingroupsUnit4（1997）Part3重点词汇：substance（物质；实质；财产）~sub在下面+st（=stand）+ance名词后缀。addict（使成瘾；成瘾者）即ad+dict,ad-加强前缀，dict词根"说"，"欲罢不能地说某事"f成瘾。名词形式为addiction（成瘾）~ad+dict+ion。Everyformofaddictionisbad,nomatterwhetherthenarcoticbealcoholormorphineoridealisn任何形式的瘾都是不好的，无论上瘾的是酒精、吗啡还是唯心主义。psychologist（心理学家）jpsycholog（y）+ist,psychology心理学，-ist后缀表"人"。cocaine（可卡因）即coca+ine,coca古柯（一种药用植物），-ine医药化学名词后缀"生物碱"，故cocaine也译作"古柯碱"。pervasive（普遍的）是pervade（v.遍及）的形容词形式，pervade即per+vade,per-（二through），vade词根"走"（约等于wade，因v与w形近可替换），"到处都走遍的"f遍及的。同根词：invadefin+vadef"未经允许走进来"f入侵；形容词形式为invasive（侵略的）sociable（社交的）~soci社会+able形容词后缀。negative（否定的，消极的）~neg否定前缀+ative形容词后缀；Eternityisanegativeideaclothedwithapositivename.永恒是一个冠以肯定名称的否定概念。poisoning（n.中毒；毒害）~poison+ing,poison（v.n.毒害n.毒药）,-ing后缀;poisonous（有毒的）jpoison+ous形容词后缀。distortion（扭曲；曲解）即dis+tort+ion,dis-"分离”,tort词根"扭曲"，-ion名词后缀，"使扭曲以离开原来状态"f曲解；动词为distort~dis+tort。同根词：torture（v.n.拷问；折磨）~tort+ure后缀，"使身体扭曲的一种行为"。tolerance（宽容）~toler+ance；symptom（症状）可看作sym+ptom,sym-共同，ptom谐音"怕疼"，共同（sym）的症状（symptom）是怕疼（ptom）。psychoactive（药物等对心理起作用的）即psycho+active,psycho词根"心理"，active"起作用的"。stimulant（刺激物；兴奋剂）~stimul刺激+ant物；源自stimulate（刺激；激励）〜stimul+ate动词后缀。depressant?（抑制剂；镇静剂）~depress+ant物。psychedelic（致幻的；致幻剂）看作psyche+del+ic，psyche=psycho精神（e与o都可视为连接字母），del即DOC命令〃删除〃，-ic后缀，〃能把精神删除的〃一致幻的一致幻剂。难句解析：①Thephrase"substanceabuse"isoftenusedinsteadof"drugabuse"tomakeclearthatsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccocanbejustasharmfullymisusedasheroinandcocaine.句子的主干是句子的前半部分Thephrase"substanceabuse"isoftenused...tomakeclear...，tomakeclearthat...是动词不定式作状语，表示目的。that后面接的是宾语从句作动词makeclear的宾语。注意make+sht.+adj.：makesth.clear，这里因为sth.是--个that引导的从句，所以放在了形容词clear的后面。另外注意as...as的用法。②Weliveinasocietyinwhichthemedicinalandsocialuseofsubstance（sdrugs）ispervasive:anaspirintoquietaheadache,somewinetobesociable,coffeetogetgoinginthemorning,acigaretteforthenerves.句子的主干就是Weliveinasociety...,后面which引导定语从句inwhichthemedicinalandsocialuseofsubstances（drugs）ispervasive，修饰society。冒号后面的部分是并列关系的名词词组，用来举例说明前面提出的观点，开始可以略去不看。注意冒号后面列举的前三个名词词组中的动词不定式都相当于定语成分，修饰前面的中心名词，表示其功效。©Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreasedtolerance,withmoreandmoreofthesubstancerequiredtoproducethedesiredeffect,andthenbytheappearanceofunpleasantwithdrawalsymptomswhenthesubstanceisdiscontinued.句子的主干结构是Dependenceismarkedfirstby...,andthenby...,其逗号隔开的成分是with+n.+过去分词：withmoreandmoreofthesubstancerequiredtoproducethedesiredeffect作状语，用来进一步解释药物依赖的第一种表现。whenthesubstanceisdiscontinued是表示时间的状语从句。注意and连接两个by开始的介词词组是并列关系，这样就能抓住句子的主干了。另外注意名词在这里的特殊意义：dependence指"对药物的依赖"，withdrawal的意思是"停止用药"。④Psychoactivesubstances