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流流行病InfectiousDiseasesareInfectiousDiseasesareaofinfectiousdiseases,causedvariouspathogens.Itcans,animals,asaspeopleand体引起的,能在人与人、动物与动物以及人与动物之间相互 有些传染病还有季节性CharacteristicsofInfectiousInfectiousnessandImmunityafterSomeofthemmaybeseasonalorendemic.传染病流行病EpidemiologyofInfectious哈尔滨医学流行病学教研Departmentofepidemiology,HarbinMedical传染病流行病研究传染病传染病流行病研究传染病在人群中的发生、流行过程和规律,探讨影响传染病流行的因素,制定预防和控制传染病流行的策略与措Studytheoccurrenceofinfectiousdiseasesinpopulation,thetransmissionprocessandregularity.Explorethefactorsthataffecttheprevalenceofinfectiousdiseases,makepreventivecontrolstrategiesand 第二节传染病传染过程※第三节传染病流行过程※第四节预防策略与措施※第五节计划免疫及其效果
Infectiousprocess※Epidemicprocess※PreventiveandcontrolandPlannedimmunizationeffectivenessevaluationEmerginginfectiousdisease第一一、全球传染病流行一、全球传染病流行目前传染病流行,仍然是危害人类健康的主要原因之一,尤EpidemicIntroductionGlobalInfectiousTheepidemicofinfectiousdiseasesisstilloneofmainreasonsharminghealthofmankind,especially是由耶尔森氏菌引起的自然疫源性传染病,是危害人类— 黄鼠 lusmongolicus 蚤家
鼠疫传播--鼠疫传播-- 继发腺腺家临床主要表现为高热、淋肿痛、腺(颈部淋炎第1次大流公元6世纪,于中东,持续近60年,期每行导致东罗马的,被称为“汝斯丁(Justinian)”载入医学史册。第2次大流1348 著名文学家佩皮斯在的某死了……”直到几个月后一场大火(“伦敦大火疫流行随之平息。这次大流行在医学史上称为1347-1351年大流画家笔下欧洲—17世纪伦敦人为躲避纷纷出第3次世界性大流于1894年的地区,20世纪30年代达到最,波及亚洲、欧洲、美洲、非洲和澳洲的60多个国家,逾千万人,其度最严重森菌,初步弄清了的传染源和途径,并18941894菌的欧洲中世纪被的文化使人们把发生的原因归结为是由人类自身的引来了上帝的在德国一些狂热的徒认为是人类集体的引来了神明的惩镇,用镶有铁尖的鞭子彼此鞭打,不断地哼唱着“我最”。在德国的梅因兹,有1.2万犹太人被活活在斯特拉斯堡则有1.6万犹太人被杀当“黑死病”在欧洲各地蔓延时,依文化不同人们想出了各方法企图治愈或缓和这种令人恐惧的症状通便催吐放血疗烟熏房烧灼淋巴肿块甚至把干蛤蟆放在上用传染病流行史简当快要蔓延到米兰时,大主教,对最先发现的三所房屋进行,在它们周围建起围墙,所有人不许迈出半步,结果没有蔓延到米兰。在随后的几百年中,地中海沿岸,已经成为了人们司空见惯的事情。传染病流行史简
小说《局外人》、《》;集《西西弗的神话》等。1957年作《局外人 》 文学奖获奖理由:“由于他重要的著作著作中他以明察而热切眼光照亮了我们这时代人类良心的种问题”传染病流行我国的历史久春秋战国时期就有的流行第2次世界大流行时期,我国也曾受到涉及,大1300万人。但我国有确切记载的最早年代1644年,记录了山西省潞安(长治)发生的清代乾隆壬子癸丑年(1792~1793,从云始我国许多省出现了。我欲骑,上天府,呼天,酥透九原千丈土 人
我愿乘上仙龙飞,捎我寻神仙。1940~1941年,侵华期间,曾先后对我 宁波市区上空,空投染有杆菌的疫蚤和麦粒、面粉巷以北5000余平方米区域内爆发,市民惨死有名可记为防止蔓延,当时忍痛焚毁了疫区内115户居民的们称之为“场"。日军,令人发指。传染病流行史简1945年投降时,为了销毁和制造生物武世界卫生组织 Acquiredimmunodeficiencysyndrome性腹Infectious肺结疟Respiratorydiseasessuchas 3.新发传染病不断出3.新发传染病不断出根据WHO的统计,20世纪70年代以来,全球约有40多种新发传染病,几乎每年至少有一(AccordingtothestatisticsfromWHO,sincethe1970s,thereareoverabout40kindsofEIDintheword.AlmostanewkindofEIDhasbeenfoundatleastineachyear.(AIDS)1980年发现,全球迅速蔓延,尤其以非洲和亚洲地区最为严重。aada!目前目前全球有大约3340万滋病 者,其中去年新增200万人死的疾病相Thereareabout33.4millionpeoplelivingwithHIVintheworld,including2.7millionnewinfectionslast200millionpeoplediedofAIDS-relateddiseases. 数 者 全由状引起的急性呼吸系统传染2002年12月,中国地区首次报到SARS病例,波及32个家和地截止全球共8439例, 至2003年6月确诊5327348 人Someinfectiousdiseaseswhichhavebeencontrolledbasicallyresurgentagain,suchastuberculosisSomeinfectiousdiseaseswhichhavebeencontrolledbasicallyresurgentagain,suchastuberculosis,schistosomiasisandsoon.制的传染病又死灰复燃,如结核病、血吸虫病等。总的来说,人类正面临着新老传染病的双总的来说,人类正面临着新老传染病的双重。Ingeneral,beingsarefacingwiththedualthreatofnewandoldinfectious二、我国传染病防治形势呈现以下特CharacteristicsofthesituationofpreventionandtreatmentofinfectiousdiseasesinChina我国坚持预防为主的方针,经过几十年的努力,传染病总的 水平大幅下降,并长期维持在较低水传染病导致的在死因顺位中,从第
Infectiousdiseasesmorbidityandmortalityleveldroppedsignificantly,andmaintainedatalowerlevelinlongterm.Deathcausedbyinfectiousdiseaseshavedroppedfromtheplacetotheeighthintherankofdeath1.危害严模式正在发生从高危人群向一般人群播散的变化HIVinfectionpatternsarechangesspread fromhigh-riskgroupstoteralpopulation吸毒者Drug一般人献血一般人性工作Sex截至2009年底,估计中国者74万人,其中10.5万人;女性占30.5%;全人群HIV率为0.057%。估计2009年,新发者4.8万人,相关.万人。报告5岁以HIV/AIDS0万人,占全国估计数的12。2.性肝炎防治形势依然严峻SituationofViralHepatitispreventionandcontrolisstillgrim性肝炎控制的难度仍然较大。世界卫生组织统计,目前全球约有3.5亿 (HBV)携带者和1.7亿丙肝(HCV)者。其中,每年约有80至100万人死于性肝炎相关疾病。(HBV)(HCV)(Hepaticcarcinoma)和肝硬化(Cirrhosis)造成的全球疾病负(GlobalBurdenofDisease)约占所有病例的2.7%我国是肝炎的中度流行区Chinaisintermediateendemicityof近年来,我国法定传染病系统每年报告超过130例性肝炎(ViralHepatitis)病例,占法定传染结核病又卷土重近年来,肺结核发病率和率在法定报告的甲乙类传染病中占第二位,尤其多耐药性结
TuberculosisismakingaInrecentyears,tuberculosismorbidityandmortalityisinsecondplaceamongClassAandBinfectiousdiseasesofthestatutoryreport.Inparticular,multi-drug-resistantTBappearand目前我国仍属于全球2个高负担国家之一,居世界第二位。Atpresent,Chinaisstillinoneoftheworld's22high-burdencountries,rankingsecondintheworld.结核病的占传染病的第二位,为其它传染病和病(parasitosis)人数总和两倍。4.新发、突发传染病流行不断发生,在全球出现的 第二染过Infection一、传染过程定义传染过程是指病原体进入宿主机体后,与机体相互作用,相互的过程,即,在宿主体内,传染发生、发展、直至结束的整个过程。Infectiousprocessistheprocessthatpathogengetsintothehostorganismandinteractswiththebodytofightagainsteachother.Thatisthewholeprocessthattheinfectionoccurs,develops,untilendsinthehost传染过程是 现象,传染过程的作用结果,式,而传染病发病只是其中的
Infectiousprocessisanindividualphenomenon,thatisalsothewholeprocesstheinfectionoccurs,develops,until inthehostTheroleoftheinfectionprocess,canleadtoavarietyofdifferentforms,andtheoccurofinfectiousdiseaseisjustoneform构成传染过程必须具备三个因素Essential病原 机 环 病原体:能够引起宿主致病的各类微Pathogen:allkindsofmicro-organismswhichcancausehostdisease细 Viru立克次支原
衣原螺旋霉 Parasite宿宿Theinsideandoutsideconditionswherepathogens二、传染过程的本二、传染过程的本Infectionsarewidespreadparasiticphenomenoninnature.Infectionistheonlynaturalwayofpathogenicmicroorganismstosavethemselvesasaspecies.在长期进化过程中,病原体与人类相互、相互适应,使病原体具有侵袭、并在内生长、繁殖。Inthelong-termevolutionaryprocess,pathogensandstruggletoeachotherandmutualadaptation,andmakepathogeninvasionofthebodyandgrow,reproductinthehumanbody.Intheevolutionprocess, ethemostsuitablenaturalplaceforpathogenssurviveandbreeding.三 谱 梯指机体 了病原体后,经过传染过程,所表现出的我们把宿主对病原体传谱 梯度
SpectrumofinfectioninfectionVaryingseverityofclinicalmanifestationsafterbodyinfectedpathogensandinfectionWecalledtheseverityofthereactionofhostagainstpathogentransmissionprocessesasspectrumofinfectionorinfectiongradient.根据机体和病原的结局,可将传染过程分根据机体和病原的结局,可将传染过程分以下病原体被消灭或排出外。是机体的非特异性特异性免疫作用所致Pathogensareeliminatedexcreted,whichisduetothebody'snon-specificandspecificimmunization.2染潜染,病原体侵机体之后长期隐藏在机内2染潜染,病原体侵机体之后长期隐藏在机内,一般不出现症状,到机体抵抗力下降时,原体乘机繁殖,机体出症状longtime,symptomsgenerallynotoccuruntilthedrops,pathogensgetchancestopropagation,thensymptomsoccur.3.染病原体3.染病原体侵入宿主体内育繁殖,不引起机体病,但引起免疫反应Pathogeninvadesthehostbodygrowingandbreeding,doesnotcausethebodyofdisease,butinducesimmune疾病( 染
Disease(SymptomaticPathogensinvadethebody,theyfightagainsteachother,thebodyhasaseriesofphysiologicalandpathologicalchanges,thenclinicalsymptomsoccurandbodygetsintodiseasestate.根据临床表Accordingtoclinical典 以 染为主的传染质炎乙型脑炎等
Accordingtothe eoftheinfectionprocess,infectiousdiseasesisgenerallysummarizedasthreecategories.InfectiousdiseasesmainlylatentEpidemiccerebrospinalmeningitis,poliomyelitis,JapaneseEncephalitis.此状态在流行病此状态在流行病隐染必须借助实验Icebergphenomenon,icebergLatentinfectionrequiresthehelpoflaboratorymethodstobefound.Icebergphenomenon,icebergHIV隐染--冰山现象Iceberg以隐染为主的传染Predominantlylatentinfectioninfectious2.以染2.以染染为主的从预防措施的实施言的措施染为主的染病的控制较为有效infectioninfectiousFromtheimplementationofpreventivemeasures,patientisolationmeasureshavemoreeffectiononcontrolofpredominantlyinfectioninfectious以显染为主的传染病,其流行过程可看成是传染病在人群中连续发生且不断的过程。Predominantlysymptomaticinfectioninfectiousdiseases,itsepidemicprocesscanbeseenasaprocessthatinfectiousdiseasesconsecutiveandcontinuetospreadinpopulation.3.大部分 者以 这类传染病,大多数感染者呈现严重的临床症状、体征,以 为结局。
Infectiousdiseasemostinfected sdieasaSuchinfectiousdiseases,most srendersevereclinicalsymptomsandsigns,withdeathasae.SuchasRabiesⅠ类:以隐染为主Subclinical举例:结核杆菌Ⅱ类:以显染为主,少数Symptomatic举例:麻疹Ⅲ类:大部分举例:狂犬病隐 轻 中 重谱的分Infectionspectralclassification宿宿Factorsaffectingtheinfectiousprocess1.病原体的特Characteristicsof特异致病①毒②侵袭①②Invasive③③Infective(4)毒力变(4)毒力变病原体对外界环境的AntigenicVirulenceParasitic ofthepathogensagainsttheexternalenvironment.2.宿2.宿宿主的各种防御机皮肤黏膜屏屏特异性免疫宿主的遗传VariousdefenseofSkinandmucousmembraneInternalSpecificimmuneresponse eticsusceptibilityofthe五、影响传染过程的1.五、影响传染过程的1.(1)Factorsaffectingtheinfectious Characteristicsof(2)(2)Thepathogenshavecertainvirulence.①不同种类病原体有不不同种类病原体有不②InvasiveDifferentpathogenshavedifferentinvasiveness.量传染病发作,必须有量传染病发作,必须有一定的病原体的数大量病原体侵入机体,潜伏期情重之,病情轻Infectiousepisodes,theremustbeacertainnumberofAlargenumberofpathogensinvadeintothebody,theincubationperiodisshort,theconditionissevere.Conversely,theconditionislight.AntigenicVirulence性变病原性变病原体的突变,异性免疫力失去作导致传染病发生流例如流Pathogengenemutationsmakeitantigenicmutation,andthepopulationhadmissedthespecificimmunesystemtheyhadacquiredsobecausetoitsantigenicvariability,resultingininfectiousdiseasespopular.Forexample,themutationoftheflu Pronetomutationof antigenicshift.Antigencontinuousvariation,antigenic指微生物从对某种抗菌药物敏感变成对该指微生物从对某种抗菌药物敏感变成对该Itrefersthateresistanttothedrugparticularantibacterial毒力变异包括增强或减弱。受环境因毒力变异包括增强或减弱。受环境因素和人类宿主的抵抗③VirulenceVirulenceincludingenhancedweakenedbytheimpactenvironmentalfactorshuman.病原体在进化过程中,每种病原体寄生于病原体在进化过程中,每种病原体寄生于病原体对外界环ParasiticIntheevolutionaryprocess,eachpathogenparasitesonthehostthepathogenstoexternal2.2.1屏(1)VariousoftheBarrieroftheskinandInternalSpecificimmune机体的皮肤和内脏腔壁黏膜形成完整的第一道防线,阻拦病原微生物侵入体内,起到保
BarrieroftheskinandmucousSkinandvisceraofthebodytheparietalmucosatoformacomplete lineofofthehumanbody,blockingpathogenicmicroorganismsinvadethebody,playaroleintheprotectivelayer.屏屏机体组织中存在吞噬细胞,它们担负着机体的非特异性防御功InternalTheyareresponsibleforthebody'snon-specificdefense正常体液中的杀菌、抑菌物如补体、溶菌酶、防御素、乙型溶素、吞噬细胞杀菌素等,常配合其他杀菌因素发挥
NormalbodyfluidbarrierNormalbodyfluidsofsterilization,antibacterial suchascomplement,lysozyme,defensins,beta-lysin,phagocytesspinosad,oftenplayaroleinconjunctionwithotherbactericidalfactors.(4)(4)患传染病后,机体产生隐染后,机体产生的得(4)SpecificimmuneresponseNaturalimmuneBodyproducesbyinfectionofdiseases.Bodyproducesimmunitythroughstealthinfection;Passiveimmunitytheplacenta人工人人工人工主动免疫预防接种生物制品后机体产生免人免疫注入抗、丙球、胎盘球蛋ArtificialactiveimmunizationBodytoproduceimmunityaftervaccinationbiologicalArtificialpassiveimmunizationLacentaglobulin.(5)宿主的遗传易Teticsusceptibilityofthe宿主的遗传因素也与传染病的有关已证实7个麻风病的易感、肝炎、结核、脑膜炎等传染病的易感也陆续传染病遗传易感性的研究,有望从水平揭示性疾病的发病机制,并为传染病的防治提供新的思路。第三流行过Processofinfectious基本环基本环疫源地与流行易感因BasicepidemicSusceptible流行流行过程是传染病在人群中流行流行过程是传染病在人群中发生、蔓延及终止的过一系列相互联系的相继发生的“疫源地”构成了传Theoccurrence,spreadand processofinfectiousdiseasesintheAseriesofsuccessionoccurredepidemicfocus,constitutesaprocessofinfectiousdiseases.传染是指病原体进入宿机体传染是指病原体进入宿机体后,与机体相互作用,相互的过程,亦即传染发生、发展、直至结束的整Infectionprocessisthatthepathogeninvadesintothehostorganismandinteractswiththebody,fightagainsteachother,whichisthatinfectionoccurrs,develops,untilendsasawhole传染病流行传染 途径Routeof易感人群Susceptible一、流行过程的三环传一、流行过程的三环传染定义:体内病原体生存、繁殖并能排出病原体的人或传染病的动Pathogenssurviveinthebody,humanoranimalbreedinganddischargepathogenPatientswithinfectiousPathogenInfected ReservoirofPeople,PathogenparasitesinTopathogensthe有些人往往了传染源和途径的含义,有些人往往了传染源和途径的含义,把被污染的食物、水、土壤说成传染源。在水、食物中,病原体虽可繁殖,但不利于种Water,milk,Water,milk,medium,doorhandles,mug,bowlandchopsticksarespreadfactor,propagationfactors,ratherthansourceof门把手、茶缸、碗筷均为 因子、因素,而不是传染源。受CategoryofsourcePatientswithinfectiousPathogenInfected特特体内存在大量病原体,某些症状又有利PatientsasasourceofAlargenumberofpathogensisinthebody.Alsosomesymptomsisconducivetothedischargeof(2)分
传染病的病程可Courseofinfectiouscanbedividedinto潜伏临床症状恢复
IncubationClinicalConvalescent(3)潜伏incubation潜伏期定指病原体侵入机体至最早出现临床症状的这段Duringthistimefrompathogensinvadethebodytotheearliestclinicalsymptoms.潜伏期分为3潜伏期分为3最短潜伏期为8最长潜伏期为30平均潜伏期为18into3 SuchasShortestincubationperiod-umperiod-30Theaverageincubationperiod-18daysDifferentinfectioushavedifferentlengthsofincubationperiod,fixedlatencywiththesameinfectiousdisease.Somepatientshaveofthe潜伏期的流行病学意义及用Epidemiologicalsignificanceandpurposeoftheincubationperiod在在流行病据潜伏期,可以判受的时间,地点,从而探找传染源、途径。Epidemiologicalinvestigation,basedontheincubationperiodcandeterminethepatientsinfectedtime,place,andthusprobetofindthesourceofinfection,routeof传染病流行传染源传染源途过现AABCA点A点:最长潜伏期的开始时B点:最短潜伏期开始的时C点出现症状的时A:thestartofumincubationB:thestartoftheshortestC:thetimeofpatientdeveloped例如:麻疹的潜伏期为7~21天,平均潜伏期为10天。现有一患儿1月5日出现典型症状,问患儿时间范围?Forexample:measlesincubationperiodisfrom7to21days,theaverageincubationperiodis10days.AchildwithtypicalsymptomsonJanuary5,whatthetimeofrangeischildinfected?时时间范timerangeof ABC12月16December12月27ABC12月16December12月27December12月30December1月5January21(average107天麻疹患儿推测时日期向前推一个平均潜从第1例发病日期向前推一最短潜伏期,再a从最后一个病例发病日期向前推一个最长潜伏期,这两个时点之间即时间
IndicatingexposureFromthemediandateofonsetofthecasesforwardpusha incubationperiod.Forwardashortestperiodfromthedateofonsetofcase,andthenforwardalongestincubationperiodfromthelastdateofonsetofcases,exposuretimeisbetweenthetwotimepoints.在一次伤寒同源爆发中估计可能的日EstimatedpossibleexposuretoDeterminetheperiodofincheck,ormedicalobservation.一般将常见潜伏期增加1~2天,对危害严重的传染病,按最长潜伏期留验、检疫。Usuallyadd1to2daystocommonincubationperiod,seriousharminfectiousdiseases,basedonthelongestincubation.C.确定免疫接种C.确定免疫接种时在麻疹潜伏期最初5内施行免疫接种最佳,可预防麻Forexample,implementationofpassiveimmunizationagainstmeaslesinthe fivedaysofmeaslesincubationperiod,canhavebetterEvaluatethepreventivemeasureseffectsbasedontheincubationperiodofevaluation.伤寒病潜伏期:常见:1-2周、最短3天、最长60Typhoidlatency:common:1-2weeks,shortestlatency:3days,longestlatency:60days.AfterSeptember7,thenumberofpatientsdecreased.水水井封伤寒病例数减少9月19月7ThelengthofincubationperiodaffectsepidemicInfectiousdiseasesshortincubationperiodoftenoutbreak.(4)(4)异性临床症状和体征(4)ClinicalTheperiodwhenspecifyclinicalsymptomsandsignscameoutinpatients.流行病学流行病学意病原体在体内繁常具有促进病原体排出的有些传染病,唯一为有时需他人护理,增加了会及的Significancein tiesofthepathogenThereareoftensymptomspromotingtomakepathogenout.PatientsareuniquenessreservoirofinfectioninsomeinfectiousIncreasedchanceofinfectionandtransmissionwhencaring.(5)临床症状(5)临床症状有些传染病只 机体所的损伤逐渐(5)ConvalescentClinicalsymptomswithoutRecoveryinclinicwithInjuryinorganismsis(6)传染排出病原体时(6)传染排出病原体时期流行决Thewholeperiodthatpathogensareoutofhosts.SignificanceinDecidingsegregatedThelengthinfluencingepidemictrendofdiseases. 是不容忽视的重要传染源
ThediseasebeingscreenedshouldbeamajorAcceptabletreatmentorpreventionmethodsshouldbeavailableforindividualswithdiseasesdiscoveredinthescreeningprocess.4无任何4无任何临床症状病原体的人分类:按其携带状态和临床恢复健康Patientswithoutclinicalsymptomsbutmakingpathogensout.Classification:bystatusandclinicalstageIncubatorycarrierConvalescentcarrierHealthycarrier(1)潜伏期病原携带(1)潜伏期病原携带潜伏期内携带病原体并可向外少数传染病:麻疹、白喉痢疾((1)IncubatorycarrierPatientscarrypathogensandmakethemoutduringincubationSomeinfectiousdisease:measles,diphtheria,dysentery,choleraandso间间歇性排出病原体-连续3次检除时,才确定病原携带恢复期病原携带者(Convalescent指在临床症状后,仍能在一定时间内向外排出病原体的人。暂时原携带者:临床症状后,3个月内可排出病原体的慢原携带者:临床症状后,超过3个月,可排出病原体定义:无任何症状、体征及病史,但能排定义:无任何症状、体征及病史,但能排(3)Healthy eliminate(4)TheimportantmeaningofthePathogencarriersasasourceofinfection:theamountofpathogensthecarryingthelivingenvironmentthehealthhabitstheoccupationofthe一名伤寒携带者通过日常生活接触,又一名伤寒携带者通过日常生活接触,又历史上,非常有名的AtyphoidcarriercancauseafewcasesoftyphoidthroughcontacttransmissionofdailyThisistheveryfamous"TyphoidMary"Eventin在托幼机构,饮食服务行业,自来水工厂工作的病原携带者,较大。1927年在蒙特利尔,有一位在牛奶工厂工作的伤寒带菌者,引起一
Thecarrierswhoworkinnurseries,foodserviceindustry,waterplant,aregreaterthreats.1927inMontreal,Canada,onecarrieroftyphoidworkedinamilkfactory,causedtyphoidfeveroutbreakbymilktype.受的动物作为传染Theinfectedanimalsasonesourceof(1)Animalsasasourceof自然疫源性和自然疫源性疾病一些疾病的病原体不依靠人而以自然界的野生动物为宿主延续其种属,并且在一定条件下可传染给人,这种情况称自自然疫源性疾病。NaturalfocusanddiseaseofnaturalSomepathogensdoesnotrelyonhumanbuttakeofwildlifeanimalsastheirnaturehosttocontinuetheirsspecies,andundercertainconditionstheycaninfectpeople,thiscaseiscallednaturalsourcefocus.(2)共患病的分①以动物为主的共患此类传染病不会引起人传人的现象((2)Theclassificationof①ThezoonosisbasedonThiskindofdiseasedoesnotcausethephenomenonhuman-to-human钩端钩端螺旋体病、森林leptospirosis,leptospirosis,tick-borne②②以人为主的人畜共患,偶②②ThezoonosisbasedonGenerallyspeaking,thediseasespreadinthepopulation,occasionallyinfectanimals.Humanoidtuberculosis,amoebicdysenteryandsoon③人畜并重的共患人、畜均可作为传染源,病原体在人间和畜间都可以独立的世代延续,如血吸虫病。③③Zoonosisthathumansandanimalsareequallyimportant humanandlivestockcanbethesourceofinfection,pathogenscanspreadbetweenhumanandanimalforseparategenerationscontinuation,suchasschistosomiasis.④真性共患病原体必须以人和动物分别作为终宿④④TheAuthenticityThepathogensmusttakehumansandanimalsasdefinitivehostandintermediate牛绦虫牛绦虫病、猪绦虫cattleTaeniasis,pigthesignificanceofanimalsasasourceofTheepidemiologicalcharacteristicsofanimal-borneinfectiousdiseases:(二)途Routeof病原体寄生在宿主体内,是因为人和动物的机体是病原体寄生和繁殖的最佳场所。ThebodyofthehumanandanimalisthebestplacewherepathogensparasiteandbreedingthatiswhyPathogenparasitesinthehostbody.病原体进入宿主机体后,机体不是的接受病原体寄生繁殖,而是动员其非特异免疫和特异免疫系统与病原体做Afterpathogenintothehostbody,thebodyisnotpassivelyaccepttheparasiticreproductionofpathogens,butmobilizenon-specificimmunityandspecificimmunesystemtofightthepathogens.与病原体 的结局宿主机体非特异免疫和宿主机体没能抵挡住病原体的进攻,导致 eofthestruggletotheHostbody'snon-specificandspecificimmuneeliminateHostorganismcouldnotresisttheattackofpathogen,resultingindeath.sourceof易感人易感人携带染源受动群SusceptiblesthatSusceptible传染病的机病原体不仅能在宿主体内寄生,而且在长期进化过程中同时适应了从一个宿主转移到另一个宿主的过程。这种病原体更换宿主的过程,称为机制。ThetransmissionmechanismofinfectiousPathogensnotonlygetparasitisminthehostbody,butalsoadapttotheprocessthattransferfromonehosttoanotherinthelong-termevolution.Theprocessthatpathogenchangehostisknownasthetransmissionmechanism.机制包括排出途径—病原体自宿途径—病原体停留在外界环境侵入途径—病原体侵入ThetransmissionmechanismincludesDischargepathway-pathogensdischargefromthehostTherouteoftransmission-pathogensstayintheexternalenvironmentIntrusivepathway-Pathogensthatinvadenewsusceptiblebody途径(routeof指病原体从传染源排出后,侵入新的易感宿主前,在外界环境中所经历的全过程。传染传染病可通过一种或多种途 routeofIntheperiodoftimebetweenthedischargefromthesourceofinfection,andtheinvasivenewsusceptiblehostsofthepathogens,thewholeprocessitexperiencesintheexternalenvironmentiscalledrouteoftransmission.InfectiousInfectiousdiseasescanbetransmittedthroughoneormoreway在外界的病原体必须借助一定的物质、空气、食物、蚊虫等才能进入易感宿主体内,这些物质成为因素或因子(spreadingfactor)或媒介。Pathogensintheoutsideworldmustbebymeansofcertainsubstancessuchaswater,air,food,mosquitotoenterasusceptiblehostbody,thesesubstances espreadingfactorsorspreadingfactororspreadingmedia。食食 水食 水食节肢动土节肢动土外界物质因①有些传染病只有一个途径②机理相同的疾病,其途径也会有差①①Thereisonlyonerouteoftransmissionofsameinfectious②Therewillbedifferencesintherouteoftransmissionoftheinfectiousdiseasesofthesametransmissionmechanism.③即使是同一种传染病,在不同时间和地点,每一个具体的途径也可能不完全一样。直接接触间接接触③Eventhesamekindofinfectiousdiseases,indifferenttimeandplace,thetransmissionwayofeachspecificcasesmaynotbeexactlythesame.directcontactindirectcontact途径明确了某种病的途径,可以实施有传染病方垂:病原体通直接传给传染病方垂:病原体通直接传给子水:病原体在环境中借助因素现人。Verticaltransmission:pathogensarepassedontoitsprogenydirectlythroughthematernal.Horizontalspreadintheouterenvironmentfrom toanotherbymeansofpropagationfactor.各种途空气(airborne经水(waterborne食物(foodborne接触(contact媒介节肢动物(arthropodborne土壤(soilborne医源性 ial垂直(vertical经空气(air-bornetransmission)是呼吸系统传染病的主要方式经飞沫(droplet经飞沫核(dropletnucleustransmission经尘埃(dusttransmission①经飞沫:(droplet喷出的飞沫,直接被其周围的人吸入而引起的。Thepeoplewasinfectedbyindraftingdropletfromthepatientdirectly.流感 ②经飞沫核(dropletnucleus飞沫核:飞沫在空气中失去水分后,由剩下的蛋质和Dropletnucleus:therestoftheproteinandpathogensafterdropletslosingwaterintheair.结核杆③经尘埃:(dusttransmission含有病原体的飞沫或物以及排泄物,落在地面干燥后,可随尘埃重新悬浮于空气中,易感者。Afterfellingontheground,dropletsorsecretionsandwastecontainedpathogensaredry,whichcanfollowtodustsuspendingintheairandinfectsusceptibility.(Bacillusanthracisspore,tuberculosisbacterium)经空气的传染病的流行特Theepidemiologicalfeatureofthediseasethroughair-borne经水(water-borne经饮用水(drinkingwater经疫水(infectedwatertransmisasion一一般肠道传染病经此途 ①DrinkingwaterDiseasesspreadingbywaterisoftenReason:sourceofwateris1955~1956来水的水源被污染,引型肝炎爆发流1955~1956来水的水源被污染,引型肝炎爆发流行这是世界上规模最大的甲肝炎Thisistheworld'slargestoutbreakofhepatitisAofwatertype.原因:由于亚穆纳河洪水退落时,使自来水处原因:由于亚穆纳河洪水退落时,使自来水处理厂的生水受到生活污水的严重污染,污染最严重时,生水中可能含Reason:WhenfloodofYamunaRiveretreated,therawwaterofwatertreatmentplanthadbeenseriouslypollutedbysewagewater.Themostseriouspollution,thewatermaycontain50%sewage.经饮用水的传染病的流行特 drinkingwatertransmission.病原体(如钩端螺旋体,血吸虫尾蚴病原体(如钩端螺旋体,血吸虫尾蚴②②InfectedwaterPathogen(suchasleptospira,schistosomiasiscercaria)havepollutedsurfacewater,whichformed 钩端螺旋体病在野生动物人在参加田间、防洪、捕强的侵袭力,能穿体,使人。
Hookendspirochetosisiswidelypopularinwildanimalsandlivestock.Peoplecontact waterin aggressivitycan gothroughthe akes 经疫水 的传染病的流行有接触疫水史,接触疫水的 加强个人防措施等可控制病例的发
TheepidemiologicalfeatureofthediseasethroughinfectedwaterThereisahighincidencepeoplehaveSeasonalandAlargenumberofsusceptiblepopulationintotheaffectedarea water,whichcancauseoutbreak.Tostrengthen protectionandtakemeasuresto watercancontrolthe分两类:分两类:Food-borneThefoodcarriesThefoodispollutedby在历史上,牛奶的一次最大规模的流行发生在1927年蒙特经牛奶 的伤寒流行,持续了四个月,共发生伤寒 4850人,其中489这次流行是因为牛奶场的带菌者污染了牛奶引
Inhistory,therewasthemostlarge-scalepopularspreadingbymilkinMontrealofCanadainThespreadoftyphoidbymilk,lastedfourmonths,therewere4850typhoidpatients,including489patientskilled.Thereasonofthispopularwasthatbacteria-carrieronthedairyhavepollutedthemilk. 食用相同食物的历史,进食
TheepidemiologicalfeatureofdiseasethroughfoodThepatientshaveeatedthesamefood,peoplewhohavenoteatenthefooddidn'tfallill.Outbreakcausedbyalargepollutionhaveashortincubationperiod,andthepopulardurationisshorter.Afterstop supplyingthepollutedfood,theoutbreakcancalmdown.Ifthefoodhavebeenpollutedmanytimes,theoutbreakandpopularwouldlastalongtime.(4)经接触(Contacttransmission直接接触(directcontacttransmission没有外界因素参与下,传染源直接与易感者接触。(狂犬病 Withoutoutsidefactorsinvolved,thesourceofinfectioncontact directly.(Rabies,venereal间接接触(Indirectcontacttransmission易感者接触了被传染源的排出物或物污染的日常生活用品所造成的传播。 havecontactedwithdailylivingequipmentpollutedbyblowoffandsecretionofthereservoirofinfection,whichcausedthe经间接接 的传染病的流特征有住者之间,可呈家庭和同住者中病例的现象。加强对传染源的管理、严制度、注意个人卫生,可减少
TheepidemiologicalfeatureofthediseasethroughindirectcontactCasesareusuallydiffuse.thediseasecantransmissbetweenthefamiliesorThereisahighincidenceintheplacewithpoorhealthconditionandcrowdwithbadhealthhabits.Tostrengthenthemanagementtothesourceofinfection,haveastrictdisinfectionsystemandpayattention alhygienecanreducethiskindofcommunication.机械携带机械携带 、蟑螂等只能机械地携带肠道传染病的病病原体在体表或体内,只能有存活2-5天,不繁殖,不发育,只是机Flies,cockroachesonlycancarrytheintestinalinfectiouspathogensPathogenscanonlylive2-5onthebodysurfaceorinbody,withnobreeding,nodevelopment, becarriedmechanicallyfora生物学: 节肢动物叮咬传染源,动物血液中的病原体进入节肢动物体内经过一段时间的增殖或完成其生活周期中的某阶段后,节肢动物才具有传染性,再通过叮
BiologicalVampirearthropodbitesourceofinfection,pathogensintheanimal'sbloodwillgointothevampirearthropod'sbodyanddeveloppedandreproducted.Afteraperiodofproliferationorcompletingitslifecycleinastage,arthropodjusthaveinfectious,andinfectedsusceptibilitybybiting.特点:这种有生物学的特点:这种有生物学的特异性,即一定种类的病原体只能通过定种属的节肢动。库蚊、伊蚊不能疟疾transmissedthroughspeciesofarthropodLibrarymosquito,aedescannotspreadmalaria.ExampleforbiologyForest外潜外潜生物学的节肢动物,自吸入病原体经过一段时间增殖,完成其生活周期的某以阶段,节肢动物体内病原体,才具有传染原在节肢动物体内这段时间Extra-incubationperiod:Arthropodofspreadbiology,sinceinhaledpathogensandoveraperiodoftimetocompleteacertainstageofitslifecycle,onlybythispathogensinarthropodbodyhavecontagious,thisduringpathogensinarthropodbody,calledextra-incubation 经节肢动物的传染病的流行特征Epidemiologicalcharacteristicsofarthropod-borneinfectiousdiseases职业特Occupational播病SoilborneDuetothespreadthroughcontactwithsoilcontaminatedwiththeParasiticBacterial传染源的排泄物或分传染源的排泄物或分埋葬因传染病动物的尸体(或人),ThewayofSoilSourceofinfectionexcretionsorsecretionscontaminatedsoil.Burythecorpsesofdeadanimals(orpeople)causedbyinfectiousdiseases,soilcontamination.
1968LiaoningProvince athethreeanthraxpopular.Afterinvestigationbecausehere38yearsago,thesheepdownlap27deathofsheep,27sheep(death)ofallburiedherein1968,thefoundationbuiltsheepfold,theoccurrenceofanthrax经土传染病的意义病经土传染病的意义病原体 (对外环境的抵抗力土壤污染程人的接触机个人的卫生条和劳soil-borneinfectiousPathogenviability( oftheexternalenvironmentThedegreeofsoilThechanceofcontactof alhygienepracticesandlaborconditions.指在医疗、预防实践中,由于未能严格执指在医疗、预防实践中,由于未能严格执行规章制度和操作规程,人为地造成某些。ialReferstomedical,preventivepractice,duetothestrictimplementationoftheregulationsandrules,artificiallycausethespreadofsomeinfectious,呼浩特市疾控中心接到,呼浩特市疾控中心接到告内医学院第一附医院收治了1名疑似艾滋病当日经测中心确认其HIV-1检AffiliatedHospitalofMongoliaMedicalCollege,edAIDSInnerMongoliaAIDStestingcenteronthedayconfirmedasHIV-positiveHIV-1antibody.发现:Thesurvey患者:陈玉莲,女,32岁,系内清水河县西岔村农民,毒史和性行为。患者自述,于1999年8月在清水河县医院,曾经做术,输血1200毫升供血者,一人名叫孙引堂,男,49岁,清水河县农民;另一人名叫林峰,男,42岁,河北省丰宁县人。孙引堂、林峰在1998~2000均在清水河县居住,并多次在清水河县。对供血者-孙引堂血液的检测为结果,HIV抗体另一位供血者林峰已经对5名输过林峰血液的受血者进行了HIV检测,结果确诊为HI抗体阳性,是者。组推断,已经的供血者林峰,是1者。发生后,清水河县机关依法对此进行了立案。显示,从至,清水河县医院在不具备血液检验的条件下,违法从不明的供血者身上采血为输血,造成扩散,使11名受血因玩忽职守,致使多人清水河县原卫生局李占平被有期3年、缓刑5副杨飞被有期3年、缓刑4年医源性方染或不严受污Bloodtransfusion, 医源性染的主也是医院感医:医源性染的主也是医院感医:在院时不存在,也不处于潜伏期而在医院内发生的院时包括在医而在出院以后才发Hospitalinfections:meansthepatientdoesnotexistatthetimeofadmission,norintheincubationperiodoftheinfectioninthehospital,atthesametimeincludinginfectionsinthehospitalandafterdischargeonset.外 染或称交 在医院内,患者 间的直 和通过物品、环境而引起的间 Exogenousinfectionorcross-Infectionsinthehospital,thepatientsufferedexternalpathogeninvasionoccurred(notinherentpathogeninvasion),thepathogenfromtheothers,theenvironment,etc.Includingdirecttransmissionbetweentheindividualandtheindirectinfectioncausedbythegoods,environmental内内患者在医院内自固有病原体侵袭而发生。ogenousinfectionsself-ialinfectionsinpatientssufferfrompathogeninvasion水病原体在外环境中借助水病原体在外环境中借助于因素而实现人与人的相互,故可将。HorizontalPathogensintheexternalenvironmentbymeansofpropagationfactorstoachieve-spread,canbecollectivelyreferredtoashorizontal::有些病原体可通过盘的孕妇,经盘血液将病原,引 SomepathogenspassthroughtheInfectedpregnantwomen,theplacentablood.pathogensfetus,ca
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